Thursday, March 15, 2001

Final Exam

Microbiology 509

Name: KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY

ΠPlace your name at the top of each page.

There are 16 non-comprehensive and 16 comprehensive questions

Ž Each half is worth the same amount, with each question worth the same as the others in its half

Remember to distinguish compared items by linking descriptions with terms (e.g., the sky isblue).

Unless requested, do not multiply out expressions (e.g., stop at 2*5003 rather than 2.5x108).

‘ I encourage you to ask questions during the exam, but do so discretely.

’ Remember to use safe, i.e., unambiguous & well-articulated answers whenever possible.

“ Above all, avoid jumping to profoundly incorrect conclusions: make sure you actually read a question (all of it) before you answer, and then make sure you are actually answering what you are being asked.

 

(1) A microscope that employed which wavelength could (theoretically) have the highest resolution?

(i)                 Green

(ii)               Organge

(iii)             Red

(iv)             Ultraviolet

(v)               Yellow

A: (d) ultraviolet (chapter 3)

(2) All of the organisms (32!) whose binomials (or genera) you were required to memorize in chapter 9 were members of domain __________.

A: bacteria (chapter 9)

(3) Define sanitization.

A: Sanitization is the disinfection of public eating utensils and objects such as those used by patrons in restaurants (chapter 12)

(4) Describe reasonable reservoirs of infection for three of the following:

(a)   Zoonosis:

(b)   Common-source outbreak:

(c)    Propagated epidemic:

(d)   Carrier:

A: (a) animals, (b) water, object, of single individual (geographically limited reservoir), (c) people (individuals of the same species serve as reservoir for other members of the same species), (d) individual of the same species not displaying many signs or symptoms of disease (chapter 15)

(5) What is the approximation location, in this birds eye view of a bacterial colony, where you would expect the cells to display stationary phase? Log phase? Death phase?

(i)     A=log, B= death, C=stationary

(ii)   A=stationary, B=death, C=log

(iii)A=death, B=log, C=stationary

(iv)A=death, B=stationary, C=log

(v)   A=log, B=stationary, C=death

(vi)A=stationary, B=log, C=death

A: (v) A=log, B=stationary, C=death (in the center "death phase", at the edge "log phase"; and somewhere in between "stationary phase") (chapter 6)

(6) In all cellular forms of life heredity is carried by the __________ called DNA, a kind of organic/biological/macro molecule.

A: Nucleic acid (chapter 5)

(7) Joseph Lister is considered the father of _________ surgery.

(i)                     Antiseptic

(ii)                   Clean-handed

(iii)                 Emergency

(iv)                 Preventative

(v)                   Survivable

A: (i) Antiseptic (chapter 1)

(8) Matching: (a) flea, (b) fly, (c) louse, (d) mosquito, (e) tick. (use each only once)

(i)                 Borrelia burgdorpheri

(ii)               Epidemic typhus

(iii)             Mechanical

(iv)             Yellow fever

(v)               Yersinia pestis

A: (i) (e) tick, (ii) (c) louse, (iii) (b) fly, (iv) (d) mosquito, (v) (a) flea (chapter 11)

(9) Name an organism or specific type of organism that employs homolactic-acid fermentation under anaerobic conditions.

 

A: Lactobacilli; humans

(10) Peptide bonds are found in __________.

(i)                 Carbohydrates

(ii)               Lipids

(iii)             Nucleic acids

(iv)             Proteins

 

A: (iv) proteins (chapter 2)

() The Rickettsia (which are responsible for epidemic typhus, etc.) and _________ (an infectious caue of blindness, etc.) are both notable as bacteria that are intracellular parasites.{Acanthamoeba, Acinetobacter, Actinomyces, Actinomyces, Agrobacterium, Anisakids, Ascaris, Aspergillus, Azomonas, Azotobacter, Babesia, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Balantidium, Bifidobacterium, Bordetella, Borrelia, Bradyrhizobium, Brucella, Campylobacter, Candida, Ceratocystis, Chlamydia, Chlorobium, Chloroflexus, Chromatium, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Coxiella, Cryphonectria, Cryptosporidium, Echinococcus, Etamoeba, Enterobacter, Enterobius, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Francisella, Fusobacterium, Gambierdiscus, Gardnerella, Gelidium, Giardia, Haloarcula, Halobacterium, Helicobacter, Haemophilus, Isospora, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Legionella, Leptospira, Listeria, Moraxella, Mucor, Mycoplasma, Naegleria, Neisseria, Necator, Nocardia, Nosema, Paragonimus, Pasteurella, Penicillium, Phytophthora, Pityrosporum, Plasmodium, Pneumocystis, Propionibacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Rhizopus, Rickettsia, Rhizobium, Rhodopseudomonas, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Serratia, Shigella, Schistosoma, Staphylococcus, Stella, Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Taenia, Thermus, Toxoplasmosis, Treponema, Trichinella, Trichomonas, Tripanosoma, Veillonella, Vibrio, Yersinia} A: Chlamydia (chapter 9)

(11) What are helminths?

A: A helminth is a kind of worm, particularly flaworms and roundworms that are parasitic (chapter 11)

(12) What role do vectors play in recombinant DNA technology?

A: Vectors transport the to-be-cloned piece of DNA into a recipient cell (chapter 8)

(13) Which most necessarily (definitively) involves pathogen replication?

(a)   Bacteremia

(b)   Intoxication

(c)    Septicemia

(d)   Toxemia

(e)   Viremia

 

A: (c) Septicemia (chapter 14)

(14) Which two macromolecules does one always find associated with all virus particles found in the acellular state? (circle two)

(i)                     Carbohydrates

(ii)                   Lipids

(iii)                 Nucleic acids

(iv)                 Proteins

(v)                   Steroids

A: (iii) nucleic acids; (iv) proteins (chapter 10)

(15) Why is it better to use two bactericidal antibiotics simultaneously rather than sequentially (i.e., at the same time rather than completing one series before beginning the second)?

A: the potential for synergism is one answer; the other answer is that it is more difficult for a bacterium to develop resistance to two antibiotics simultaneously (even lacking synergism) than it is to develop resistance to two antibiotics sequentially (chapter 13)

(16) The cell organelles responsible for making proteins are called __________.

A: ribosomes (chapter 4)

 

(1) A(n) __________ infection typically begins with flu-like symptoms that persist until specific immunity brings the infection chronically under partial control. (looking for a specific pathogen)

A: HIV (chapter 18)

(2) According to the clonal selection hypothesis, what happens during embryonic development to lymphocytes that encounter an antigen of a normal host substance (self)?

A: they self destruct, are destroyed, are inactivated (chapter 17)

(3) Another name for delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity is __________, an example of which is the rash sensitive individuals experience upon exposure to poison ivy.

A: Cell-mediated (chapter 18)

(4) Give an example of a chemical barrier that serves as a non-specific defense in humans against pathogens.

A: Lysozyme, low pH (chapter 16)

(5) Inflammation consists of four signs and syptoms: local warming, local reddening, pain, and __________.

A: Local swelling (chapter 16)

(6) Interferon, especially a- and b-interferon, are most active against what kinds of pathogens?

A: Viruses (chapter 16)

(7) Macrophages come in two basic types: "fixed" and "__________".

A: Wandering (chapter 16)

(8) Name four pathogens for which we have live vaccines.

A: Measles (rubeola), mumps, German measles, polio (poliomyelitis), Typhoid, Yellow fever, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus (chapter 17)

(9) Penicillin is an example of a(n) __________.

(i) Antibiotic

(ii) Hapten

(iii) Natural substance

(iv) Organic molecule

(v) All of the above

A: (v) all of the above (chapter 17)

(10) Serum is an important (if crude) source of molecules, called __________, that are particularly relevant to a large variety of immunological testing procedures.

A: Antibodies (chapter 18)

(11) The four most prevalent routes by which HIV transmission typically occurs is via vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, needle (hypodermic syringe) sharing, and __________.

A: Vertical transmission from mother to unborn or not-weaned child (chapter 18)

(12) To avoid organ rejection following allografts (transplants), what normal human antimicrobial response typically must be suppressed for life?

(i) Cell-mediated immunity

(ii) Complement

(iii) Humoral immunity

(iv) Inflammatory response

(v) Synthesis of chemical antimicrobials

A: (i) Cell-mediated immunity (chapter 18)

(13) What is the nature of the damage effected on bacterial cells by membrane attack complexes?

A: Membrane attack complexes make holes in bacterial envelopes (chapter 16)

(14) Which is the most common blood antibody?

(i) IgA

(ii) IgD

(iii) IgE

(iv) IgG

(v) IgM

A: IgG (chapter 17)

(15) Which of the following is employed against both helminthes and virus-infected cells?

(i) a-interferon

(ii) alternative complement pathway

(iii) Extracellular killing

(iv) Membrane attack complexes

(v) phagolysosomes

A: (iii) Extracellular killing (chapter 17)

(16) Which recognizes antigens in association with MHC class I protein?

(i) B cells

(ii) Cytotoxic T cells

(iii) Mast cells

(iv) Neutrophils

(v) Plasma cells

A: (ii) Cytotoxic T cells (chapter 17)