Supplemental Lecture (98/04/26 update) by Stephen T. Abedon (abedon.1@osu.edu)
(1)
Chapter title: Bacteria Binomials
(a) Acinetobacter spp. are naturally competent bacteria .
(a) Actinomyces spp. are part of normal flora of the mouth .
(a) Actinomyces israelii is the actinomycosis -causing anaerobe .
(a) Afipia felis is the cat-scratch fever -causing (?) bacteria .
(a) Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the gram-negative, aerobic bacterium possessing the Ti plasmid which it uses to transform the cells of plants it is infecting thus inducing crown gall formation.
(a) Azomonas spp. is a free-living, gram-negative, aerobic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .
(a) Azotobacter spp. is a free-living, gram-negative, aerobic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .
(a) Bacillus spp. are commonly used in bioremediation , typically endospore , naturally competent , gram-positive , aerobic or facultatively aerobic bacilli .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacillus |
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
motile: |
no |
|
other: |
capsule , endospore -forming, exotoxin -producing, unusually large |
|
found in/on: |
soil, animals |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
anthrax |
|
transmission: |
contact , domestic livestock (zoonotic ) |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
first microorganism demonstrated to cause disease (see Koch ) |
|
references: |
pp. 559, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 130, 259, 405, 650, 740-741, 768, Black, 1996; pp. 10, 58, 74, 284, 370, 393, 567, 666 Tortora et al., 1995; pp. 704-709, Davis et al., 1980 |
(a) Bacillus brevis is a soil-living Bacillus spp. The antibiotics gramicidin and tyrocidine were isolated from B. brevis.
(a) Bacillus cereus is a common Bacillus spp. More closely related to Bacillus anthracis than other Bacillus spp. B. cereus is occasionally disease -causing including food poisoning and is resistant to antibiotics (such as penicillin ) which normally act on gram-positives.
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacillus |
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
oxygen needs: |
aerobe |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
endospore -forming, naturally competent |
|
found in/on: |
soil |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
none |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
live off of dead organic matter |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 559, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 118, 259, 374, 737, Black, 1996; pp. 114, 236, Tortora et al., 1995; pp. 709, Davis et al., 1980 |
(a) Bacillus licheniformis is a common Bacillus spp.
(a) Bacillus thuringiensis is the toxic to certain insects, endospore -forming Bacillus spp.
(a) Bacteroides spp. are anaerobic , gram-negative bacilli which reside in the intestines and to a lesser extent the oral cavity , genital tract , and upper respiratory tract . Can cause infections when intestinal contents come into contact with body cavities or wounds. Also, Bacteroides spp. are a cause of peritonitis . Part of normal flora of the large intestine and vagina .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
Partially helical (comma shaped, non-spirochete ) |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
obligate aerobe |
|
motile: |
highly motile |
|
other: |
soil, sewage, fresh water, marine environments |
|
found in/on: |
replicates in (i.e., is obligate intracellular parasite of) periplasmic space of other gram negative bacteria |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
no |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
pp. 40-41, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 57, 276, Tortora et al., 1995 |
(a) Bifidobacterium spp. are part of normal flora of the large intestine .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
coccobacilli |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
obligate aerobe |
|
motile: |
yes and no |
|
other: |
very small; virulent strains have capsules ; produces an exotoxin |
|
found in/on: |
epithelial cilia of respiratory tract |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
whooping cough (pertussis ) |
|
transmission: |
inhalation of respiratory droplets |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 78, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 253, 587, Black, 1996; pp. 277, 593-594, Tortora et al., 1995 |
(a) Borrelia spp. are the relapsing fever -causing spirochete .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
spirochete |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
microaerophile or anaerobic |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
--- |
|
found in/on: |
mouse ticks |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
Lyme disease |
|
transmission: |
ticks , deer, mice (zoonotic ) |
|
other: |
large bacteria; they have coarser and more irregular spirals than do the otherwise similar Treponema |
|
history: |
specific epithet burgdorferi comes from the name Willy Burgdorfer who in 1982 was the first to demonstrate that Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete of the Borrelia family |
|
references: |
pp. 27-28, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 252, 324, 325, 655, 656, Black, 1996; pp. 4, 76, 262, 263, 570-571, Tortora et al., 1995; Science 270:228-229 |
(a) Bradyrhizobium spp. are symbiotic , gram-negative, aerobic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .
(a) Brucella spp. are brucellosis -causing, phagocytosis -surviving, gram-negative, aerobic coccobacilli . Brucella spp. are obligate parasites of mammals.
(a) Brucella abortus is the Brucella spp. predominantly of cattle, less so of hogs.
(a) Brucella canis is the Brucella spp that predominantly affects dogs.
(a) Brucella melitensis is the Brucella spp that predominantly affects dogs.
(a) Brucella suis is the Brucella spp predominantly of hogs, less so of cattle.
(a) Campylobacter spp. are microaerophilic bacteria .
(a) Campylobacter fetus is the domestic animal abortion causing, helical (but non-spirochete ), gram-negative , bacterium . C. fetus can cause septicemia, eteritis, etc. in humans.
(a) Chlamydia pneumoniae is an atypical pneumonia -causing chlamydia , a common pneumonia in humans.
(a) Chlamydia psittaci is an atypical pneumonia -causing, psittacosis -causing chlamydia .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
cocci |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
--- |
|
motile: |
nonmotile |
|
other: |
small cells; obligate intracellular parasites |
|
found in/on: |
mammalian cells |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
trachoma , nongonococcal urethritis (chlamydia ) |
|
transmission: |
sexual |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
pp. 351, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 257-258, 568, 713-714, Black, 1996; pp. 283, 532, 651, 655, Tortora et al., 1995 |
(33)
Chlorobium spp. [green
sulfur bacteria]
(a) Chlorobium spp. are anoxygenic , photoautotroph , green sulfur bacteria . See photosystem I .
(a) Chloroflexus spp. are photoheterotrophic green non-sulfur bacteria .
(35)
Chromatium spp. [purple
sulfur bacteria]
(a) Chromatium spp. are anoxygenic, photoautotroph , purple sulfur bacteria . See photosystem I .
(a) Citrobacter spp. are part of normal flora of the large intestine . The are members of family Enterobacteriaceae.
(a) Clostridium spp. are typically endospore -forming, soil- and intestinal-tract -living, anaerobic (often strict ), gram-positive bacilli that cause damage to humans by secreting either powerful toxins or enzymes . Some species are part of the normal flora of the vagina .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
oxygen needs: |
strict anaerobe |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
endospore -forming; exotoxin -producing (called botulin) |
|
found in/on: |
soil; intestinal tract of infants (when causing disease) |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
food poisoning |
|
transmission: |
ingestion of botulin toxin; spore ingestion followed by colonization of intestinal tract in infants |
|
other: |
botulin toxin produced especially as a consequence of improper home canning; spores found in honey |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 560, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 86, 119, 151-153, 155, 259, 260, 345, 346, 347, 404, 405, 616, 617, 687, 732, 740, 764, 766, Black, 1996; pp. 146, 220, 285, 288, 347, 373, 397, 542-544, 666, 692, Tortora et al., 1995 |
(a) Clostridium difficile is the Clostridium spp. responsible for nearly all gastrointestinal infections , some of which can be so severe as to lead to death, that occur following antibiotic therapy. This is an example of what can happen when microbial antagonism is lost.
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
oxygen needs: |
anaerobe |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
endospore -forming, exotoxin-forming |
|
found in/on: |
soil; dead tissue; normal flora |
|
normal flora: |
genital tract of about 5% of women |
|
diseases: |
gas gangrene ; food poisoning |
|
transmission: |
colonization of dead tissue |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 560, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 86, 119, 151-153, 259, 260, 405, 616, 732, 740, 762, Black, 1996; pp. 44, 285, 395, 505, 567-568, 625, 666, Tortora et al., 1995 |
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
oxygen needs: |
strict anaerobe |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
endospore -forming; exotoxin -producing (called tetanospasmin) |
|
found in/on: |
soil; deep wounds |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
tetanus |
|
transmission: |
colonization of deep wounds |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 560, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 86, 119, 151-153, 259, 260, 686-687, 732, 740, Black, 1996; pp. 146, 285, 371, 396, 397, 541-542, 543, 666, Tortora et al., 1995 |
(a) Corynebacterium spp. are rod-like , pleomorphic , gram-positive bacteria .
(43)
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
|
shape: |
bacilli (pleomorphic ) |
|
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
|
oxygen needs: |
faculatative anaerobe |
|
|
motile: |
no |
|
|
other: |
granule -containing; nonsporing; exotoxin-producing |
|
|
found in/on: |
mucous membranes |
|
|
normal flora: |
yes, but not exotoxin-producing strains |
|
|
diseases: |
diphtheria |
|
|
transmission: |
respiratory exposure to droplets of respiratory secretions |
|
|
other: |
--- |
|
|
history: |
--- |
|
|
references: |
p. 576, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 260, 405, 582-583, Black, 1996 |
|
(a) Corynebacterium xerosis is a part of normal flora of the skin .
(a) Coxiella burnetii is the Q fever -causing, endospore -like structure forming, rickettsia .
(a) Enterobacter spp. are nosocomial infection -causing, urinary tract infection -causing, member of family Enterobacteriaceae . Part of normal flora of the large intestine .
(a) See Enterobacter spp.
(a) See Enterobacter spp.
(a) Enterococcus spp. are intestinal streptococci that are responsible for an occasional opportunistic infection . Part of normal flora of the large intestine and urethra .
(a) No entry.
(a) Erwinia spp. are soft-rot disease in plants-causing, family Enterobacteriaceae .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
|
motile: |
yes |
|
|
other: |
some (pathogenic) strains produce enterotoxins |
|
|
found in/on: |
normal flora |
|
|
normal flora: |
large intestine of most humans |
|
|
diseases: |
though usually benign, some strains cause traveler's diarrhea or worse (e.g., strain O157:H7); even benign strains can cause urinary tract infections |
|
|
transmission: |
fecal-oral; opportunist |
|
|
other: |
its presence in food and water is a useful marker for fecal contamination; family Enterobacteriaceae |
|
|
history: |
by far and away, E. coli is the most studied of bacterial species |
|
|
references: |
pp. 179-180, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 4, 21, 63, 79, 118, 124, 130-131, 156, 166, 167, 178, 186, 201, 208, 254, 405, 622, 701-702, 747, 764, Black, 1996 |
|
(a) Francisella tularensis is the tularemia -causing, small, non-motile , gram-negative, aerobic , pleomorphic bacillus .
(a) Fusobacterium spp. are dental abscess -causing, anaerobic , gram-negative bacilli . Part of the normal flora of the large intestine .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
|
shape: |
bacilli (pleiomorphic) |
|
|
gram stain: |
negative (inconsistent) |
|
|
oxygen needs: |
faculative anaerobe |
|
|
motile: |
no |
|
|
other: |
fastidious |
|
|
found in/on: |
human urogenital tract |
|
|
normal flora: |
yes? |
|
|
diseases: |
vaginitis but only in conjunction with various anaerobes (i.e., example of mixed infection) |
|
|
transmission: |
occasionally sexual to males |
|
|
other: |
only species in genus |
|
|
history: |
--- |
|
|
references: |
p. 199, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 704-705, Black, 1996 |
|
(a) Haloarcula spp. is a square-shaped archaeobacteria .
(a) Halobacterium spp. are high salt concentrations-loving, purple-colored archaeobacteria .
(a) Haemophilus spp. are upper respiratory tract , mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract mucous membrane inhabiting, blood in culture medium -requiring, naturally competent , family Pasteurellaceae . Part of normal flora of the throat .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
|
motile: |
no |
|
|
other: |
fastideous; species of this genus tend to be obligate parasites or commensals of animals |
|
|
found in/on: |
normal flora |
|
|
normal flora: |
throat |
|
|
diseases: |
pediatric meningitis , epiglottitis , pediatric septic arthritis , bronchitis , and pneumonia |
|
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
|
other: |
Haemophilus spp. ; H. influenzae does not cause influenza ; leading cause of mental retardation in the U.S. and world-wide; family Pasteurellaceae |
|
|
history: |
--- |
|
|
references: |
p. 195, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 199, 208, 212-213, 255, 375, 504, 581, 584, 586, 678, 680, Black, 1996 |
|
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
|
shape: |
helical (but non-spirochete ) |
|
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
|
oxygen needs: |
microaerophilic |
|
|
motile: |
yes |
|
|
other: |
--- |
|
|
found in/on: |
stomach lining |
|
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
|
diseases: |
stomach ulcer ; stomach cancer (cofactor) |
|
|
transmission: |
not known |
|
|
other: |
--- |
|
|
history: |
--- |
|
|
references: |
pp. 42-43, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 252, 623-624, Black, 1996 |
|
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
|
motile: |
no |
|
|
other: |
capsulated |
|
|
found in/on: |
normal flora, human feces, soil, water, grain, fruits, vegetables |
|
|
normal flora: |
large intestine , urethra |
|
|
diseases: |
pediatric septicemia , pneumonia , urinary tract infections |
|
|
transmission: |
opportunist |
|
|
other: |
family Enterobacteriaceae |
|
|
history: |
--- |
|
|
references: |
p. 181, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 119, 120, 159, 208, 254, 374, 400, 584, 732, 767, Black, 1996 |
|
(a) Klebsiella pneumoniae is the pneumonia -causing (particularly in immunocompromised individuals such as alcoholics), capsule -utilizing Klebsiella spp.
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
|
oxygen needs: |
faculatively anaerobe (sometimes microaerophiles) |
|
|
motile: |
rarely |
|
|
other: |
lactic acid fermenting , fastidious ; nonsporing |
|
|
found in/on: |
normal flora, animal and vegetable food products |
|
|
normal flora: |
gastrointestinal system, urethra, vagina |
|
|
diseases: |
none |
|
|
transmission: |
from mother's vagina during birth |
|
|
other: |
used in sour food production such as yogurt; use of live-culture yogurt douche recommended for replacement of vaginal lactobacilli normal flora after some antibiotic treatments |
|
|
history: |
--- |
|
|
references: |
p. 566, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 145, 147, 260, 773, 764, 773, 776, 782, Black, 1996 |
|
(64)
Lactobacillus sanfransisco
(a) Lactobacillus sanfransisco is found in sourdough bread starter. Lactobacillus spp.
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
|
gram stain: |
negative (weakly so) |
|
|
oxygen needs: |
aerobe |
|
|
motile: |
varies |
|
|
other: |
--- |
|
|
found in/on: |
surface water; mud; thermally polluted lakes and streams; free living or intracellular parasites of amoebas |
|
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
|
diseases: |
pneumonia (legionellosis ); pontiac fever |
|
|
transmission: |
vehicle (air, breathing in of aerosols) |
|
|
other: |
--- |
|
|
history: |
--- |
|
|
references: |
p. 86, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 253, 590, 591, 747, Black, 1996 |
|
(a) No entry.
(a) Leptospira spp. are leptospirosis -causing, urine excreted, domestic animal immunized against, spirochete .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
|
motile: |
yes at lower temperatures |
|
|
other: |
psychrotrophic ; nonsporing |
|
|
found in/on: |
widely distributed |
|
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
|
diseases: |
pathogenic food contaminant that if infecting a person during pregnancy can seriously harm or even kill the fetus |
|
|
transmission: |
from food (including milk) |
|
|
other: |
--- |
|
|
history: |
--- |
|
|
references: |
pp. 566-567, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 260, 346, 680, 767, Black, 1996 |
|
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
|
shape: |
egg shaped coccobacilli (often pleiomorphic) |
|
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
|
oxygen needs: |
aerobe |
|
|
motile: |
no |
|
|
other: |
fastidious |
|
|
found in/on: |
mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals |
|
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
|
diseases: |
conjunctivitis (pink eye ) |
|
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
|
other: |
--- |
|
|
history: |
--- |
|
|
references: |
p. 90, Bergy's, 1994 |
|
(a) Mycobacterium spp. are a group of bacterium noted in part for their pathogenicity (and associated acid fastness ), resistance to desiccation , and resistance to disinfectants .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
|
gram stain: |
phylogenetically positive but stains acid fast |
|
|
oxygen needs: |
aerobe |
|
|
motile: |
no |
|
|
other: |
never grown on culture media ; resistant to desiccation; resistant to disinfectants; very slow growing |
|
|
found in/on: |
human pathogen found in peripheral (cooler) body regions |
|
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
|
diseases: |
leprosy (Hansen's disease) |
|
|
transmission: |
probably requires extensive close contact |
|
|
other: |
first bacterium to be recognized as a human pathogen (though this was not done via Koch's postulates); only bacterium known to destroy peripheral nervous tissue; treatment arrests disease but does not cure |
|
|
history: |
--- |
|
|
references: |
p. 597, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 67, 261, 399, 684, Black, 1996 |
|
(72)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
|
gram stain: |
phylogenetically positive but stains acid fast |
|
|
oxygen needs: |
aerobe |
|
|
motile: |
no |
|
|
other: |
resistant to desiccation; resistant to disinfectants; very slow growing; nonsporing; sensitive to sunlight |
|
|
found in/on: |
??? |
|
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
|
diseases: |
tuberculosis |
|
|
transmission: |
inhalation of respiratory secretions or dried sputum (very desication-resistant organism) |
|
|
other: |
approximately 1.5 billion (yes, with a "b") have tuberculosis world-wide |
|
|
history: |
"With its yearly death toll of about 3 million, Mycobacterium tuberculosis now ends more human life than any other species of pathogen, and its annual toll is expected to rise (World Health Organization, 1992). . . in Africa . . . one out of three people is infected with M. tuberculosis." (pp. 65 and 66, Ewald, 1994 ) |
|
|
references: |
p. 597, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 59, 261, 395, 591, Black, 1996 |
|
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
pleomorphic |
|
gram stain: |
related to Gram-positives |
|
oxygen needs: |
mostly facultative anaerobes (some are strict anaerobes) |
|
motile: |
usually no though some can glide |
|
other: |
lack cell walls and are so small they pass through filters that stop other bacteria ; smallest known bacteria that can replicate outside of living host cells; fastideous; some require sterols for growth |
|
found in/on: |
widespread in nature |
|
normal flora: |
??? |
|
diseases: |
some human, animal, and plant pathogens |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
thought to have arisen from the Clostridia |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
pp. 706-707, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 434-435, Prescott et al., 1996 |
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
pleomorphic |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobes |
|
motile: |
??? |
|
other: |
lack cell walls and are so small they pass through filters that stop other bacteria ; smallest known bacteria that can replicate outside of living host cells |
|
found in/on: |
??? |
|
normal flora: |
??? |
|
diseases: |
walking pneumonia |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
pp. 706-707, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 150, 258, 582, 590, 714, Black, 1996 |
(a) Neisseria spp. are gram-negative , non-endospore forming , aerobic , naturally competent diplococci . Neisseria spp. typically grow on mucous membranes at 37°C. Part of normal flora of the throat .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
diplococci |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
aerobe |
|
motile: |
no |
|
other: |
fimbriae -utilizing; naturally competent |
|
found in/on: |
mucous membranes |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
gonorrhea |
|
transmission: |
sexual |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 91, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 89, 157, 208, 253, 706, Black, 1996 |
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
diplococci |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
aerobe |
|
motile: |
no |
|
other: |
--- |
|
found in/on: |
mucous membranes |
|
normal flora: |
??? |
|
diseases: |
meningococcal meningitis |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 91, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 253, 443, 679, Black, 1996 |
(a) Nocardia spp. are acid fast , aerobic , filamentous bacteria .
(a) Nocardia asteroides are pulmonary nocardiosis -causing, mycetoma -causing Nocardia spp.
(a) Pasteurella spp. are associated with septicemia and pneumonia of non-human animals, family Pasteurellaceae .
(a) Pasteurella multocida is a zoonotic Pasteurella spp.
(a) Pasteurella pestis is older name for Yersinia pestis .
(a) Propionibacterium acnes is an acne -causing Corynebacterium spp. -like bacterium . Propionibacterium acnes is part of normal flora of the skin .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
motile: |
yes, very active (swarmers) |
|
other: |
--- |
|
found in/on: |
normal flora; manure; soil; polluted waters |
|
normal flora: |
large intestine and urethra |
|
diseases: |
urinary tract and wound infection ; infantile diarrhea |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
family Enterobacteriaceae |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
pp. 184-185, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 154, 254-255, Black, 1996 |
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
aerobe (though some species are able to undergo anaerobic respiration using nitrate as an alternative electron acceptor) |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
ability to grow on unusual substrates (including disinfectants ) and in the presence of various disinfectants ; most species fail to grow under acidic ( Pseudomonas spp. are highly diverse and almost without question should constitute more than one genera. |
|
found in/on: |
normal flora; widely distributed |
|
normal flora: |
urethra |
|
diseases: |
generally no threat to healthy individuals; however, weakened hosts are susceptible to epidermal infections (burns, wounds, urinary tract), septicemia , abscesses , and meningitis |
|
transmission: |
opportunist |
|
other: |
under anaerobic conditions can contribute to soil nutrient loss through anaerobic respiration using nitrate ion (NO3-) as its final electron acceptor ; some varieties can spoil refrigerated foods; commonly called Pseudomonads; used in bioremediation |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
pp. 93-94, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 58-59, 87, 118, 126, 147, 211, 218-219, 221, 252-253, 340, 405, 440-441, 557, 558, 617, 644, 702, 734, 742, 761, 762, 765, 780, Black, 1996 |
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
aerobe |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
--- |
|
found in/on: |
??? |
|
normal flora: |
??? |
|
diseases: |
epidermal infections (burns, wounds, urinary tract), septicemia , abscesses , meningitis especially in weakened hosts |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
Used in American Official Analytical Chemist's use-dilution method disinfectant evaluation method |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
pp. 93-94, Bergy's, 1994 |
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
pleomorphic cocci or bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
phylogenetically negative but some Rickettsias stain positive) |
|
oxygen needs: |
--- |
|
motile: |
??? |
|
other: |
obligate intracellular parasite |
|
found in/on: |
flea |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
epidemic typhus |
|
transmission: |
arthropod vector |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 351, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 658-659, Black, 1996 |
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
pleomorphic cocci or bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
negative (some Rickettsias stain positive) |
|
oxygen needs: |
??? |
|
motile: |
??? |
|
other: |
obligate intracellular parasite |
|
found in/on: |
ticks |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
Rocky Mountain spotted fever |
|
transmission: |
arthropod vector |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 351, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 660, Black, 1996 |
(a) Rickettsia typhi is the endemic murine typhus -causing rickettsia .
(a) Rhizobium spp. are symbiotic , gram-negative, aerobic , pleomorphic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .
(a) Rhodopseudomonas spp. are photoheterotroph purple non-sulfur bacteria .
(a) Rochalimaea henselae is the cat-scratch fever -causing (?) bacteria .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
motile: |
usually |
|
other: |
--- |
|
found in/on: |
intestinal tracts of cattle and poultry |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
salmonellosis , typhoid fever (see S. typhi) |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
no individual Salmonella species are recognized---instead strains are divided into serovars (of which approximately 2000 are know) and then further into biovars ; family Enterobacteriaceae |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
pp. 186-187, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 87, 155, 156, 188-189, 200, 208, 254, 324, 617-618, 747, 763, 764, 770, Black, 1996 |
(a) Salmonella choleraesuis is used in American Official Analytical Chemist's use-dilution method disinfectant evaluation method. See Salmonella spp.
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
motile: |
usually |
|
other: |
--- |
|
found in/on: |
??? |
|
normal flora: |
??? |
|
diseases: |
typhoid fever |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
family Enterobacteriaceae |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
pp. 186-187, Bergy's, 1994 |
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
red pigmented |
|
found in/on: |
??? |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
nosocomial (urinary , respiratory tract ) infection |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
family Enterobacteriaceae |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 187, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 208, 255, 734, Black, 1996 |
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
motile: |
no |
|
other: |
often difficult to distinguish from nonmotile E. coli |
|
found in/on: |
normal flora; intestinal pathogens of primates |
|
normal flora: |
large intestine |
|
diseases: |
bacillary dysentery (shigellosis ); traveler's diarrhea |
|
transmission: |
fecal-oral |
|
other: |
family Enterobacteriaceae |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
pp. 187-188, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 156, 208, 254, 401, 405, 618-620, 625, 747, Black, 1996 |
(a) Staphylococcus spp. is a genera that includes both aerobes and facultative anaerobes gram-positives that are found in grape-like staphylococci clusters. Some Staphylococcus species are naturally competent . Part of normal flora of the vagina .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
staphylococci |
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
motile: |
no |
|
other: |
commonly antibiotic -resistant ; often yellow pigmented; grows under high osmotic, low moisture conditions; produces a variety of exotoxins that contribute to its pathogenicity; nonsporing |
|
found in/on: |
normal flora |
|
normal flora: |
eyes , nose , skin , and throat |
|
diseases: |
toxic shock syndrome , surgical wound infections, food poisoning |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
Used in American Official Analytical Chemist's use-dilution method disinfectant evaluation method. |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 532, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 18, 79, 120, 147, 199, 208, 259, 405, 554-555, 581, 616, 646, 705, 764, Black, 1996 |
(100)
Staphylococcus epidermidis
(a) Staphylococcus epidermidis is a part of normal flora of the eyes , nose , skin , throat , and urethra .
(a) Stella spp. are star-shaped bacterium .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
diplo - through streptococci |
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
motile: |
no |
|
other: |
produce a variety of exotoxins that contribute to their pathogenicity; they may be classified as alpha-hemolytic , beta-hemolytic , or nonhemolytic ; some species are naturally competent ; nonsporing |
|
found in/on: |
normal flora |
|
normal flora: |
vagina , nose, throat |
|
diseases: |
puerperal sepsis (childbirth fever ), rheumatic fever , scarlet fever , strep throat , pneumococcal pneumonia |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
play a major role in human disease |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 532, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 18, 68, 199, 259, 372, 376, 383, 405, 423, 555, 556, 567, 572, 580-581, 582, 584, 589, 611, 614, 645, 646, 680, 770, 773, 776, Black, 1996 |
(a) Streptococcus mutans is the dental caries -causing, glycocalyx -utilizing bacterium Streptococcus spp.
(104) Streptococcus pneumoniae
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
streptococci |
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
motile: |
no |
|
other: |
capsuled |
|
found in/on: |
|
|
normal flora |
|
|
normal flora: |
nose and throat |
|
diseases: |
Pneumonia -causing |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
played important historical role in the discovery that DNA is hereditary material . |
|
references: |
p. 532, Bergy's, 1994 |
(a) Streptococcus pyogenes is the scarlet fever- and pueperal sepsis (childbirth fever )-causing Streptococcus spp.
(a) Thermus aquaticus is the bacterium from which the heat stable taq DNA polymerase, of PCR fame, was isolated.
(a) Treponema spp. are part of normal flora of the mouth .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
spirochete |
|
gram stain: |
uncertain |
|
oxygen needs: |
microaerophilic or anaerobic |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
virulent strains tend to be not culturable |
|
found in/on: |
genitals area |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
syphilis |
|
transmission: |
sexual |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 30, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 59, 65, 252, 347, 491, 709, 722-723, Black, 1996 |
(a) Veillonella spp. are anaerobic , gram-negative , non-motile, non-endospore forming cocci .
(a) Vibrio spp. are slightly curved, mostly aquatic, family Vibrionaceae which are gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
slightly curved bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
sodium ion growth requirement |
|
found in/on: |
aquatic environments especially of marine and estuarine; intestinal contents and surfaces of marine animals |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
cholera |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
family Vibrionaceae |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
pp. 192-193, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 12, 75, 76, 145, 254, 255, 405, 620, 621, 639-640, 742, 747, Black, 1996 |
(a) Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the shellfish associated gastroenteritis -causing Vibrio spp.
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
motile: |
temperature dependent (no at higher temperatures) |
|
other: |
28°C to 30°C temperature optimum |
|
found in/on: |
wild rodents and fleas |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
bubonic plague |
|
transmission: |
fleas; bacteria multiply and block the flea esophagus and pharynx; the fleas regurgitate the bacteria when they take a blood meal thus trasmitting the bacteria |
|
other: |
family Enterobacteriaceae |
|
history: |
Y. pestis is the causitive agent of black death of middle age Europe |
|
references: |
p. 189, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 255, 324, 423, 431, 652-653, Black, 1996 |
Genera: Acanthamoeba, Acinetobacter, Actinomyces, Actinomyces, Agrobacterium, Anisakids, Ascaris, Aspergillus, Azomonas, Azotobacter, Babesia, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Balantidium, Bdellovibrio, Bifidobacterium, Bordetella, Borrelia, Bradyrhizobium, Brucella, Campylobacter, Candida, Ceratocystis, Chlamydia, Chlorobium, Chloroflexus, Chromatium, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Coxiella, Cryphonectria, Cryptosporidium, Echinococcus, Etamoeba, Enterobacter, Enterobius, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Francisella, Fusobacterium, Gambierdiscus, Gardnerella, Gelidium, Giardia, Haloarcula, Halobacterium, Helicobacter, Haemophilus, Isospora, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Legionella, Leptospira, Listeria, Moraxella, Mucor, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Naegleria, Neisseria, Necator, Nocardia, Nosema, Paragonimus, Pasteurella, Penicillium, Phytophthora, Pityrosporum, Plasmodium, Pneumocystis, Propionibacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Rhizopus, Rickettsia, Rhizobium, Rhodopseudomonas, Saccharomyces, Salmonella, Schizosaccharomyces, Serratia, Shigella, Schistosoma, Staphylococcus, Stella, Streptococcus, Taenia, Thermus, Toxoplasmosis, Treponema, Trichinella, Trichomonas, Tripanosoma, Veillonella, Vibrio, Yersinia.
Species: abortus, acnes, aerogenes, aeruginosa, albicans, americanus, anthracis, aquaticus, asteroides, aureus, botulinum, burgdorferi, brevis, brucei gambiense, brucei rhodesiense, burnetii, canis, carinii, cereus, cerevisiae, cholerae, choleraesuis, cloacae, coli, cruzi, difficile, diphtheriae, epidermis, exiguus, falciparum, fetus, flavus, fowleri, gondii, gonorrhoeae, granulosus, histolytica, infestans, influenzae, israelii, lacunata, lamblia, leprae, licheniformis, lumbricoides, marcescens, melitensis, meningitidis, microti, monocytogenes, multocida, mutans, nigricans, notatum, pallidium, parahaemolyticus, parasitica, perfringens, pertussis, pestis, pneumoniae, prowazekii, psittaci, pylori, pyogenes, rickettsii, rouxii, saginata, sanfransisco, solium, spiralis, subtilis, suis, tetani, thuringiensis, toxicus, trachomatis, tuberculosis, tularensis, tumefaciens, typhi, ulmi, vaginalis, vermicularis, westermani, xerosis.
(a) ___________ is the genera responsible for typhoid fever. [PEEK]
(b) __________ is a yellow-pigmented member of the normal flora which under a variety of circumstance, ranging from high absorbency tampon use to food poisoning, can cause disease. [PEEK]
(c) __________ is the cause of walking pneumonia. [PEEK]
(d) __________ is a pathogenic, psychotrophic, gram-positive bacilli, food contaminant. [PEEK]
(e) __________ spp. are members of family Enterobacteriaceae and are part of the normal flora of the large intestine and urethra, but nevertheless can cause opportunistic infections such as pediatric septicemia, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. [PEEK]
(f) _________ is a salt water adapted, slightly curved bacilli. [PEEK]
(g) __________ are widely distributed bacilli capable of growth on a variety of unusual substrates and cause, especially in weakened hosts, epidermal infections, septicemia, abscesses, and meningitis. [PEEK]
(h) __________ is the cause of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. [PEEK]
(i) __________ is the cause of meningococcal meningitis. [PEEK]
(j) Name the genera of bacteria which (i) are facultatively anaerobic, (ii) are gram-negative, (iii) are bacilli, (iv) are extremely actively motile, (v) are normal flora of the large intestine and urethra, and (vi) cause urinary tract and wound infections. [PEEK]
(k) Name the genus-species designation of bacteria (i) which are spirochetes, (ii) which are typically found in the genital area, and (iii) for which virulent strains tend not be culturable. [PEEK]
(l) Name the genera of bacteria which (i) are partially helical, (ii) are gram-negative, (iii) are obligate aerobes, (iv) are highly motile, (v) live in soil, sewage, fresh water, and marine environments, and (vi) which are obligate intracellular parasites of other bacteria. [PEEK]
(m) Name (i.e., binomial) an exotoxin producing gram-positive which is not a spore former. [PEEK]
(n) Name the genera of bacteria which lack cell walls. [PEEK]
(o) __________ is the genus and species of a pleomorphic, exotoxin-producing, colonizer of respiratory mucous membranes. [PEEK]
(p) __________ is the genus and species of the etiology of epiglottitis, pediatric arthritis, pneumonia, and pediatric meningitis. [PEEK]
(q) __________ is the genus of an enteric etiology of pneumonia. [PEEK]
(r) __________ is the genus of a non-spore-forming, non-pathogenic, gram-positive bacillus, member of the human normal flora. [PEEK]
(s) __________ is the genus of the highly motile member of family Enterobacteriaceae. [PEEK]
(t) __________ is the genus and species of an exotoxin-producing, strictly anaerobic, etiology of food poisoning. [PEEK]
(u) __________ is the genus and species of a yellow-pigmented, gram-positive member of the human normal flora, but nevertheless is responsible for a number of diseases. [PEEK]
(v) __________ is the genus and species of the etiology of bubonic plague. [PEEK]
(w) __________ is the genus of a non-enteric, opportunistic pathogen of burns, wounds, and urinary tracts, especially of weakened hosts, and which also includes species which are spoilers of foods. [PEEK]
(x) __________ is the genus and species of a red-pigmented enteric. [PEEK]
(y) __________ is the genus of partially helical, obligate intracellular parasites. (hint: genus Vibrio is not the answer) [PEEK]
(z) __________ is the genus and species of the small, capsule-secreting, etiology of whooping cough. [PEEK]
(aa)__________ is the genus and species of the etiology of cholera. [PEEK]
(bb) __________ is the genus and species of a desiccation-resistant bacillus which has never been grown in vitro (i.e., on culture medium). [PEEK]
(cc)__________ is the genus and species of the walking pneumonia etiology. [PEEK]
(115)
Practice question
answers
(a) Salmonella spp. (S. typhi)
(d) Listeria monocytogenes (note that Vibrio cholera is gram-negative)
(m) Corynebacteriuym diphtheriae, Staphylococcus aureus.
(o)
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
(a) No entry.