Tuesday, May 2, 2000

Midterm Exam #2

Biology 114

Name: _____________________________________

ΠPlace your name at the top of each page.

� There are 27 questions

Ž Each question is worth the same amount

� Remember to distinguish compared items by linking descriptions with terms (e.g., the sky is blue).

� Unless requested, do not multiply out expressions (e.g., stop at 2*500³ rather than 2.5x10⁸).

‘ I encourage you to ask questions during the exam, but do so discretely.

’ Remember to use safe, i.e., unambiguous & well-articulated answers whenever possible.

“ Above all, avoid jumping to profoundly incorrect conclusions: make sure you actually read a question (all of it) before you answer, and then make sure you are actually answering what is being asked.

(1) __________ is a toxic component of the Gram-negative outer membrane.

A: Endotoxin; LPS; lipid A (chapter 27)

(2) A big difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms is that in the former but not the latter the ovule is contained within a sporophyte-generation structure called a(n) __________.

A: Ovary (Chapter 30)

(3) Because of the intricate patterns in which it is able to fold as well as modern day examples of such things as catalytic activity, unlike that other common nucleic acid, a single molecule of _________ is capable of displaying not just genotype but phenotype as well.

A: RNA (chapter 26)

(4) Besides energy production and related metabolic reactions, what is the important chemical end-product (i.e., by or waste product) of bacterial denitrification reactions?

A: Nitrogen gas, i.e., N₂ (chapter 27)

(5) Cyanobacteria display which nutritional pattern:

(a) Chemoautotrophic

(b) Chemoheterotrophic

(c) Photoautotrophic

(d) Photoheterotrophic

(e) None of the above

A: (c) Photoautotrophic (chapter 27)

(6) For division Bryophyta,

(a) True or False, they rely on motile sperm

(b) True or False, they have a conspicuous gametophyte generation

(c) True or False, they have specialized roots

(d) True or False, they do not employ haploid spores

A: True, True, False, False (chapter 29)

(7) For the malarial parasite Plasmodium, where, specifically (anatomically), does gamete fertilization (syngamy) occur?

A: Plasmodium fertilization occurs in the digestive tract of the mosquito host (chapter 28)

(8) In terms of bioenergetics (i.e., how they make their ATP), what is special about members of kingdom Archaezoa?

A: Members of kingdom Archaezoa all lack mitochondria and therefore all lack electron transport systems and therefore are all limited to fermentation to produce ATP (chapter 28)

(9) Matching: (a) heterosporous (b) homosporous, (c) megaspore, (d) microspore (use each only once):

(i) remains associated with parent sporophyte: __________

(ii) sead-bearing plants: __________

(iii) sperm: __________

(iv) vascular plants that give rise to bisexual gametophytes: __________

(i) (c) megaspore, (ii) (a) heterosporous, (iii) (d) microspore, (iv) (b) homosporous (Chapter 30)

(10) Define the following: (i) Sepal, (ii) Stamen, (iii) Carpel, (iv) Whorl.

A: Sepal = the whorl external to the petals; frequently green outer covering of bug; Stamen = a flower’s male reproductive organ (consists of anther and filament); Carpel = a flower’s female reproductive organ (consists of stigma, style, and ovary); Whorl = modified leaves that are found as layers making up a flower (Chapter 30)

(i) Sepal =

(ii) Stamen =

(iii) Carpel =

(iv) Whorl =

(11) Name two innovations distinguishing each of the following plant divisions:

(a) Bryophyta: Pterophyta (_________________, _________________)

(b) Pterophyta: Coniferophyta (_________________, _________________)

(c) Coniferophyta: Anthophyta (________________, _________________) (please do not use same answer as you use to answer question # 2)

A: vascular tissue and sporophyte as dominant generation, pollen and seeds, flowers and fruit (Chapter 30) (Chapter 30)

(12) Order the following in terms of increasing ploidy: (a) Archegonium, (b) Conspicuous vascular plant, (c) Gametophyte, (d) Product of meiosis, (e) Sporophyte, (f) Spore, (g) Zygote. Order alphabetically if ploidy is equivalent.

A: (a) Archaegonium, (c) Gametophyate, (d) Product of meiosis, (f) Spore, (b) Conspicuous vascular plant, (e) Sporophyte, (g) Zygote (Chapter 29)

(13) Symbiotic Dinoflagellates in corals provide what to the coral polyps?

A: products of photosynthesis, i.e., fixed carbon and photon-derived energy (Chapter 28)

(14) The five-kingdom system of organismal classification is slowly being replaced with the eight-kingdom system and now with the three-domain system, even among introductory biology texts. Name a problem with the five-kingdom system of classification of organisms that we have discussed that has contributed to the decline in the five-kingdom system’s popularity and relevance.

A: Monera is polyphyletic; Protista is paraphyletic; bias towards big things (e.g., three big thing kingdoms but only two small thing kingdoms, even though small things display greater diversity overall than big things) (chapter 26)

(15) The fruiting body of a club fungus is called a(n)

(a) Ascogangium

(b) Basidiocarp

(c) Clubangium

(d) Morel or truffle

(e) Zygocarp

A: (b) Basidiocarp (Chapter 31)

(16) The fungus Saccharomyces cerevisias reproduces mitotically by budding out new cells that typically detach to lead independent lives. Name a category, other than the imperfect fungi and not necessarily a taxonomic nor monophyletic category, into which one could classify this fungus.

A: Yeast (or division Ascomycota) (Chapter 31)

(17) The three non-clade nutrient-acquisition categories displayed by members of kingdom Protista (five-kingdom sense) include (i) engulfing food particles, (ii) _____________________________, and (iii) _____________________________. (note that the terms chemoheterotroph and photoautotroph, and mixotroph do not designate “nutrient-acquisition categories” but instead are “nutritional patterns”; use the “engulfing food particles” first answer as a guide to how the remaining blanks should be filled)

A: Nutrient absorption and photosynthesis (chapter 28)

(i) engulfing food particles

(ii) ___________________

(iii) ___________________

(18) To effect motility, most bacteria employ what external-to-the-plasma-membrane structure?

A: Flagella (chapter 27)

(19) What characteristic is shared by members of the chemoheterotrophic (i.e., not photosynthetic) phyla Rhizopoda, Foraminifera, and Acrasiomycota that they may share with some but not all of the members of the eight-kingdom Protista kingdom?

A: These all employ pseudopodia in their food acquisition, i.e., they are all amoeboid engulfers of food particles (chapter 28)

(20) What division of seed-less plants typically displays both archegonia and antheridia on same gametophyte?

A: division Pterophyta (Chapter 29)

(21) What does "sporophyte as dominant generation" actually mean? Try answering this without using the term sporophyte.

A: It means that the big, long-lived generation of plants is diploid (chapter 29)

(22) What does coenocytic mean?

A: Coenocytic means that there is a lack of membranous separation between nuclei, particularly within hyphae that are coenocytic because they lack septa

(23) What is a stipe?

A: A stipe is the “stem” equivalent in a seaweed, i.e., the thing that connects holdfasts to blades (chapter 28)

(24) What, specifically, does “heteromorphy” refer to in terms of multicellular algae?

A: A heteromorphic organism displays a differing morphology between the gametophyte and the sporophyte generations (constrast with isomorphy where the two generations are essentially indistinguishable) (chapter 28)

(25) Which of the following nutrient-acquisition niches are NOT exploited by fungi?

(a) Chemoheterotrophism

(b) Enjulfment

(c) Mutualism

(d) Parasitism

(e) Saprobism

A: (b) Engulfment (Chapter 31)

(26) Which was least likely an important factor in the very early development (origin) of life on earth?

(a) Minimal free oxygen

(b) No competition from previously existing sophisticated organisms

(c) Photosynthesis

(d) Reducing atmosphere

(e) RNA

A: (c) Photosynthesis (chapter 26)

(27) Why does your text state that the term “algae” has no basis in phylogeny?

A: The “algae” represent a polyphyletic taxon and therefore has no (or erroneous) phylogenetic meaning (chapter 28)