Midterm Exam #2
Biology 114
Name: ___KEY_KEY_KEY_KEY_KEY_KEY_KEY___
|
(1) __________ is a
toxic component of the Gram-negative outer membrane. A:
Endotoxin; LPS; lipid A (chapter 27)
|
|
(2) A big difference
between angiosperms and gymnosperms is that in the former but not the latter
the ovule is contained within a sporophyte-generation structure called a(n)
__________. A: Ovary (Chapter 30) |
|
(3) Because of the
intricate patterns in which it is able to fold as well as modern day examples
of such things as catalytic activity, unlike that other common nucleic acid,
a single molecule of _________ is capable of displaying not just genotype but
phenotype as well. A: RNA (chapter 26) |
|
(4) Besides energy
production and related metabolic reactions, what is the important chemical
end-product (i.e., by or waste product) of bacterial denitrification
reactions? A: Nitrogen gas, i.e., N2 (chapter 27) |
|
(5) Cyanobacteria display which
nutritional pattern: (a) Chemoautotrophic (b) Chemoheterotrophic (c) Photoautotrophic (d) Photoheterotrophic (e) None of the above A: (c)
Photoautotrophic (chapter 27)
|
|
(6) For division
Bryophyta, (a) True or False, they rely on motile sperm (b) True or False, they have a conspicuous gametophyte generation (c) True or False, they have specialized roots (d) True or False, they do not employ haploid spores A: True,
True, False, False (chapter 29)
|
|
(7) For the
malarial parasite Plasmodium,
where, specifically (anatomically), does gamete fertilization (syngamy)
occur? A: Plasmodium fertilization occurs in the digestive tract of the mosquito host (chapter 28) |
|
(8)
In terms of bioenergetics (i.e., how they make their ATP), what is special
about members of kingdom Archaezoa? A: Members of kingdom Archaezoa all lack mitochondria and therefore all lack electron transport systems and therefore are all limited to fermentation to produce ATP (chapter 28) |
(9) Matching: (a) heterosporous (b)
homosporous, (c) megaspore, (d) microspore (use each only once): (i) remains associated with parent sporophyte: __________ (ii) sead-bearing plants: __________ (iii) sperm: __________ (iv) vascular plants that give rise to bisexual gametophytes: __________ (i) (c) megaspore, (ii) (a) heterosporous, (iii) (d) microspore, (iv) (b) homosporous (Chapter 30) |
|
(10) Define the
following: (i) Sepal, (ii) Stamen, (iii) Carpel, (iv) Whorl. A: Sepal =
the whorl external to the petals; frequently green outer covering of bug;
Stamen = a flower’s male reproductive organ (consists of anther and
filament); Carpel = a flower’s female reproductive organ (consists of stigma,
style, and ovary); Whorl = modified leaves that are found as layers making up
a flower (Chapter 30)
|
|
(11) Name two innovations
distinguishing each of the following plant divisions: (a) Bryophyta: Pterophyta (_________________, _________________) (b) Pterophyta: Coniferophyta (_________________, _________________) (c) Coniferophyta: Anthophyta (________________, _________________) (please do not use same answer as you use to answer question # 2) A: vascular tissue and sporophyte as dominant generation, pollen and seeds, flowers and fruit (Chapter 30) (Chapter 30) |
|
(12) Order the
following in terms of increasing ploidy: (a) Archegonium, (b) Conspicuous
vascular plant, (c) Gametophyte, (d) Product of meiosis, (e) Sporophyte, (f)
Spore, (g) Zygote. Order alphabetically if ploidy is equivalent. A: (a) Archaegonium, (c) Gametophyate, (d) Product of meiosis, (f) Spore, (b) Conspicuous vascular plant, (e) Sporophyte, (g) Zygote (Chapter 29) |
|
(13) Symbiotic
Dinoflagellates in corals provide what to the coral polyps? A: products
of photosynthesis, i.e., fixed carbon and photon-derived energy (Chapter 28)
|
|
(14) The five-kingdom system of
organismal classification is slowly being replaced with the eight-kingdom
system and now with the three-domain system, even among introductory biology
texts. Name a problem with the five-kingdom system of classification of
organisms that we have discussed that has contributed to the decline in the
five-kingdom system’s popularity and relevance. A: Monera is polyphyletic; Protista is paraphyletic; bias towards big things (e.g., three big thing kingdoms but only two small thing kingdoms, even though small things display greater diversity overall than big things) (chapter 26) |
|
(15) The fruiting body
of a club fungus is called a(n) (a) Ascogangium (b) Basidiocarp (c) Clubangium (d) Morel or truffle (e) Zygocarp A: (b)
Basidiocarp (Chapter 31)
|
|
(16) The fungus Saccharomyces cerevisias reproduces
mitotically by budding out new cells that typically detach to lead
independent lives. Name a category, other than the imperfect fungi and not
necessarily a taxonomic nor monophyletic category, into which one could
classify this fungus. A: Yeast (or division Ascomycota) (Chapter 31) |
|
(17) The three non-clade
nutrient-acquisition categories displayed by members of kingdom Protista
(five-kingdom sense) include (i) engulfing food particles, (ii)
_____________________________, and (iii) _____________________________. (note
that the terms chemoheterotroph and photoautotroph, and mixotroph do not
designate “nutrient-acquisition categories” but instead are “nutritional
patterns”; use the “engulfing food particles” first answer as a guide to how
the remaining blanks should be filled) A: Nutrient
absorption and photosynthesis (chapter 28)
|
|
(18) To effect motility,
most bacteria employ what external-to-the-plasma-membrane structure? A: Flagella
(chapter 27)
|
|
(19) What characteristic
is shared by members of the chemoheterotrophic (i.e., not photosynthetic)
phyla Rhizopoda, Foraminifera, and Acrasiomycota that they may share with
some but not all of the members of the eight-kingdom Protista kingdom? A: These all employ pseudopodia in their food acquisition, i.e., they are all amoeboid engulfers of food particles (chapter 28) |
|
(20) What division of
seed-less plants typically displays both archegonia and antheridia on same
gametophyte? A: division Pterophyta (Chapter 29) |
|
(21) What does
"sporophyte as dominant generation" actually mean? Try answering
this without using the term sporophyte. A: It means that the big, long-lived generation of plants is diploid (chapter 29) |
|
(22) What does
coenocytic mean? A: Coenocytic means that there is a lack of membranous separation between nuclei, particularly within hyphae that are coenocytic because they lack septa |
|
(23) What is a stipe? A: A stipe
is the “stem” equivalent in a seaweed, i.e., the thing that connects
holdfasts to blades (chapter 28)
|
|
(24) What, specifically, does “heteromorphy” refer to
in terms of multicellular algae? A: A heteromorphic organism displays a differing morphology between the gametophyte and the sporophyte generations (constrast with isomorphy where the two generations are essentially indistinguishable) (chapter 28) |
|
(25) Which of the
following nutrient-acquisition niches are NOT exploited by fungi? (a) Chemoheterotrophism (b) Enjulfment (c) Mutualism (d) Parasitism (e) Saprobism A: (b) Engulfment (Chapter 31) |
|
(26) Which was least likely an
important factor in the very early development (origin) of life on earth? (a) Minimal free oxygen (b) No competition from previously existing sophisticated organisms (c) Photosynthesis (d) Reducing atmosphere (e) RNA A: (c)
Photosynthesis (chapter 26)
|
|
(27) Why does your text
state that the term “algae” has no basis in phylogeny? A: The “algae” represent a polyphyletic taxon and therefore has no (or erroneous) phylogenetic meaning (chapter 28) |