Supplemental Lecture (98/04/26 update) by Stephen T. Abedon (abedon.1@osu.edu)
(1)
Chapter title: Bacteria Binomials
(a) Acinetobacter spp. are naturally competent bacteria .
(a) Actinomyces spp. are part of normal flora of the mouth .
(a) Actinomyces israelii is the actinomycosis -causing anaerobe .
(a) Afipia felis is the cat-scratch fever -causing (?) bacteria .
(a) Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the gram-negative, aerobic bacterium possessing the Ti plasmid which it uses to transform the cells of plants it is infecting thus inducing crown gall formation.
(a) Azomonas spp. is a free-living, gram-negative, aerobic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .
(a) Azotobacter spp. is a free-living, gram-negative, aerobic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .
(a) Bacillus spp. are commonly used in bioremediation , typically endospore , naturally competent , gram-positive , aerobic or facultatively aerobic bacilli .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacillus |
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
oxygen needs: |
facultative anaerobe |
|
motile: |
no |
|
other: |
capsule , endospore -forming, exotoxin -producing, unusually large |
|
found in/on: |
soil, animals |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
anthrax |
|
transmission: |
contact , domestic livestock (zoonotic ) |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
first microorganism demonstrated to cause disease (see Koch ) |
|
references: |
pp. 559, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 130, 259, 405, 650, 740-741, 768, Black, 1996; pp. 10, 58, 74, 284, 370, 393, 567, 666 Tortora et al., 1995; pp. 704-709, Davis et al., 1980 |
(a) Bacillus brevis is a soil-living Bacillus spp. The antibiotics gramicidin and tyrocidine were isolated from B. brevis.
(a) Bacillus cereus is a common Bacillus spp. More closely related to Bacillus anthracis than other Bacillus spp. B. cereus is occasionally disease -causing including food poisoning and is resistant to antibiotics (such as penicillin ) which normally act on gram-positives.
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacillus |
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
oxygen needs: |
aerobe |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
endospore -forming, naturally competent |
|
found in/on: |
soil |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
none |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
live off of dead organic matter |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 559, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 118, 259, 374, 737, Black, 1996; pp. 114, 236, Tortora et al., 1995; pp. 709, Davis et al., 1980 |
(a) Bacillus licheniformis is a common Bacillus spp.
(a) Bacillus thuringiensis is the toxic to certain insects, endospore -forming Bacillus spp.
(a) Bacteroides spp. are anaerobic , gram-negative bacilli which reside in the intestines and to a lesser extent the oral cavity , genital tract , and upper respiratory tract . Can cause infections when intestinal contents come into contact with body cavities or wounds. Also, Bacteroides spp. are a cause of peritonitis . Part of normal flora of the large intestine and vagina .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
Partially helical (comma shaped, non-spirochete ) |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
obligate aerobe |
|
motile: |
highly motile |
|
other: |
soil, sewage, fresh water, marine environments |
|
found in/on: |
replicates in (i.e., is obligate intracellular parasite of) periplasmic space of other gram negative bacteria |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
no |
|
transmission: |
??? |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
pp. 40-41, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 57, 276, Tortora et al., 1995 |
(a) Bifidobacterium spp. are part of normal flora of the large intestine .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
coccobacilli |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
obligate aerobe |
|
motile: |
yes and no |
|
other: |
very small; virulent strains have capsules ; produces an exotoxin |
|
found in/on: |
epithelial cilia of respiratory tract |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
whooping cough (pertussis ) |
|
transmission: |
inhalation of respiratory droplets |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 78, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 253, 587, Black, 1996; pp. 277, 593-594, Tortora et al., 1995 |
(a) Borrelia spp. are the relapsing fever -causing spirochete .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
spirochete |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
microaerophile or anaerobic |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
--- |
|
found in/on: |
mouse ticks |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
Lyme disease |
|
transmission: |
ticks , deer, mice (zoonotic ) |
|
other: |
large bacteria; they have coarser and more irregular spirals than do the otherwise similar Treponema |
|
history: |
specific epithet burgdorferi comes from the name Willy Burgdorfer who in 1982 was the first to demonstrate that Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete of the Borrelia family |
|
references: |
pp. 27-28, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 252, 324, 325, 655, 656, Black, 1996; pp. 4, 76, 262, 263, 570-571, Tortora et al., 1995; Science 270:228-229 |
(a) Bradyrhizobium spp. are symbiotic , gram-negative, aerobic , nitrogen-fixing bacteria .
(a) Brucella spp. are brucellosis -causing, phagocytosis -surviving, gram-negative, aerobic coccobacilli . Brucella spp. are obligate parasites of mammals.
(a) Brucella abortus is the Brucella spp. predominantly of cattle, less so of hogs.
(a) Brucella canis is the Brucella spp that predominantly affects dogs.
(a) Brucella melitensis is the Brucella spp that predominantly affects dogs.
(a) Brucella suis is the Brucella spp predominantly of hogs, less so of cattle.
(a) Campylobacter spp. are microaerophilic bacteria .
(a) Campylobacter fetus is the domestic animal abortion causing, helical (but non-spirochete ), gram-negative , bacterium . C. fetus can cause septicemia, eteritis, etc. in humans.
(a) Chlamydia pneumoniae is an atypical pneumonia -causing chlamydia , a common pneumonia in humans.
(a) Chlamydia psittaci is an atypical pneumonia -causing, psittacosis -causing chlamydia .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
cocci |
|
gram stain: |
negative |
|
oxygen needs: |
--- |
|
motile: |
nonmotile |
|
other: |
small cells; obligate intracellular parasites |
|
found in/on: |
mammalian cells |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
trachoma , nongonococcal urethritis (chlamydia ) |
|
transmission: |
sexual |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
pp. 351, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 257-258, 568, 713-714, Black, 1996; pp. 283, 532, 651, 655, Tortora et al., 1995 |
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Chlorobium spp. [green
sulfur bacteria]
(a) Chlorobium spp. are anoxygenic , photoautotroph , green sulfur bacteria . See photosystem I .
(a) Chloroflexus spp. are photoheterotrophic green non-sulfur bacteria .
(35)
Chromatium spp. [purple
sulfur bacteria]
(a) Chromatium spp. are anoxygenic, photoautotroph , purple sulfur bacteria . See photosystem I .
(a) Citrobacter spp. are part of normal flora of the large intestine . The are members of family Enterobacteriaceae.
(a) Clostridium spp. are typically endospore -forming, soil- and intestinal-tract -living, anaerobic (often strict ), gram-positive bacilli that cause damage to humans by secreting either powerful toxins or enzymes . Some species are part of the normal flora of the vagina .
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
oxygen needs: |
strict anaerobe |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
endospore -forming; exotoxin -producing (called botulin) |
|
found in/on: |
soil; intestinal tract of infants (when causing disease) |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
food poisoning |
|
transmission: |
ingestion of botulin toxin; spore ingestion followed by colonization of intestinal tract in infants |
|
other: |
botulin toxin produced especially as a consequence of improper home canning; spores found in honey |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 560, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 86, 119, 151-153, 155, 259, 260, 345, 346, 347, 404, 405, 616, 617, 687, 732, 740, 764, 766, Black, 1996; pp. 146, 220, 285, 288, 347, 373, 397, 542-544, 666, 692, Tortora et al., 1995 |
(a) Clostridium difficile is the Clostridium spp. responsible for nearly all gastrointestinal infections , some of which can be so severe as to lead to death, that occur following antibiotic therapy. This is an example of what can happen when microbial antagonism is lost.
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
oxygen needs: |
anaerobe |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
endospore -forming, exotoxin-forming |
|
found in/on: |
soil; dead tissue; normal flora |
|
normal flora: |
genital tract of about 5% of women |
|
diseases: |
gas gangrene ; food poisoning |
|
transmission: |
colonization of dead tissue |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 560, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 86, 119, 151-153, 259, 260, 405, 616, 732, 740, 762, Black, 1996; pp. 44, 285, 395, 505, 567-568, 625, 666, Tortora et al., 1995 |
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
shape: |
bacilli |
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
oxygen needs: |
strict anaerobe |
|
motile: |
yes |
|
other: |
endospore -forming; exotoxin -producing (called tetanospasmin) |
|
found in/on: |
soil; deep wounds |
|
normal flora: |
no |
|
diseases: |
tetanus |
|
transmission: |
colonization of deep wounds |
|
other: |
--- |
|
history: |
--- |
|
references: |
p. 560, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 86, 119, 151-153, 259, 260, 686-687, 732, 740, Black, 1996; pp. 146, 285, 371, 396, 397, 541-542, 543, 666, Tortora et al., 1995 |
(a) Corynebacterium spp. are rod-like , pleomorphic , gram-positive bacteria .
(43)
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
|
type: |
bacteria |
|
|
shape: |
bacilli (pleomorphic ) |
|
|
gram stain: |
positive |
|
|
oxygen needs: |
faculatative anaerobe |
|
|
motile: |
no |
|
|
other: |
granule -containing; nonsporing; exotoxin-producing |
|
|
found in/on: |
mucous membranes |
|
|
normal flora: |
yes, but not exotoxin-producing strains |
|
|
diseases: |
diphtheria |
|
|
transmission: |
respiratory exposure to droplets of respiratory secretions |
|
|
other: |
--- |
|
|
history: |
--- |
|
|
references: |
p. 576, Bergy's, 1994; pp. 260, 405, 582-583, Black, 1996 |
|