Supplemental Lecture (98/04/26 update) by Stephen T. Abedon (abedon.1@osu.edu)

 

(1)   Chapter title: Bacteria Binomials

(2)   Acinetobacter spp.

(a)    Acinetobacter spp. are naturally competent bacteria .

(3)   Actinomyces spp.

(a)    Actinomyces spp. are part of normal flora of the mouth .

(4)   Actinomyces israelii

(a)    Actinomyces israelii is the actinomycosis -causing anaerobe .

(5)   Afipia felis

(a)    Afipia felis is the cat-scratch fever -causing (?) bacteria .

(6)   Agrobacterium tumefaciens

(a)    Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the gram-negative, aerobic bacterium possessing the Ti plasmid which it uses to transform the cells of plants it is infecting thus inducing crown gall formation.

(7)   Azomonas spp.

(a)    Azomonas spp. is a free-living, gram-negative, aerobic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .

(8)   Azotobacter spp.

(a)    Azotobacter spp. is a free-living, gram-negative, aerobic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .

(9)   Bacillus spp.

(a)    Bacillus spp. are commonly used in bioremediation , typically endospore , naturally competent , gram-positive , aerobic or facultatively aerobic bacilli .

(10)           Bacillus anthracis

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacillus

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

no

other:

capsule , endospore -forming, exotoxin -producing, unusually large

found in/on:

soil, animals

normal flora:

no

diseases:

anthrax

transmission:

contact , domestic livestock (zoonotic )

other:

---

history:

first microorganism demonstrated to cause disease (see Koch )

references:

pp. 559, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 130, 259, 405, 650, 740-741, 768, Black, 1996; pp. 10, 58, 74, 284, 370, 393, 567, 666 Tortora et al., 1995; pp. 704-709, Davis et al., 1980

(11)           Bacillus brevis

(a)    Bacillus brevis is a soil-living Bacillus spp. The antibiotics gramicidin and tyrocidine were isolated from B. brevis.

(12)           Bacillus cereus

(a)    Bacillus cereus is a common Bacillus spp. More closely related to Bacillus anthracis than other Bacillus spp. B. cereus is occasionally disease -causing including food poisoning and is resistant to antibiotics (such as penicillin ) which normally act on gram-positives.

(13)           Bacillus subtilis

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacillus

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

aerobe

motile:

yes

other:

endospore -forming, naturally competent

found in/on:

soil

normal flora:

no

diseases:

none

transmission:

???

other:

live off of dead organic matter

history:

---

references:

p. 559, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 118, 259, 374, 737, Black, 1996; pp. 114, 236, Tortora et al., 1995; pp. 709, Davis et al., 1980

(14)           Bacillus licheniformis

(a)    Bacillus licheniformis is a common Bacillus spp.

(15)           Bacillus thuringiensis

(a)    Bacillus thuringiensis is the toxic to certain insects, endospore -forming Bacillus spp.

(16)           Bacteroides spp.

(a)    Bacteroides spp. are anaerobic , gram-negative bacilli which reside in the intestines and to a lesser extent the oral cavity , genital tract , and upper respiratory tract . Can cause infections when intestinal contents come into contact with body cavities or wounds. Also, Bacteroides spp. are a cause of peritonitis . Part of normal flora of the large intestine and vagina .

(17)           Bdellovibrio spp.

type:

bacteria

shape:

Partially helical (comma shaped, non-spirochete )

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

obligate aerobe

motile:

highly motile

other:

soil, sewage, fresh water, marine environments

found in/on:

replicates in (i.e., is obligate intracellular parasite of) periplasmic space of other gram negative bacteria

normal flora:

no

diseases:

no

transmission:

???

other:

---

history:

---

references:

pp. 40-41, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 57, 276, Tortora et al., 1995

(18)           Bifidobacterium spp.

(a)    Bifidobacterium spp. are part of normal flora of the large intestine .

(19)           Bordetella pertussis

type:

bacteria

shape:

coccobacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

obligate aerobe

motile:

yes and no

other:

very small; virulent strains have capsules ; produces an exotoxin

found in/on:

epithelial cilia of respiratory tract

normal flora:

no

diseases:

whooping cough (pertussis )

transmission:

inhalation of respiratory droplets

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 78, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 253, 587, Black, 1996; pp. 277, 593-594, Tortora et al., 1995

(20)           Borrelia spp.

(a)    Borrelia spp. are the relapsing fever -causing spirochete .

(21)           Borrelia burgdorferi

type:

bacteria

shape:

spirochete

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

microaerophile or anaerobic

motile:

yes

other:

---

found in/on:

mouse ticks

normal flora:

no

diseases:

Lyme disease

transmission:

ticks , deer, mice (zoonotic )

other:

large bacteria; they have coarser and more irregular spirals than do the otherwise similar Treponema

history:

specific epithet burgdorferi comes from the name Willy Burgdorfer who in 1982 was the first to demonstrate that Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete of the Borrelia family

references:

pp. 27-28, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 252, 324, 325, 655, 656, Black, 1996; pp. 4, 76, 262, 263, 570-571, Tortora et al., 1995; Science 270:228-229

(22)           Bradyrhizobium spp.

(a)    Bradyrhizobium spp. are symbiotic , gram-negative, aerobic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .

(23)           Brucella spp.

(a)    Brucella spp. are brucellosis -causing, phagocytosis -surviving, gram-negative, aerobic coccobacilli . Brucella spp. are obligate parasites of mammals.

(24)           Brucella abortus

(a)    Brucella abortus is the Brucella spp. predominantly of cattle, less so of hogs.

(25)           Brucella canis

(a)    Brucella canis is the Brucella spp that predominantly affects dogs.

(26)           Brucella melitensis

(a)    Brucella melitensis is the Brucella spp that predominantly affects dogs.

(27)           Brucella suis

(a)    Brucella suis is the Brucella spp predominantly of hogs, less so of cattle.

(28)           Campylobacter spp.

(a)    Campylobacter spp. are microaerophilic bacteria .

(29)           Campylobacter fetus

(a)    Campylobacter fetus is the domestic animal abortion causing, helical (but non-spirochete ), gram-negative , bacterium . C. fetus can cause septicemia, eteritis, etc. in humans.

(30)           Chlamydia pneumoniae

(a)    Chlamydia pneumoniae is an atypical pneumonia -causing chlamydia , a common pneumonia in humans.

(31)           Chlamydia psittaci

(a)    Chlamydia psittaci is an atypical pneumonia -causing, psittacosis -causing chlamydia .

(32)           Chlamydia trachomatis

type:

bacteria

shape:

cocci

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

---

motile:

nonmotile

other:

small cells; obligate intracellular parasites

found in/on:

mammalian cells

normal flora:

no

diseases:

trachoma , nongonococcal urethritis (chlamydia )

transmission:

sexual

other:

---

history:

---

references:

pp. 351, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 257-258, 568, 713-714, Black, 1996; pp. 283, 532, 651, 655, Tortora et al., 1995

(33)           Chlorobium spp. [green sulfur bacteria]

(a)    Chlorobium spp. are anoxygenic , photoautotroph , green sulfur bacteria . See photosystem I .

(34)           Chloroflexus spp.

(a)    Chloroflexus spp. are photoheterotrophic green non-sulfur bacteria .

(35)           Chromatium spp. [purple sulfur bacteria]

(a)    Chromatium spp. are anoxygenic, photoautotroph , purple sulfur bacteria . See photosystem I .

(36)           Citrobacter spp.

(a)    Citrobacter spp. are part of normal flora of the large intestine . The are members of family Enterobacteriaceae.

(37)           Clostridium spp.

(a)    Clostridium spp. are typically endospore -forming, soil- and intestinal-tract -living, anaerobic (often strict ), gram-positive bacilli that cause damage to humans by secreting either powerful toxins or enzymes . Some species are part of the normal flora of the vagina .

(38)           Clostridium botulinum

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

strict anaerobe

motile:

yes

other:

endospore -forming; exotoxin -producing (called botulin)

found in/on:

soil; intestinal tract of infants (when causing disease)

normal flora:

no

diseases:

food poisoning

transmission:

ingestion of botulin toxin; spore ingestion followed by colonization of intestinal tract in infants

other:

botulin toxin produced especially as a consequence of improper home canning; spores found in honey

history:

---

references:

p. 560, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 86, 119, 151-153, 155, 259, 260, 345, 346, 347, 404, 405, 616, 617, 687, 732, 740, 764, 766, Black, 1996; pp. 146, 220, 285, 288, 347, 373, 397, 542-544, 666, 692, Tortora et al., 1995

(39)           Clostridium difficile

(a)    Clostridium difficile is the Clostridium spp. responsible for nearly all gastrointestinal infections , some of which can be so severe as to lead to death, that occur following antibiotic therapy. This is an example of what can happen when microbial antagonism is lost.

(40)           Clostridium perfringens

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

anaerobe

motile:

yes

other:

endospore -forming, exotoxin-forming

found in/on:

soil; dead tissue; normal flora

normal flora:

genital tract of about 5% of women

diseases:

gas gangrene ; food poisoning

transmission:

colonization of dead tissue

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 560, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 86, 119, 151-153, 259, 260, 405, 616, 732, 740, 762, Black, 1996; pp. 44, 285, 395, 505, 567-568, 625, 666, Tortora et al., 1995

(41)           Clostridium tetani

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

strict anaerobe

motile:

yes

other:

endospore -forming; exotoxin -producing (called tetanospasmin)

found in/on:

soil; deep wounds

normal flora:

no

diseases:

tetanus

transmission:

colonization of deep wounds

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 560, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 86, 119, 151-153, 259, 260, 686-687, 732, 740, Black, 1996; pp. 146, 285, 371, 396, 397, 541-542, 543, 666, Tortora et al., 1995

(42)           Corynebacterium spp.

(a)    Corynebacterium spp. are rod-like , pleomorphic , gram-positive bacteria .

(43)           Corynebacterium diphtheriae

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli (pleomorphic )

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

faculatative anaerobe

motile:

no

other:

granule -containing; nonsporing; exotoxin-producing

found in/on:

mucous membranes

normal flora:

yes, but not exotoxin-producing strains

diseases:

diphtheria

transmission:

respiratory exposure to droplets of respiratory secretions

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 576, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 260, 405, 582-583, Black, 1996

 

(44)           Corynebacterium xerosis

(a)    Corynebacterium xerosis is a part of normal flora of the skin .

(45)           Coxiella burnetii

(a)    Coxiella burnetii is the Q fever -causing, endospore -like structure forming, rickettsia .

(46)           Enterobacter spp.

(a)    Enterobacter spp. are nosocomial infection -causing, urinary tract infection -causing, member of family Enterobacteriaceae . Part of normal flora of the large intestine .

(47)           Enterobacter cloacae

(a)    See Enterobacter spp.

(48)           Enterobacter aerogenes

(a)    See Enterobacter spp.

(49)           Enterococcus spp.

(a)    Enterococcus spp. are intestinal streptococci that are responsible for an occasional opportunistic infection . Part of normal flora of the large intestine and urethra .

(50)           Enterococcus faecalis

(a)    No entry.

(51)           Erwinia spp.

(a)    Erwinia spp. are soft-rot disease in plants-causing, family Enterobacteriaceae .

(52)           Escherichia coli

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

yes

other:

some (pathogenic) strains produce enterotoxins

found in/on:

normal flora

normal flora:

large intestine of most humans

diseases:

though usually benign, some strains cause traveler's diarrhea or worse (e.g., strain O157:H7); even benign strains can cause urinary tract infections

transmission:

fecal-oral; opportunist

other:

its presence in food and water is a useful marker for fecal contamination; family Enterobacteriaceae

history:

by far and away, E. coli is the most studied of bacterial species

references:

pp. 179-180, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 4, 21, 63, 79, 118, 124, 130-131, 156, 166, 167, 178, 186, 201, 208, 254, 405, 622, 701-702, 747, 764, Black, 1996

 

(53)           Francisella tularensis

(a)    Francisella tularensis is the tularemia -causing, small, non-motile , gram-negative, aerobic , pleomorphic bacillus .

(54)           Fusobacterium spp.

(a)    Fusobacterium spp. are dental abscess -causing, anaerobic , gram-negative bacilli . Part of the normal flora of the large intestine .

(55)           Gardnerella vaginalis

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli (pleiomorphic)

gram stain:

negative (inconsistent)

oxygen needs:

faculative anaerobe

motile:

no

other:

fastidious

found in/on:

human urogenital tract

normal flora:

yes?

diseases:

vaginitis but only in conjunction with various anaerobes (i.e., example of mixed infection)

transmission:

occasionally sexual to males

other:

only species in genus

history:

---

references:

p. 199, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 704-705, Black, 1996

 

(56)           Haloarcula spp.

(a)    Haloarcula spp. is a square-shaped archaeobacteria .

(57)           Halobacterium spp.

(a)    Halobacterium spp. are high salt concentrations-loving, purple-colored archaeobacteria .

(58)           Haemophilus spp.

(a)    Haemophilus spp. are upper respiratory tract , mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract mucous membrane inhabiting, blood in culture medium -requiring, naturally competent , family Pasteurellaceae . Part of normal flora of the throat .

(59)           Haemophilus influenzae

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

no

other:

fastideous; species of this genus tend to be obligate parasites or commensals of animals

found in/on:

normal flora

normal flora:

throat

diseases:

pediatric meningitis , epiglottitis , pediatric septic arthritis , bronchitis , and pneumonia

transmission:

???

other:

Haemophilus spp. ; H. influenzae does not cause influenza ; leading cause of mental retardation in the U.S. and world-wide; family Pasteurellaceae

history:

---

references:

p. 195, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 199, 208, 212-213, 255, 375, 504, 581, 584, 586, 678, 680, Black, 1996

 

(60)           Helicobacter pylori

type:

bacteria

shape:

helical (but non-spirochete )

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

microaerophilic

motile:

yes

other:

---

found in/on:

stomach lining

normal flora:

no

diseases:

stomach ulcer ; stomach cancer (cofactor)

transmission:

not known

other:

---

history:

---

references:

pp. 42-43, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 252, 623-624, Black, 1996

 

(61)           Klebsiella spp.

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

no

other:

capsulated

found in/on:

normal flora, human feces, soil, water, grain, fruits, vegetables

normal flora:

large intestine , urethra

diseases:

pediatric septicemia , pneumonia , urinary tract infections

transmission:

opportunist

other:

family Enterobacteriaceae

history:

---

references:

p. 181, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 119, 120, 159, 208, 254, 374, 400, 584, 732, 767, Black, 1996

 

(62)           Klebsiella pneumoniae

(a)    Klebsiella pneumoniae is the pneumonia -causing (particularly in immunocompromised individuals such as alcoholics), capsule -utilizing Klebsiella spp.

(63)           Lactobacillus spp.

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

faculatively anaerobe (sometimes microaerophiles)

motile:

rarely

other:

lactic acid fermenting , fastidious ; nonsporing

found in/on:

normal flora, animal and vegetable food products

normal flora:

gastrointestinal system, urethra, vagina

diseases:

none

transmission:

from mother's vagina during birth

other:

used in sour food production such as yogurt; use of live-culture yogurt douche recommended for replacement of vaginal lactobacilli normal flora after some antibiotic treatments

history:

---

references:

p. 566, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 145, 147, 260, 773, 764, 773, 776, 782, Black, 1996

 

(64)           Lactobacillus sanfransisco

(a)    Lactobacillus sanfransisco is found in sourdough bread starter. Lactobacillus spp.

(65)           Legionella spp.

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

negative (weakly so)

oxygen needs:

aerobe

motile:

varies

other:

---

found in/on:

surface water; mud; thermally polluted lakes and streams; free living or intracellular parasites of amoebas

normal flora:

no

diseases:

pneumonia (legionellosis ); pontiac fever

transmission:

vehicle (air, breathing in of aerosols)

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 86, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 253, 590, 591, 747, Black, 1996

 

(66)           Legionella pneumophila

(a)    No entry.

(67)           Leptospira spp.

(a)    Leptospira spp. are leptospirosis -causing, urine excreted, domestic animal immunized against, spirochete .

(68)           Listeria monocytogenes

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

yes at lower temperatures

other:

psychrotrophic ; nonsporing

found in/on:

widely distributed

normal flora:

no

diseases:

pathogenic food contaminant that if infecting a person during pregnancy can seriously harm or even kill the fetus

transmission:

from food (including milk)

other:

---

history:

---

references:

pp. 566-567, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 260, 346, 680, 767, Black, 1996

 

(69)           Moraxella lacunata

type:

bacteria

shape:

egg shaped coccobacilli (often pleiomorphic)

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

aerobe

motile:

no

other:

fastidious

found in/on:

mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals

normal flora:

no

diseases:

conjunctivitis (pink eye )

transmission:

???

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 90, Bergy's, 1994

 

(70)           Mycobacterium spp.

(a)    Mycobacterium spp. are a group of bacterium noted in part for their pathogenicity (and associated acid fastness ), resistance to desiccation , and resistance to disinfectants .

(71)           Mycobacterium leprae

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

phylogenetically positive but stains acid fast

oxygen needs:

aerobe

motile:

no

other:

never grown on culture media ; resistant to desiccation; resistant to disinfectants; very slow growing

found in/on:

human pathogen found in peripheral (cooler) body regions

normal flora:

no

diseases:

leprosy (Hansen's disease)

transmission:

probably requires extensive close contact

other:

first bacterium to be recognized as a human pathogen (though this was not done via Koch's postulates); only bacterium known to destroy peripheral nervous tissue; treatment arrests disease but does not cure

history:

---

references:

p. 597, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 67, 261, 399, 684, Black, 1996

 

(72)           Mycobacterium tuberculosis

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

phylogenetically positive but stains acid fast

oxygen needs:

aerobe

motile:

no

other:

resistant to desiccation; resistant to disinfectants; very slow growing; nonsporing; sensitive to sunlight

found in/on:

???

normal flora:

no

diseases:

tuberculosis

transmission:

inhalation of respiratory secretions or dried sputum (very desication-resistant organism)

other:

approximately 1.5 billion (yes, with a "b") have tuberculosis world-wide

history:

"With its yearly death toll of about 3 million, Mycobacterium tuberculosis now ends more human life than any other species of pathogen, and its annual toll is expected to rise (World Health Organization, 1992). . . in Africa . . . one out of three people is infected with M. tuberculosis." (pp. 65 and 66, Ewald, 1994 )

references:

p. 597, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 59, 261, 395, 591, Black, 1996

 

(73)           Mycoplasma spp.

type:

bacteria

shape:

pleomorphic

gram stain:

related to Gram-positives

oxygen needs:

mostly facultative anaerobes (some are strict anaerobes)

motile:

usually no though some can glide

other:

lack cell walls and are so small they pass through filters that stop other bacteria ; smallest known bacteria that can replicate outside of living host cells; fastideous; some require sterols for growth

found in/on:

widespread in nature

normal flora:

???

diseases:

some human, animal, and plant pathogens

transmission:

???

other:

thought to have arisen from the Clostridia

history:

---

references:

pp. 706-707, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 434-435, Prescott et al., 1996

(74)           Mycoplasma pneumoniae

type:

bacteria

shape:

pleomorphic

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobes

motile:

???

other:

lack cell walls and are so small they pass through filters that stop other bacteria ; smallest known bacteria that can replicate outside of living host cells

found in/on:

???

normal flora:

???

diseases:

walking pneumonia

transmission:

???

other:

---

history:

---

references:

pp. 706-707, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 150, 258, 582, 590, 714, Black, 1996

(75)           Neisseria spp.

(a)    Neisseria spp. are gram-negative , non-endospore forming , aerobic , naturally competent diplococci . Neisseria spp. typically grow on mucous membranes at 37°C. Part of normal flora of the throat .

(76)           Neisseria gonorrhoeae

type:

bacteria

shape:

diplococci

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

aerobe

motile:

no

other:

fimbriae -utilizing; naturally competent

found in/on:

mucous membranes

normal flora:

no

diseases:

gonorrhea

transmission:

sexual

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 91, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 89, 157, 208, 253, 706, Black, 1996

(77)           Neisseria meningitidis

type:

bacteria

shape:

diplococci

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

aerobe

motile:

no

other:

---

found in/on:

mucous membranes

normal flora:

???

diseases:

meningococcal meningitis

transmission:

???

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 91, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 253, 443, 679, Black, 1996

(78)           Nocardia spp.

(a)    Nocardia spp. are acid fast , aerobic , filamentous bacteria .

(79)           Nocardia asteroides

(a)    Nocardia asteroides are pulmonary nocardiosis -causing, mycetoma -causing Nocardia spp.

(80)           Pasteurella spp.

(a)    Pasteurella spp. are associated with septicemia and pneumonia of non-human animals, family Pasteurellaceae .

(81)           Pasteurella multocida

(a)    Pasteurella multocida is a zoonotic Pasteurella spp.

(82)           Pasteurella pestis

(a)    Pasteurella pestis is older name for Yersinia pestis .

(83)           Propionibacterium acnes

(a)    Propionibacterium acnes is an acne -causing Corynebacterium spp. -like bacterium . Propionibacterium acnes is part of normal flora of the skin .

(84)           Proteus spp.

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

yes, very active (swarmers)

other:

---

found in/on:

normal flora; manure; soil; polluted waters

normal flora:

large intestine and urethra

diseases:

urinary tract and wound infection ; infantile diarrhea

transmission:

???

other:

family Enterobacteriaceae

history:

---

references:

pp. 184-185, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 154, 254-255, Black, 1996

(85)           Pseudomonas spp.

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

aerobe (though some species are able to undergo anaerobic respiration using nitrate as an alternative electron acceptor)

motile:

yes

other:

ability to grow on unusual substrates (including disinfectants ) and in the presence of various disinfectants ; most species fail to grow under acidic ( Pseudomonas spp. are highly diverse and almost without question should constitute more than one genera.

found in/on:

normal flora; widely distributed

normal flora:

urethra

diseases:

generally no threat to healthy individuals; however, weakened hosts are susceptible to epidermal infections (burns, wounds, urinary tract), septicemia , abscesses , and meningitis

transmission:

opportunist

other:

under anaerobic conditions can contribute to soil nutrient loss through anaerobic respiration using nitrate ion (NO3-) as its final electron acceptor ; some varieties can spoil refrigerated foods; commonly called Pseudomonads; used in bioremediation

history:

---

references:

pp. 93-94, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 58-59, 87, 118, 126, 147, 211, 218-219, 221, 252-253, 340, 405, 440-441, 557, 558, 617, 644, 702, 734, 742, 761, 762, 765, 780, Black, 1996

(86)           Pseudomonas aeruginosa

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

aerobe

motile:

yes

other:

---

found in/on:

???

normal flora:

???

diseases:

epidermal infections (burns, wounds, urinary tract), septicemia , abscesses , meningitis especially in weakened hosts

transmission:

???

other:

Used in American Official Analytical Chemist's use-dilution method disinfectant evaluation method

history:

---

references:

pp. 93-94, Bergy's, 1994

(87)           Rickettsia prowazekii

type:

bacteria

shape:

pleomorphic cocci or bacilli

gram stain:

phylogenetically negative but some Rickettsias stain positive)

oxygen needs:

---

motile:

???

other:

obligate intracellular parasite

found in/on:

flea

normal flora:

no

diseases:

epidemic typhus

transmission:

arthropod vector

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 351, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 658-659, Black, 1996

(88)           Rickettsia rickettsii

type:

bacteria

shape:

pleomorphic cocci or bacilli

gram stain:

negative (some Rickettsias stain positive)

oxygen needs:

???

motile:

???

other:

obligate intracellular parasite

found in/on:

ticks

normal flora:

no

diseases:

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

transmission:

arthropod vector

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 351, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 660, Black, 1996

(89)           Rickettsia typhi

(a)    Rickettsia typhi is the endemic murine typhus -causing rickettsia .

(90)           Rhizobium spp.

(a)    Rhizobium spp. are symbiotic , gram-negative, aerobic , pleomorphic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .

(91)           Rhodopseudomonas spp.

(a)    Rhodopseudomonas spp. are photoheterotroph purple non-sulfur bacteria .

(92)           Rochalimaea henselae

(a)    Rochalimaea henselae is the cat-scratch fever -causing (?) bacteria .

(93)           Salmonella spp.

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

usually

other:

---

found in/on:

intestinal tracts of cattle and poultry

normal flora:

no

diseases:

salmonellosis , typhoid fever (see S. typhi)

transmission:

???

other:

no individual Salmonella species are recognized---instead strains are divided into serovars (of which approximately 2000 are know) and then further into biovars ; family Enterobacteriaceae

history:

---

references:

pp. 186-187, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 87, 155, 156, 188-189, 200, 208, 254, 324, 617-618, 747, 763, 764, 770, Black, 1996

(94)           Salmonella choleraesuis

(a)    Salmonella choleraesuis is used in American Official Analytical Chemist's use-dilution method disinfectant evaluation method. See Salmonella spp.

(95)           Salmonella typhi

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

usually

other:

---

found in/on:

???

normal flora:

???

diseases:

typhoid fever

transmission:

???

other:

family Enterobacteriaceae

history:

---

references:

pp. 186-187, Bergy's, 1994

(96)           Serratia marcescens

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

yes

other:

red pigmented

found in/on:

???

normal flora:

no

diseases:

nosocomial (urinary , respiratory tract ) infection

transmission:

???

other:

family Enterobacteriaceae

history:

---

references:

p. 187, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 208, 255, 734, Black, 1996

(97)           Shigella spp.

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

no

other:

often difficult to distinguish from nonmotile E. coli

found in/on:

normal flora; intestinal pathogens of primates

normal flora:

large intestine

diseases:

bacillary dysentery (shigellosis ); traveler's diarrhea

transmission:

fecal-oral

other:

family Enterobacteriaceae

history:

---

references:

pp. 187-188, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 156, 208, 254, 401, 405, 618-620, 625, 747, Black, 1996

(98)           Staphylococcus spp.

(a)    Staphylococcus spp. is a genera that includes both aerobes and facultative anaerobes gram-positives that are found in grape-like staphylococci clusters. Some Staphylococcus species are naturally competent . Part of normal flora of the vagina .

(99)           Staphylococcus aureus

type:

bacteria

shape:

staphylococci

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

no

other:

commonly antibiotic -resistant ; often yellow pigmented; grows under high osmotic, low moisture conditions; produces a variety of exotoxins that contribute to its pathogenicity; nonsporing

found in/on:

normal flora

normal flora:

eyes , nose , skin , and throat

diseases:

toxic shock syndrome , surgical wound infections, food poisoning

transmission:

???

other:

Used in American Official Analytical Chemist's use-dilution method disinfectant evaluation method.

history:

---

references:

p. 532, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 18, 79, 120, 147, 199, 208, 259, 405, 554-555, 581, 616, 646, 705, 764, Black, 1996

(100)       Staphylococcus epidermidis

(a)    Staphylococcus epidermidis is a part of normal flora of the eyes , nose , skin , throat , and urethra .

(101)       Stella spp.

(a)    Stella spp. are star-shaped bacterium .

(102)       Streptococcus spp.

type:

bacteria

shape:

diplo - through streptococci

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

no

other:

produce a variety of exotoxins that contribute to their pathogenicity; they may be classified as alpha-hemolytic , beta-hemolytic , or nonhemolytic ; some species are naturally competent ; nonsporing

found in/on:

normal flora

normal flora:

vagina , nose, throat

diseases:

puerperal sepsis (childbirth fever ), rheumatic fever , scarlet fever , strep throat , pneumococcal pneumonia

transmission:

???

other:

play a major role in human disease

history:

---

references:

p. 532, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 18, 68, 199, 259, 372, 376, 383, 405, 423, 555, 556, 567, 572, 580-581, 582, 584, 589, 611, 614, 645, 646, 680, 770, 773, 776, Black, 1996

(103)       Streptococcus mutans

(a)    Streptococcus mutans is the dental caries -causing, glycocalyx -utilizing bacterium Streptococcus spp.

(104)       Streptococcus pneumoniae

type:

bacteria

shape:

streptococci

gram stain:

positive

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

no

other:

capsuled

found in/on:

 

normal flora

 

normal flora:

nose and throat

diseases:

Pneumonia -causing

transmission:

???

other:

---

history:

played important historical role in the discovery that DNA is hereditary material .

references:

p. 532, Bergy's, 1994

(105)       Streptococcus pyogenes

(a)    Streptococcus pyogenes is the scarlet fever- and pueperal sepsis (childbirth fever )-causing Streptococcus spp.

(106)       Thermus aquaticus

(a)    Thermus aquaticus is the bacterium from which the heat stable taq DNA polymerase, of PCR fame, was isolated.

(107)       Treponema spp.

(a)    Treponema spp. are part of normal flora of the mouth .

(108)       Treponema pallidum

type:

bacteria

shape:

spirochete

gram stain:

uncertain

oxygen needs:

microaerophilic or anaerobic

motile:

yes

other:

virulent strains tend to be not culturable

found in/on:

genitals area

normal flora:

no

diseases:

syphilis

transmission:

sexual

other:

---

history:

---

references:

p. 30, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 59, 65, 252, 347, 491, 709, 722-723, Black, 1996

(109)       Veillonella spp.

(a)    Veillonella spp. are anaerobic , gram-negative , non-motile, non-endospore forming cocci .

(110)       Vibrio spp.

(a)    Vibrio spp. are slightly curved, mostly aquatic, family Vibrionaceae which are gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria .

(111)       Vibrio cholerae

type:

bacteria

shape:

slightly curved bacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

yes

other:

sodium ion growth requirement

found in/on:

aquatic environments especially of marine and estuarine; intestinal contents and surfaces of marine animals

normal flora:

no

diseases:

cholera

transmission:

???

other:

family Vibrionaceae

history:

---

references:

pp. 192-193, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 12, 75, 76, 145, 254, 255, 405, 620, 621, 639-640, 742, 747, Black, 1996

(112)       Vibrio parahaemolyticus

(a)    Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the shellfish associated gastroenteritis -causing Vibrio spp.

(113)       Yersinia pestis

type:

bacteria

shape:

bacilli

gram stain:

negative

oxygen needs:

facultative anaerobe

motile:

temperature dependent (no at higher temperatures)

other:

28°C to 30°C temperature optimum

found in/on:

wild rodents and fleas

normal flora:

no

diseases:

bubonic plague

transmission:

fleas; bacteria multiply and block the flea esophagus and pharynx; the fleas regurgitate the bacteria when they take a blood meal thus trasmitting the bacteria

other:

family Enterobacteriaceae

history:

Y. pestis is the causitive agent of black death of middle age Europe

references:

p. 189, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 255, 324, 423, 431, 652-653, Black, 1996

(114)       Practice questions

 

Genera: Acanthamoeba, Acinetobacter, Actinomyces, Actinomyces, Agrobacterium, Anisakids, Ascaris, Aspergillus, Azomonas, Azotobacter, Babesia, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Balantidium, Bdellovibrio, Bifidobacterium, Bordetella, Borrelia, Bradyrhizobium, Brucella, Campylobacter, Candida, Ceratocystis, Chlamydia, Chlorobium, Chloroflexus, Chromatium, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Coxiella, Cryphonectria, Cryptosporidium, Echinococcus, Etamoeba, Enterobacter, Enterobius, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Francisella, Fusobacterium, Gambierdiscus, Gardnerella, Gelidium, Giardia, Haloarcula, Halobacterium, Helicobacter, Haemophilus, Isospora, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Legionella, Leptospira, Listeria, Moraxella, Mucor, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Naegleria, Neisseria, Necator, Nocardia, Nosema, Paragonimus, Pasteurella, Penicillium, Phytophthora, Pityrosporum, Plasmodium, Pneumocystis, Propionibacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Rhizopus, Rickettsia, Rhizobium, Rhodopseudomonas, Saccharomyces, Salmonella, Schizosaccharomyces, Serratia, Shigella, Schistosoma, Staphylococcus, Stella, Streptococcus, Taenia, Thermus, Toxoplasmosis, Treponema, Trichinella, Trichomonas, Tripanosoma, Veillonella, Vibrio, Yersinia.

 

Species: abortus, acnes, aerogenes, aeruginosa, albicans, americanus, anthracis, aquaticus, asteroides, aureus, botulinum, burgdorferi, brevis, brucei gambiense, brucei rhodesiense, burnetii, canis, carinii, cereus, cerevisiae, cholerae, choleraesuis, cloacae, coli, cruzi, difficile, diphtheriae, epidermis, exiguus, falciparum, fetus, flavus, fowleri, gondii, gonorrhoeae, granulosus, histolytica, infestans, influenzae, israelii, lacunata, lamblia, leprae, licheniformis, lumbricoides, marcescens, melitensis, meningitidis, microti, monocytogenes, multocida, mutans, nigricans, notatum, pallidium, parahaemolyticus, parasitica, perfringens, pertussis, pestis, pneumoniae, prowazekii, psittaci, pylori, pyogenes, rickettsii, rouxii, saginata, sanfransisco, solium, spiralis, subtilis, suis, tetani, thuringiensis, toxicus, trachomatis, tuberculosis, tularensis, tumefaciens, typhi, ulmi, vaginalis, vermicularis, westermani, xerosis.

 

(a)    ___________ is the genera responsible for typhoid fever. [PEEK]

(b)   __________ is a yellow-pigmented member of the normal flora which under a variety of circumstance, ranging from high absorbency tampon use to food poisoning, can cause disease. [PEEK]

(c)    __________ is the cause of walking pneumonia. [PEEK]

(d)   __________ is a pathogenic, psychotrophic, gram-positive bacilli, food contaminant. [PEEK]

(e)    __________ spp. are members of family Enterobacteriaceae and are part of the normal flora of the large intestine and urethra, but nevertheless can cause opportunistic infections such as pediatric septicemia, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. [PEEK]

(f)     _________ is a salt water adapted, slightly curved bacilli. [PEEK]

(g)    __________ are widely distributed bacilli capable of growth on a variety of unusual substrates and cause, especially in weakened hosts, epidermal infections, septicemia, abscesses, and meningitis. [PEEK]

(h)    __________ is the cause of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. [PEEK]

(i)      __________ is the cause of meningococcal meningitis. [PEEK]

(j)     Name the genera of bacteria which (i) are facultatively anaerobic, (ii) are gram-negative, (iii) are bacilli, (iv) are extremely actively motile, (v) are normal flora of the large intestine and urethra, and (vi) cause urinary tract and wound infections. [PEEK]

(k)   Name the genus-species designation of bacteria (i) which are spirochetes, (ii) which are typically found in the genital area, and (iii) for which virulent strains tend not be culturable. [PEEK]

(l)      Name the genera of bacteria which (i) are partially helical, (ii) are gram-negative, (iii) are obligate aerobes, (iv) are highly motile, (v) live in soil, sewage, fresh water, and marine environments, and (vi) which are obligate intracellular parasites of other bacteria. [PEEK]

(m)  Name (i.e., binomial) an exotoxin producing gram-positive which is not a spore former. [PEEK]

(n)    Name the genera of bacteria which lack cell walls. [PEEK]

(o)   __________ is the genus and species of a pleomorphic, exotoxin-producing, colonizer of respiratory mucous membranes. [PEEK]

(p)   __________ is the genus and species of the etiology of epiglottitis, pediatric arthritis, pneumonia, and pediatric meningitis. [PEEK]

(q)   __________ is the genus of an enteric etiology of pneumonia. [PEEK]

(r)     __________ is the genus of a non-spore-forming, non-pathogenic, gram-positive bacillus, member of the human normal flora. [PEEK]

(s)    __________ is the genus of the highly motile member of family Enterobacteriaceae. [PEEK]

(t)     __________ is the genus and species of an exotoxin-producing, strictly anaerobic, etiology of food poisoning. [PEEK]

(u)    __________ is the genus and species of a yellow-pigmented, gram-positive member of the human normal flora, but nevertheless is responsible for a number of diseases. [PEEK]

(v)    __________ is the genus and species of the etiology of bubonic plague. [PEEK]

(w)  __________ is the genus of a non-enteric, opportunistic pathogen of burns, wounds, and urinary tracts, especially of weakened hosts, and which also includes species which are spoilers of foods. [PEEK]

(x)    __________ is the genus and species of a red-pigmented enteric. [PEEK]

(y)    __________ is the genus of partially helical, obligate intracellular parasites. (hint: genus Vibrio is not the answer) [PEEK]

(z)    __________ is the genus and species of the small, capsule-secreting, etiology of whooping cough. [PEEK]

(aa)__________ is the genus and species of the etiology of cholera. [PEEK]

(bb)                       __________ is the genus and species of a desiccation-resistant bacillus which has never been grown in vitro (i.e., on culture medium). [PEEK]

(cc)__________ is the genus and species of the walking pneumonia etiology. [PEEK]

(115)       Practice question answers

(a)    Salmonella spp. (S. typhi)

(b)   Staphylococcus aureus

(c)    Mycoplasma pneumonia

(d)   Listeria monocytogenes (note that Vibrio cholera is gram-negative)

(e)    Klebsiella

(f)     Vibrio cholera

(g)    Pseudomonas spp.

(h)   Rickettsia rickettsii

(i)     Neisseria meningitidis

(j)     Proteus.

(k)   Treponema pallidum.

(l)      Bdellovibrio.

(m)  Corynebacteriuym diphtheriae, Staphylococcus aureus.

(n)    Mycoplasma.

(o)   Corynebacterium diphtheriae

(p)   Haemophilus influenzae

(q)   Klebsiella

(r)    Lactobacillus

(s)    Proteus

(t)     Clostridium perfringens

(u)   Staphylococcus aureus

(v)   Yersinia pestis

(w)  Pseudomonas

(x)   Serratia marcescens

(y)    Bdellovibrio spp.

(z)    Bordetella pertussis

(aa)                       Vibrio cholera

(bb)                       Mycobacterium leprae

(cc)Mycoplasma pneumoniae

(116)       References

(a)    No entry.