Supplemental Lecture (98/04/26 update) by Stephen T. Abedon (abedon.1@osu.edu)

 

(1)   Chapter title: Bacteria Binomials

(2)   Acinetobacter spp.

(a)    Acinetobacter spp. are naturally competent bacteria .

(3)   Actinomyces spp.

(a)    Actinomyces spp. are part of normal flora of the mouth .

(4)   Actinomyces israelii

(a)    Actinomyces israelii is the actinomycosis -causing anaerobe .

(5)   Afipia felis

(a)    Afipia felis is the cat-scratch fever -causing (?) bacteria .

(6)   Agrobacterium tumefaciens

(a)    Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the gram-negative, aerobic bacterium possessing the Ti plasmid which it uses to transform the cells of plants it is infecting thus inducing crown gall formation.

(7)   Azomonas spp.

(a)    Azomonas spp. is a free-living, gram-negative, aerobic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .

(8)   Azotobacter spp.

(a)    Azotobacter spp. is a free-living, gram-negative, aerobic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .

(9)   Bacillus spp.

(a)    Bacillus spp. are commonly used in bioremediation , typically endospore , naturally competent , gram-positive , aerobic or facultatively aerobic bacilli .

(10)           Bacillus anthracis

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacillus

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

no

other:

capsule , endospore -forming, exotoxin -producing, unusually large

found in/on:

soil, animals

normal flora:

no

diseases:

anthrax

transmission:

contact , domestic livestock (zoonotic )

other:

---

history:

first microorganism demonstrated to cause disease (see Koch )

references:

pp. 559, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 130, 259, 405, 650, 740-741, 768, Black, 1996; pp. 10, 58, 74, 284, 370, 393, 567, 666 Tortora et al., 1995; pp. 704-709, Davis et al., 1980

(11)           Bacillus brevis

(a)    Bacillus brevis is a soil-living Bacillus spp. The antibiotics gramicidin and tyrocidine were isolated from B. brevis.

(12)           Bacillus cereus

(a)    Bacillus cereus is a common Bacillus spp. More closely related to Bacillus anthracis than other Bacillus spp. B. cereus is occasionally disease -causing including food poisoning and is resistant to antibiotics (such as penicillin ) which normally act on gram-positives.

(13)           Bacillus subtilis

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacillus

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

aerobe

motile:

yes

other:

endospore -forming, naturally competent

found in/on:

soil

normal flora:

no

diseases:

none

transmission:

???

other:

live off of dead organic matter

history:

---

references:

p. 559, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 118, 259, 374, 737, Black, 1996; pp. 114, 236, Tortora et al., 1995; pp. 709, Davis et al., 1980

(14)           Bacillus licheniformis

(a)    Bacillus licheniformis is a common Bacillus spp.

(15)           Bacillus thuringiensis

(a)    Bacillus thuringiensis is the toxic to certain insects, endospore -forming Bacillus spp.

(16)           Bacteroides spp.

(a)    Bacteroides spp. are anaerobic , gram-negative bacilli which reside in the intestines and to a lesser extent the oral cavity , genital tract , and upper respiratory tract . Can cause infections when intestinal contents come into contact with body cavities or wounds. Also, Bacteroides spp. are a cause of peritonitis . Part of normal flora of the large intestine and vagina .

(17)           Bdellovibrio spp.

type:

bacteria

shape:

Partially helical (comma shaped, non-spirochete )

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

obligate aerobe

motile:

highly motile

other:

soil, sewage, fresh water, marine environments

found in/on:

replicates in (i.e., is obligate intracellular parasite of) periplasmic space of other gram negative bacteria

normal flora:

no

diseases:

no

transmission:

???

other:

---

history:

---

references:

pp. 40-41, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 57, 276, Tortora et al., 1995

(18)           Bifidobacterium spp.

(a)    Bifidobacterium spp. are part of normal flora of the large intestine .

(19)           Bordetella pertussis

type:

bacteria

shape:

coccobacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

obligate aerobe

motile:

yes and no

other:

very small; virulent strains have capsules ; produces an exotoxin

found in/on:

epithelial cilia of respiratory tract

normal flora:

no

diseases:

whooping cough (pertussis )

transmission:

inhalation of respiratory droplets

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 78, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 253, 587, Black, 1996; pp. 277, 593-594, Tortora et al., 1995

(20)           Borrelia spp.

(a)    Borrelia spp. are the relapsing fever -causing spirochete .

(21)           Borrelia burgdorferi

type:

bacteria

shape:

spirochete

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

microaerophile or anaerobic

motile:

yes

other:

---

found in/on:

mouse ticks

normal flora:

no

diseases:

Lyme disease

transmission:

ticks , deer, mice (zoonotic )

other:

large bacteria; they have coarser and more irregular spirals than do the otherwise similar Treponema

history:

specific epithet burgdorferi comes from the name Willy Burgdorfer who in 1982 was the first to demonstrate that Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete of the Borrelia family

references:

pp. 27-28, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 252, 324, 325, 655, 656, Black, 1996; pp. 4, 76, 262, 263, 570-571, Tortora et al., 1995; Science 270:228-229

(22)           Bradyrhizobium spp.

(a)    Bradyrhizobium spp. are symbiotic , gram-negative, aerobic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .

(23)           Brucella spp.

(a)    Brucella spp. are brucellosis -causing, phagocytosis -surviving, gram-negative, aerobic coccobacilli . Brucella spp. are obligate parasites of mammals.

(24)           Brucella abortus

(a)    Brucella abortus is the Brucella spp. predominantly of cattle, less so of hogs.

(25)           Brucella canis

(a)    Brucella canis is the Brucella spp that predominantly affects dogs.

(26)           Brucella melitensis

(a)    Brucella melitensis is the Brucella spp that predominantly affects dogs.

(27)           Brucella suis

(a)    Brucella suis is the Brucella spp predominantly of hogs, less so of cattle.

(28)           Campylobacter spp.

(a)    Campylobacter spp. are microaerophilic bacteria .

(29)           Campylobacter fetus

(a)    Campylobacter fetus is the domestic animal abortion causing, helical (but non-spirochete ), gram-negative , bacterium . C. fetus can cause septicemia, eteritis, etc. in humans.

(30)           Chlamydia pneumoniae

(a)    Chlamydia pneumoniae is an atypical pneumonia -causing chlamydia , a common pneumonia in humans.

(31)           Chlamydia psittaci

(a)    Chlamydia psittaci is an atypical pneumonia -causing, psittacosis -causing chlamydia .

(32)           Chlamydia trachomatis

type:

bacteria

shape:

cocci

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

---

motile:

nonmotile

other:

small cells; obligate intracellular parasites

found in/on:

mammalian cells

normal flora:

no

diseases:

trachoma , nongonococcal urethritis (chlamydia )

transmission:

sexual

other:

---

history:

---

references:

pp. 351, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 257-258, 568, 713-714, Black, 1996; pp. 283, 532, 651, 655, Tortora et al., 1995

(33)           Chlorobium spp. [green sulfur bacteria]

(a)    Chlorobium spp. are anoxygenic , photoautotroph , green sulfur bacteria . See photosystem I .

(34)           Chloroflexus spp.

(a)    Chloroflexus spp. are photoheterotrophic green non-sulfur bacteria .

(35)           Chromatium spp. [purple sulfur bacteria]

(a)    Chromatium spp. are anoxygenic, photoautotroph , purple sulfur bacteria . See photosystem I .

(36)           Citrobacter spp.

(a)    Citrobacter spp. are part of normal flora of the large intestine . The are members of family Enterobacteriaceae.

(37)           Clostridium spp.

(a)    Clostridium spp. are typically endospore -forming, soil- and intestinal-tract -living, anaerobic (often strict ), gram-positive bacilli that cause damage to humans by secreting either powerful toxins or enzymes . Some species are part of the normal flora of the vagina .

(38)           Clostridium botulinum

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

strict anaerobe

motile:

yes

other:

endospore -forming; exotoxin -producing (called botulin)

found in/on:

soil; intestinal tract of infants (when causing disease)

normal flora:

no

diseases:

food poisoning

transmission:

ingestion of botulin toxin; spore ingestion followed by colonization of intestinal tract in infants

other:

botulin toxin produced especially as a consequence of improper home canning; spores found in honey

history:

---

references:

p. 560, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 86, 119, 151-153, 155, 259, 260, 345, 346, 347, 404, 405, 616, 617, 687, 732, 740, 764, 766, Black, 1996; pp. 146, 220, 285, 288, 347, 373, 397, 542-544, 666, 692, Tortora et al., 1995

(39)           Clostridium difficile

(a)    Clostridium difficile is the Clostridium spp. responsible for nearly all gastrointestinal infections , some of which can be so severe as to lead to death, that occur following antibiotic therapy. This is an example of what can happen when microbial antagonism is lost.

(40)           Clostridium perfringens

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

anaerobe

motile:

yes

other:

endospore -forming, exotoxin-forming

found in/on:

soil; dead tissue; normal flora

normal flora:

genital tract of about 5% of women

diseases:

gas gangrene ; food poisoning

transmission:

colonization of dead tissue

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 560, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 86, 119, 151-153, 259, 260, 405, 616, 732, 740, 762, Black, 1996; pp. 44, 285, 395, 505, 567-568, 625, 666, Tortora et al., 1995

(41)           Clostridium tetani

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

strict anaerobe

motile:

yes

other:

endospore -forming; exotoxin -producing (called tetanospasmin)

found in/on:

soil; deep wounds

normal flora:

no

diseases:

tetanus

transmission:

colonization of deep wounds

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 560, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 86, 119, 151-153, 259, 260, 686-687, 732, 740, Black, 1996; pp. 146, 285, 371, 396, 397, 541-542, 543, 666, Tortora et al., 1995

(42)           Corynebacterium spp.

(a)    Corynebacterium spp. are rod-like , pleomorphic , gram-positive bacteria .

(43)           Corynebacterium diphtheriae

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli (pleomorphic )

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

faculatative anaerobe

motile:

no

other:

granule -containing; nonsporing; exotoxin-producing

found in/on:

mucous membranes

normal flora:

yes, but not exotoxin-producing strains

diseases:

diphtheria

transmission:

respiratory exposure to droplets of respiratory secretions

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 576, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 260, 405, 582-583, Black, 1996

 

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