Bacteriophage Ecology Group
Reference Abstracts (1988)
Dedicated to the ecology and evolutionary biology of the parasites of unicellular organisms (UOPs)
© Stephen T. Abedon
contents | bacteriophage ecology group | top of page
© Phage et al. last updated on Wednesday, December 26, 2001
  1. Viruses of Fungi and Simple Eukaryotes. Anonymous (1988). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.The mycoviruses are intracellular viruses found in both unicellular and filamentous fungi. The typical mycovirus is usually identifited in the cytoplasm as an RNA (often double-stranded) encapsidated in a protein coat. Life would have been much easier for fungal molecular biologists and plant pathologists if the viruses of fungi infected and killed their hosts so that they could be studied with the simple plaque assay used in the analysis of other prokaryotic and eukaryotic viruses. Unfortunately, the mycoviruses do not kill their hosts; rather, host and attendant viruses have reached a mutually satisfactory modus vivendi: The virus may be no more obtrusive or noticable than a vacuole. The absence of an independent lytic cycle may explain why, for many years, the mycoviruses were known only as a fungal cellular component that induced interferon. . . [TOP OF PAGE]

  2. SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF BACTERIA INTRODUCED INTO SOIL. ACEA, M.J., MOORE, C.R., Alexander, M. (1988). Soil Biol. Biochem. 20:509-516. Survival and growth of bacteria introduced into soil.A study was conducted of the survival and multiplication of bacteria introduced into soil. In a loam, the populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli, R. meliloti, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Micrococcus flavus, Corynebacterium sp., Pseudomonas sp. 2k and Pseudomonas sp. 1G declined by one to two orders of magnitude. Some of these species initially increased in numbers in this soil upon the addition of 0.1 or 1.0% glucose, but other did not proliferate. However, the populations of all species subsequently declined. The patterns of decline of A. tumefaciens, Pseudomonas sp. B4, Streptococcus faecalis and M. flavus in silt loam were similar. Because the patterns of decline of none of the test species were similar in unamended sterile soil or, except for M. flavus and S. faecalis, in sterile buffer, the reductions in population sizes were not a result of toxins already present in the soil or starvation, but were related to the activities of other microorganisms. The population size of an asporogenous strain of Bacillus subtilis declined markedly in nonsterile and sterile soil and in buffer, and it fell to a small number in nonsterile soil amended with 0.1% glucose. Because cellular slime molds, bacteriophages, bdellovibrios and myxobacteria were not found, they are not responsible for the reduction in numbers of the test species. Protozoa increased in number as the populations of the test species fell. The extents of decline of A. tumefaciens, Pseudomonas sp. 2K, Corynebacterium sp. and M. flavus were diminished if glucose-amended or unamended soil was treated with cycloheximide, a eucaryotic inhibitor. Antibiotic-producing and lytic microorganisms able to destroy the test species were present, their numbers varying with the test organism. It is suggested that the populations of bacteria introduced into soil may be reduced because of their susceptibility to predation, starvation or possibly antibiotic-producing or lytic microorganisms. [TOP OF PAGE]

  3. The Bacteriophages. Volume 2. Ackermann, H.-W., DuBow, M.S. (1988). Plenum Press, New York.[TOP OF PAGE]

  4. The Bacteriophages. Volume 1. Ackermann, H.-W., DuBow, M.S. (1988). Plenum, New York.[TOP OF PAGE]

  5. Influence of pH value on viability and transduction frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage F116. Amin, M.K., Day, M.J. (1988). Letters in Applied Microbiology 6:93-96. [TOP OF PAGE]

  6. Phage f2 desorption from clay in estuarine water using nonionic detergents, beef extract, and chaotropic agents. Armon, R., Cabelli, V.J. (1988). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34:1022-1024. Experimentally adsorbed bacteriophage f2 was eluted from clay particles in estuarine water using 1% Tween, 80.3% beef extract, and 0.3 M NaNO sub(3) with 54% recovery. Replacing sodium nitrate with tetrasodium pyrophosphate (0.4 M) increased the recovery to 81%. Estuarine sediments treated with 1% Tween 80 revealed significantly higher male-specific phage elutions. [TOP OF PAGE]

  7. PHAGES OF BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS H-1 INSECTUS. BAL'MAN, R.A., Smirnova, T.A., Azizbekyan, R.R. (1988). Biotekhnologiya 46-52. Phages of Bacillus thuringiensis H1 insectus.The biological and physico-chemical proprties of a group of B. thuringiensis H1 insectus bacteriophages, isolated from various elements of East Siberian forest biocenosis, were studied. The phages were divided into three subgroups differing in morphology and physico-chemical characteristics. Strain B. thuringiensis H1 insectus is lysogenic by the defective phage Tin 50, capable of transactivation upon infection by heterologous phages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  8. Abortive phage-infection and UV-protection markers on Col I plasmids from epidemic strains of Salmonella. Barker, R.M. (1988). J. Med. Microbiol. 25:221-225. [TOP OF PAGE]

  9. Animal viruses, coliphages, and bacteria in aerosols and wastewater at a spray irrigation site. Brenner, K.P., Scarpino, P.V., Clark, C.S. (1988). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:409-415. [TOP OF PAGE]

  10. [The effect of limnic protozoa on virus inactivation]. Burger, G., Loschau, B. (1988). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE HYGIENE UND IHRE GRENZGEBIETE 34:526-527. [TOP OF PAGE]

  11. Phage evolution and speciation. Campbell, A. (1988). pp. 1-14. In In Calendar, R. (ed.), The Bacteriophages. Volume 1. Plenum Press, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  12. Improvement of the method of transduction applicable for a new transducing dysenteric phage BFl-1. Chanishvili, N. (1988). Materials of the Y Congress of the Georgian Society of Genestists and Selectioners, Tbilisi 1988:33-34. [TOP OF PAGE]

  13. Study of transducing properties of therapeutic and prophylactic dysentery bacteriophages. Chanishvili, N. (1988). Materials of the Y Congress of the Georgian Society of Genestists and Selectioners, Tbilisi 1988:34-36. [TOP OF PAGE]

  14. PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE PATHOVAR TOMATO. DENNY, T.P. (1988). Journal of General Microbiology 134:1939-1948. Phenotypic diversity in Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato.Twenty-nine strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (P. s. tomato) that represented the temporal and geographical diversity of this pathogen were tested for pathogenicity on tomato, carbohydrate utilization, bacteriophage sensitivity, fatty acid composition and plasmid profile. The extent of phenotypic diversity observed within P. s. tomato depended on the trait examined; the strains were similar in pathogenicity, carbohydrate utilization and fatty acid content, whereas greater diversity was found in bacteriophage sensitivity and the plasmid profiles. A classification scheme for P. s. tomato plasmids based on both size and DNA homology is proposed. The array of phenotypic traits clearly differentiated all the strains of P. s. tomato examined from six strains of P. syringae pv. syringae, with carbohydrate utilization and fatty acid analyses being the most reliable. [TOP OF PAGE]

  15. Bdellovibrios: recycling, remodelling and relocalizing components from their prey. Diedrich, D.L. (1988). MICROBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 5:100-103. The predatory bdellovibrios acquire all their growth requirements by preying upon other Gram-negative bacteria. They reutilize biosynthetic monomers, remanufacture the prey's lipopolysaccharide, and relocalize specific outer membrane proteins from the prey to their own outer membranes. This lifestyle occurs without loss of the biosynthetic potential for axenic growth. [TOP OF PAGE]

  16. ColIb plasmid gens that inhibit the replication of T4 and T7 bacteriophage. Duckworth, D.H., Pinkerton, T.C. (1988). Plasmid 20:182-193. [TOP OF PAGE]

  17. Identification of cell wall antigens associated with a large conjugative plasmid encoding phage resistance and lactose fermentation ability in lactic streptococci. Dunny, G.M., Krug, D.A., Pan, C.L., Ledford, R.A. (1988). Biochimie 70:443-450. In order to begin to analyze the gene products encoded by phage resistance plasmids in lactic streptococci, we identified phage-resistance plasmids by screening resistant strains from commercial starter cultures for the ability to carry out unselected cotransfer, by conjugation, of phage resistance with lactose fermentation ability (lac+). In this fashion, we identified a large (90 kilobases) plasmid, pCLP51R, that encodes the lac+ marker, resistance to a lytic phage called LP10G (1pr+), high-frequency conjugal donor ability (hft+), and clumpy growth of host bacteria in broth culture (clu+). The mechanism of resistance conferred by this plasmid appears to involve interference with a step in the phage replication cycle that occurs after the initial attachment of the phage. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell surface extracts of isogenic strains, carrying or lacking pCLP51R, combined with immunoblotting analysis, showed that there were several plasmid-related differences in the banding pattern of low molecular weight proteins and that the plasmid resulted in production of several unique antigenic polypeptides in the size range of 15-30 kd, as well as modification of chromosomally encoded antigens to different molecular weight forms. [TOP OF PAGE]

  18. Penetration of E. coli and F2 bacteriophage into fish tissues. Fattal, B., Dotan, A., Tchorsh, Y., Parpari, L., Shuval, H.I. (1988). SCHRIFTENREIHE DES VEREINS FUR WASSER-, BODEN-, UND LUFTHYGIENE 78:27-38. Throughout the world, fish thrive in rivers, lakes and seawater polluted with wastewater. Furthermore, in some countries, wastewater-enriched fishponds are used for fish cultivation. One of the major constraints in using wastewater for aquaculture is the possible contamination of the fish by enteric pathogens (bacteria and viruses), which may penetrate and accumulate in fish tissue, and constitute a potential public health hazard, especially in countries in which raw fish are consumed. In order to evaluate the infection of fish cultivated in wastewater, controlled experiments were performed to study the penetration of bacteria and bacteriophage inoculated into water tanks in which the fish were maintained. Twenty to thirty Tilapia hybrids (Sarotherodon aureus x S. niloticus), of 100 gr average weight and some 20 cm long were introduced into a 1 m3 plastic tank, containing about 500 l tap water at a temperature of 20 degrees C. High protein fish feed was added at a rate of about 1% of body weight per day. Four experiments were performed using an inoculum of an E. coli strain resistant to streptomycin and nalidixic acid. One hour after inoculation, bacterial concentration was 10(5)-10(6)/ml tank water. Four experiments were carried out with F2 male-specific bacteriophage 10(3)-10(5)/ml tank water. In each experiment two fish were sacrificed at zero time (prior to introduction of inocula), and 1, 5, 24, 48 and 72 or more hours after inoculation. Water samples were withdrawn at the same intervals. The level of microorganisms was tested in the following tissues: digestive tract, skin, spleen, liver and muscle. E. coli assays were performed using the membrane filtration technique; phages were assayed, using E. coli host cells in a plaque assay. The results of the experiments indicate that notwithstanding the high E. coli concentration in the tank water, its level in the edible tissue (muscle) was low, and in no instance higher than the acceptable standard of 400 cfu/gr (International Commission for Food Specification, 1974). The maximum concentration of F2 phage detected in muscle tissue was 350 pfu/gr. There is no standard for virus concentration in edible tissue. [TOP OF PAGE]

  19. Multiple populations of double-stranded RNA in two virus-harbouring strains of Trichomonas vaginalis. Flegr, J., Cerkasov, J., Stokrova, J. (1988). Folia Microbiologica 33:462-465. The existence of six dsRNA segments of Trichomonas vaginalis virus was confirmed and the molar mass and relative abundance of these segments were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis with reovirus dsRNA serving as a standard. The M's were 3.5, 3.4, 3.2, 2.5, 1.4 and 0.34 Mg/mol for the two strains studied, the relative abundances, however, were 1.0, 1.4, 3.0, 0.3, 2.7, 4.2 and 1.0, 0.6, 1.7, 0.5, 3.4 1.0 for these strains, respectively. Cell homogenate fractionation showed that all dsRNA segments were associated with viral particles. The data appeared to support the hypothesis of a relationship between viruses of the protozoan T. vaginalis and of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [TOP OF PAGE]

  20. Transduction of Escherichia coli in soil. Germida, J.J., Khachatourians, G. (1988). Can. J. Microbiol. 34:190-193. [TOP OF PAGE]

  21. NEW BACTERIOPHAGES ACTIVE ON STRAINS OF HYPHOMICROBIUM. GLIESCHE, C.G., HOLM, N.C., BEESE, M., NEUMANN, M., VOELKER, H., GEBERS, R., Hirsch, P. (1988). Journal of General Microbiology 134:1339-1354. New bacteriophages active on strains of Hyphomicrobium.Fifty-five bacteriophages isolated from water and soil samples were active on many strains of the genus Hyphomicrobium. The optimal isolation procedure was an adsorption method in which samples from a habit similar to that of the respective host bacterium were used as the phage inoculum. According to the morphology and nucleic acid type these bacteriophages belonged ot different familes: Myoviridae (type A1: five phages). Styloviridae (type B1: 33 phages; type B2: eight phages) and Podoviridae (type C1: nine phages). The Styloviridae (type B1) appeared in two morpholigical variants (tails flexible or rigid). All phages investigated were specific for the genus Hyphomicrobium and were unable to lyse members of other genera of hyphal, budding bacteria (e.g. Hyphomonas, Pedomicrobium, genus D, genus T). The host specificity of 42 phages was tested with 156 Hyphomicrdoium strains: 122 strains were lysed by at least one of these phage, but 34 Hyphomicrobium strains were not susceptible. Morphotype B1 phages with identical morphology could be distinguished according to their host-range properties on prophage-containing Hyphomicrobium strains. With regard to differences in morphology and host range, 25 phages were selected for more detailed investigations. From these phages DNA was isolated; the melting transition midpoints (Tm) ranged from 67 to 93 .degree.C. The upper and higher values suggested the presence of DNA modifications. Six different adsorption patterns could be distinguished among the Hyphomicrobium phages. Prefered attachment sites were the proximal pole of the mother cell, the hyphal tip, the distal pole of the bud, and the distal pole of the swarmer cell. [TOP OF PAGE]

  22. IMPROVEMENT OF THE BIOCONTROL OF PSEUDOMONAS-TOLAASII USING BACTERIOPHAGES ASSOCIATED WITH AN ANTAGONISTIC BACTERIUM. GUILLAUMES, J., HOUDEAU, G., GERMAIN, R., Olivier, J.M. (1988). Bulletin OEPP 18:77-82. Improvement of the biocontrol of Pseudomonas tolaasii using bacteriophages associated with an antagonistic bacterium.No chemical control of mushroom bacterial blotch, due to Pseudomonas tolaasii, is available today. Biocontrol using an antagonistic strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens decreases losses with an efficiency of 30-60%, but this is insufficient in practice and so an improvement of the method is required. Among different possibilities, we have studied the use of lytic bacteriophages. Several phages were purified from diseased mushroom caps. Their selectivity was tested using many saprophytic and pathogenic bacteria isolated from different ecosystems. We selected phages strongly aggressive in P. tolaasii and only moderately so in the P. fluorescens strain used for biocontrol. In this way it should be possible to build up a strategy for protecting the casing soil by spraying a mixture of antagonistic bacteria and phages. The first experiments showed that the effects of the antagonistic bacteria and of the phages were additive. The decrease in symptoms was highly significant (> 80%). However, several points have to be resolved before application on a larger scale can be envisaged. Questions also arise on the effect of bacteriophages on the natural population dynamics of Pseudomonas spp. useful or pathogenic to mushrooms. [TOP OF PAGE]

  23. F-specific RNA bacteriophages as model viruses in water hygiene: Ecological aspects. Havelaar, A.H., Pot-Hogeboom, W.M. (1988). Water Science & Technology 20:399-407. [TOP OF PAGE]

  24. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BACTERIOPHAGES INFECTING MARINE LUMINOUS BACTERIUM VIBRIO-FISCHERI. Hidaka, T., Kobayashi, M. (1988). Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Kagoshima University 37:161-172. Characterization of the bacteriophages infecting marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri.Twelve bacteriophages infecting marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri have been isolated from seawater of Kagoshima Bay, at 9 times of selected seasonal intervals during 1980 to 1982. The lytic patterns, plaque morphology, particle structures, stabilities, one-step growth characteristics, and serological properties of them were observed. Each phage has a strict host specificity. The phages varied considerably in particle structure and size; the phage heads were polyhedral with tails varying in length between 10 and 135 nm. Three phages of them have a short tail, six have a long and noncontractile tail, and three have a tail of complex structure with a contractile sheath. They also differed from serologic reactions. They were stable phages with double-stranded DNA as genetic material. These phages may provide a rapid and sensitive means of differentiating V. fischeri strains. It seems that these data from a basis of the ecological studies of V. fischeri-phage systems in seawater. [TOP OF PAGE]

  25. Characterization of the bacteriophages infecting marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri (Kaiyosei hakko-saikin Vibrio fischeri ni kansensuru bakuteriofaji no seijo). Hidaka, T., Kobayashi, M. (1988). Mem. Fac. Fish. Kagoshima Univ. /Kagoshimadai Suisangakubu Kiyo. 37:161-172. Twelve bacteriophages infecting the marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri were isolated from seawater of Kagoshima Bay, (Japan), at 9 selected seasonal intervals during 1980 to 1982. Their lytic patterns, plaque morphology, particle structures, stabilities, one-step growth characteristics, and serological properties were observed. Each page had a strict host specificity. The phages varied considerably in particle structure and size; the phage heads were polyhedral with tails varying in length between 10 and 135 nm. Three of the phages had a short tail, six had a long and noncontractile tail, and three had a tail of complex structure with a contractile sheath. They also differed in serologic reactions. They were stable phages with double-stranded DNA as genetic material. These phages may provide a rapid and sensitive means of differentiating V. fischeri strains. [TOP OF PAGE]

  26. ??? Hurst, C.J. (1988). Can. J. Microbiol. 35:696-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  27. BACTERIOPHAGES AS VEROTOXIN TRANSDUCING AGENTS HOST RANGE AND INACTIVATION BY DISINFECTANTS. Karch, H., KAULFERS, P.-M. (1988). Hygiene + Medizin 13:81-85. Bacteriophages as verotoxin transducing agents: Host range and inactivation by disinfectants.Genes of phages are known to carry only a limited number of virulence determinants (diphtheria toxin, erythrogenic toxin). Recently phage encoded toxins, termed verotoxins, have been identified within several serotypes of Escherichia coli. Verotoxin producing E. coli (VTEC) have already emerged as enteric pathogens of public health importance in Canada and the United States. We determined the frequency of isolating VTEC at the Universitats-krankenhaus Eppendorf (Federal Republic of Germany), the association of toxin synthesis with lysogenic phages, the possibility of isolating phages from the stools, and evaluated the phage inactivating capacity of four disinfecting agents. Twenty-eight VTEC were obtained from 2038 patients with diarrheal disease. With 3 of the 28 patients gastrointestinal infections with VTEC was followed by serious complications such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. It was possible to demonstrate the presence of toxin-converting phages in the stools of patients infected with VTEC. These phages converted E. coli laboratory strain C600 to a highly toxinogenic bacterium. Furthermore, three Verotoxin-converting phages isolated from clinical isolates were plaque purified and tested for inactivation by disinfectants. As assessed by reduction of plaque forming units and electron microscopy all phages were found to be sensitive against commonly used disinfectants. [TOP OF PAGE]

  28. Morphological diversity of ruminal bacteriophages from sheep and cattle. Klieve, A.V., Bauchop, T. (1988). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1637-1641. Large numbers of bacteriophages (2 x 107) to 1 x 108/ml) were present in ruminal fluid from sheep and cattle. Twenty-six distinct types were identified and placed in three morphological groups; several phages possessed unusual features. The large numbers and diversity of phages observed indicates a possible role in bacterial lysis and hence in the population dynamics of the ruminal bacteria. [TOP OF PAGE]

  29. A continuous culture process for the production of baculovirus using insect-cell cultures. Kompier, R., Tramper, J., Vlak, J.M. (1988). Biotechnology Letters 10:849-854. [TOP OF PAGE]

  30. A simple method of distinguishing the bacterial viruses T3 and T7, and a critical reevaluation of their heterologous and homologous exclusion. Krüger, D.H., Mann, W., Hansen, S., Bla#sing, G., Bla#sing, M., Schroeder, C. (1988). J. Basic Microbiol. 28:45-53. A method is presented allowing a clear distinction between bacterial viruses T3 and T7 by plating on selectively permissive host cells. The indicator strains are Escherichia coli cells containing either cloned pif genes (exclusively permissive for T3) or the EcoRV DNA restriction system (permissive only for T7): The efficiencies of plating of the two phages on these hosts differ by more than 8 orders of magnitude. This method was applied to reinvestigate the controversial question of mutual exclusion between T3 and T7. Under single-burst conditions, about 50% of coinfected cells (permissive for both viruses) produced T3 and T7 progeny while about 25% reproduced only T3 and about 25% only T7. The burst size of co-infected cells was slightly reduced, compared to controls infected with only one virus type. Homologous exclusion among T3 phages was also not seen; rather, there was a gene dosage effect: T3-encoded RNA polymerase activity as well as T3-specific RNA synthesis increased proportionally to the multiplicity of infection (2.5-20 plaque-forming units/cell). [TOP OF PAGE]

  31. Experimental studies of pleiotropy and epistasis in Escherichia coli. I. Variation in competitive fitness among mutants resistant to virus T4. Lenski, R.E. (1988). Evolution 42:425-432. Mutants selected for novel phenotypes frequently exhibit maladaptive pleiotropic effects. One may reasonably ask whether these effects are properties of the novel phenotypes per se, or whether these effects depend upon the particular genotypes conferring the novel phenotypes. To address this issue, I examined an array of independent mutants, derived from Escherichia coli B, that were all completely resistant to the virus T4. Each resistant mutant had maladapative pleiotropic effects, but there was highly significant variation in competetive fitness among mutants. The degree of reduction in competetive fitness was stronly associated with cross-resistance to virus T7 and with the inferred position of the mutuated gene in a complex metabolic pathway. This variation in competetive fitness permits refinement of the resistant phenotype by selection among resistant genotypes. This mechanism complements refinement of the resistant phenotype by selection for epistatic modifiers of maladaptive pleiotropic effects. [TOP OF PAGE]

  32. Experimental studies of pleiotropy and epistasis in Escherichia coli. II. Compensation for maladaptive effects associated with resistance to virus T4. Lenski, R.E. (1988). Evolution 42:433-440. Mutations in Escherichia coli that confer resistance to virus T4 also have maladaptive effects that reduce competetive fitness. After resistant populations had evolved for 400 generations in the absence of T4, their fitness approached that of sensitive populations allowed to evolve under identical conditions. However, the resistant population had not reverted to sensitivity. Instead, this convergence in fitness resulted from genetic changes that compensated for maladaptive pleiotrophic effects of the resistant mutations. An allele selected in an evolving resistant population reduced the competetive disadvantage associated with resistance by almost half. Interestingly, this allele was also beneficial in sensitive populations, although its fitness advantage was only about one-fifth as great as it was in the resistant population. These results run counter to a commonly held view that trade-offs between components of fitness should become more pronounced as populations approach their "selective equilibria." If a trade-off derives from some limiting energetic or material currency, then it is likely to become more pronounced as a population becomes more finely adapted. If a trade-off derives from the disruption of genetic integration, then it is likely to be diminished with further adaptation. [TOP OF PAGE]

  33. Dynamics of interactions between bacteria and virulent bacteriophage. Lenski, R.E. (1988). Adv. Microbial. Ecol. 10:1-44. The interactions of bacteria and their viruses (bacteriophage) are, by and large, ones of trophic exploitation. In fact, "phage" is derived from the Greek word for "devour." Using the criteria of relative size, the interactions can be defined as parasitism (Bull and Slater, 1982). Because replication by most virulent phage necessarily results in bacterial death, these interactions could also be called predation. Certain interactions could even be termed mutualistic, as some temperate phage encode phenotypic characteristics that are of direct benefit to their hosts. Semantics adide, the fundamental ecological question that I will attempt to address in this chapter is: What role do bacteriophage infections play in limiting the abundance of bacteria? ¶ Such a broad question cannot be answered using any single approach or line of evidence. Therefore, I have chosen to organize this chapter in a hierarchical manner, moving from mathematical models, throught simple laboratory communities, and finally to much more complex communities in natural settings. But first it is necessary to review the basic biological features of the itneractions between bacteria and pahge, as revealed by the extraordinary advanceds in the areas of microbial genetics and molecular biology. This research provides a precise methodological and conceptual framework for examining ecological hypotheses, probably unrivaled for any other parasite-host interaction. the same features of the phage-bacteria system that have been so valuable in nonecological research also contribute to its power in addressing fundamental ecological questions: specifically, ease of culture and sampling, high population densities, and short generation times. In fact, generations are so short that it becomes imperartive to consider the effects of evolutionary change on population dynamics, even over the course of short-term experiments. [TOP OF PAGE]

  34. Staphylococcal colonization in atopic dermatitis and the effect of topical mupirocin therapy. Lever, R., Hadley, K., Downey, D., Mackie, R. (1988). British Journal of Dermatology 119:189-198. Forty-nine patients with atopic dermatitis entered a double blind placebo controlled cross-over study of mupirocin, a new topical antistaphylococcal antibiotic. Forty-five patients were evaluable. Quantitative bacteriological assessment before treatment showed that heavy colonization of the skin with Staphylococcus aureus was present in nearly all patients even in the absence of overt infection. However, the bacterial count was significantly reduced by 2 weeks' treatment with topical mupirocin, but not by the placebo. Moreover, a significant reduction of clinical severity was also observed after treatment with mupirocin, which was maintained over the following 4 weeks, although recolonization occurred during this period, with bacterial counts rising to pre-treatment levels. Despite recolonization, clinical deterioration was not observed during the trial period. No serious side-effects were observed. Phage typing showed that 50% of patients carried more than one bacterial phage type. Recolonization in eight patients (17%) was with a 'new' strain that had not previously been isolated. [TOP OF PAGE]

  35. Isolation and characterization of a temperate bacteriophage from the ruminal anaerobe Selenomonas ruminantium. Lockington, R.A., Attwood, G.T., Brooker, J.D. (1988). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1575-1580. A temperate bacteriophage was obtained from an isolate of the ruminal anaerobe Selenomonas ruminantium. Clear plaques that became turbid on further incubation occurred on a lawn of host bacteria. Cells picked from a turbid plaque produced healthy liquid cultures, but these often lysed on storage. Mid-log-phase liquid cultures incubated with the bacteriophage lysed and released infectious particles with a titer of up to 3 X 10(7) PFU/ml. A laboratory strain of S. ruminantium, HD-4, was also sensitive to this bacteriophage, which had an icosohedral head (diameter, 50 nm) and a flexible tail (length, 140 nm). The bacteriophage contained 30 kilobases of linear, double-stranded DNA, and a detailed restriction map was constructed. The lysogenic nature of infection was demonstrated by hybridization of bacteriophage DNA to specific restriction fragments of infected host genomic DNA and by identification of a bacteriophage genomic domain which may participate in integration of the bacteriophage DNA. Infection of S. ruminantium in vitro was demonstrated by two different methods of cell transformation with purified bacteriophage DNA. [TOP OF PAGE]

  36. The application of bacteriophage tracer techniques in southwest water. Martin, C. (1988). J. IWEM 2:638-642. [TOP OF PAGE]

  37. Phages of cyanobacteria. Martin, E., Benson, R. (1988). pp. 607-645. In In Calendar, R. (ed.), The Bacteriophages. Volume 2. Plenum Press, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  38. ??? McPheeters, D.S., Gosch, G., Gold, L. (1988). Nucleic Acids Res. 16:9341-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  39. Effects of seawater contamination level and exposure period on the bacterial and viral accumulation and elimination processes by Mytilus edulis. MESQUITA, M.M.F. (1988). Water Science & Technology 20:265?-270? A study was designed in an attempt to explain effects of seawater contamination level and shellfish exposure period on depuration efficiency of the common mussel (Mytilus edulis ). Bacterial indicators and coliphage, cultured in vitro and present in settled sewage, were used as contaminants. Mussels were exposed to low levels (10 super(2)-10 super(3) CFU and PFU/100 ml) of seawater contamination for 24 hours and to high levels (10 super(4)-10 super(6) CFU and PFU/100 ml) for 30 minutes. Both types of contaminants, under the same conditions gave rise to similar depuration patterns. Low titers accumulated over an extended period appear to cause prolonged retention of a portion of the phage, independently of mussel activity as measured by bacterial elimination. Exposure to high titers for a short period, on the other hand determines more rapid phage elimination but only down to a certain level. [TOP OF PAGE]

  40. Identification of Giardia lamblia isolates susceptible and resistant to infection by the double-stranded RNA virus. Miller, R.L., Wang, A.L., Wang, C.C. (1988). Experimental Parasitology 66:118-123. The presence or absence of the Giardia lamblia double-stranded RNA virus (GLV) was surveyed among 38 axenic isolates of G. lamblia derived from both humans and animals. Of the 28 isolates lacking the virus, 19 could readily be infected by the virus. The remaining 9 isolates proved to be resistant to GLV infection even when the ratio between virus to parasite reached as high as 10(6) to 1. Evidence is also presented indicating that there are at least two "Portland 1" strains being used by the current scientific community, one containing the virus and the other lacking the virus. [TOP OF PAGE]

  41. Purification and characterization of the Giardia lamblia double-stranded RNA virus. Miller, R.L., Wang, A.L., Wang, C.C. (1988). Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology 28:189-195. The dsRNA virus which infects some strains of Giardia lamblia has been purified and characterized with respect to its effect on growth of the parasite. Extensive purification of the virus from G. lamblia growth medium was accomplished by Millipore filtration and two successive CsCl gradient centrifugations. The purified virus possessed a single major protein species of 100,000 molecular weight. Effects of the extensively purified virus on growth of the virus-free parasite were studied. A cloned WB strain, sensitive to the viral infection, and a cloned E-9/M strain, resistant to the infection, were studied. With the WB strain, infection can occur at a ratio as low as 10 viral particles per organism. As the virus to parasite ratio increased, the rate of growth of the parasite decreased and the percentage of parasites not adhering to the culture tube wall also increased. These nonadhering cells, which differed from the nonadhering cells under normal growth conditions, were unable to divide. They contained an average number of 500,000 viral particles per cell which may be the threshold intracellular density of viral particles arresting the growth of G. lamblia. The results also suggest that the specific consequence of viral infection, even at extremely high multiplicity of infection, is not lysis of G. lamblia trophozoites but cessation of growth. [TOP OF PAGE]

  42. INACTIVATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES BY POLYPHENOLS IN THE PRESENCE OF CUPRIC ION. MORITA, J. (1988). Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 52:1669-1674. Inactivation of bacteriophages by polyphenols in the presence of cupric ion.Polyphenols inactivated the plaque-forming activities of bacteriophages in the presence of cupric ion. Other metal ions did not replace cupric ion. The T-odd series of phages were more sensitive to polyphenols than the T-even series. Phage inactivation was prevented by catalase, Tiron, dithiothreitol, or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, but not by superoxide dismutase or hydroxyl radical scavengers such as D-mannitol. These results indicate that free radicals of polyphenols and hydrogen peroxide were essential for polyphenol-induced phage inactivation. [TOP OF PAGE]

  43. The functions of the phage T4 immunity and spackle genes in genetic exclusion. Obringer, J.W. (1988). Genet. Res. 52:81-90. Genetic exclusion is the ability of a primary infecting phage to prevent a secondary infecting phage from contributing its genetic information to the progeny. The molecular mechanism of the phenomenon is not well understood. The two genes in phage T4 mainly responsible for genetic exclusion are the immunity (imm) gene and the spackle (sp) gene. Evidence is presented that the imm gp enables the host exonuclease V to degrade superinfecting phage DNA. This appears to be accomplished by the imm gp altering gp 2/64, the presumed pilot protein, which protects the 5' end(s) of the phage DNA. Exonuclease III is also is also involved in genetic exclusion but its action does not appear to depend upon the imm or sp gene products. Gp sp appears to interfere with the lysozyme activity of gp 5, a component of the central base plug, postulated to aid in tail tube penetration during the injection process. A molecular model of genetic exclusion is proposed. Genes imm and sp are part of a cluster of genes which also includes 42, beta-glucosyltransferase, and uvsx. The genes of this cluster encode proteins apparently adapted for competition and defence at the DNA level. These genes may encode fundamental adaptive strategies found throughout nature. [TOP OF PAGE]

  44. The role of capsule as a barrier to bacteriophage adsorption in an encapsulated Staphylococcus simulans strain. Ohshima, Y., Schumacher-Perdreau, F., Peters, G., Pulverer, G. (1988). MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 177:229-233. The polyvalent staphylococcal bacteriophage U16 failed to adsorb to an encapsulated Staphylococcus simulans strain. Partially purified cell wall and teichoic acid of this strain could, however, inactivate bacteriophage U16 to a great extent, indicating the presence of the phage receptor. It is concluded that the capsule of Staphylococcus simulans acts as a barrier for the interaction of the phage with its receptor in the bacterial cell wall. [TOP OF PAGE]

  45. Outermost-cell-surface changes in an encapsulated strain of Staphylococcus aureus after preservation by freeze-drying. Ohtomo, T., Yamada, T., Yoshida, K. (1988). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:2486-2491. The effects of drying time during freeze-drying on the outermost cell surface of an encapsulated strain of Staphylococcus aureus S-7 (Smith, diffuse) were investigated, with special attention paid to capsule and slime production. To quantify capsule and slime production, capsule antigen production and cellular characteristics such as growth type in serum-soft agar, cell volume index, and clumping factor reaction were examined. After freeze-drying the colonial morphology of strain S-7 was altered from a diffuse to a compact type in serum-soft agar. In accordance with these changes, the titer of the clumping factor reaction increased while the cell volume index, capsule and slime production, and capsule antigen production were markedly decreased in parallel with the period of freeze-drying. The ability of the strain to adhere to collagen, fibrinogen, and soybean lectin was also compared before and after freeze-drying. Fibrinogen levels slightly increased when 10% skim milk and 2% honey were used as cryoprotective agents and showed a remarkable increase when 0.05 M phosphate buffer was used as a control. Also, the ability of strain S-7 to adhere to soybean lectin declined, whereas no changes were observed for collagen under any conditions. Strain S-7 was phage nontypable before freeze-drying but the number of typable cells increased after freeze-drying; phage-typable cells reacted to phage 52 alone after 5 h of freeze-drying, but additional cells also proved to be phage typable to phage 42E after 10 h. Electron micrographs indicated that strain S-7, an encapsulated strain, was converted to an unencapsulated state after freeze-drying. [TOP OF PAGE]

  46. BACTERIOPHAGES IN SPUTUM OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS AS A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF IN-VIVO CHANGES IN SEROTYPES OF PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA. Ojeniyi, B. (1988). APMIS 96:294-298. Bacteriophages in sputum of cystic fibrosis patients as a possible cause of in vivo changes in serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Twenty sputum samples from cystic fibrosis patients were examined for contents of free bacteriophages. Thirty-nine Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from twenty-seven sputum samples were examined for spontaneously-released phages and mitomycin-induced phages. All of these phages were tested for their ability to change serotype, phage type and resistance pattern of the clinical Pseudomonas strains. Nine of the phages were able to cause change of serotype but not change in phage type or resistance pattern. The mitomycin-induced phages lysed more strains than the spontaneously released phages, while the free phages lysed the highest number of Pseudomonas strains. [TOP OF PAGE]

  47. DIAGNOSTIC BACTERIOPHAGES AND PHAGETYPING FOR GENUS KLEBSIELLA AND ENTEROBACTER-AEROGENES. PAN, R.-N., CHEN, S.-P., WANG, J.-M., HU, H.-D., ZENG, G.-H., HE, X.-Q. (1988). Zhonghua Weishengwuxue He Mianyixue Zazhi 8:323-327. Diagnostic bacteriophages and phagetyping for genus Klebsiella and Enterobacter aerogenes.Thirty five strains of bacteriophages for Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. oxytoca and Enterobacter aerogenes were isolated from sewage. Six phages were selected for use on estimation of bacteriolysis against 781 isolates of 9 common genera of Enterobacteriaceae. In addition to the bacteriolysis for homologous cultures, phages of K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca also attack E. aerogenes, and phage of E. aerogenes also attacks K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca. The lytic spectra and lysis rates of phages A1 and K24 are the same as each other. A common preparation of diagnostic bacteriophage was established with the combination of six phages. A typing phage-set has been developed for genus Klebsiella and E. aerogenes. 90.2% of 94 cultures can be recognized into 13 phage types and subtypes, but 15 cultures were typed with 100 RTD of typing phages. As phage cross bacteriolysis was observed in genus Klebsiella and E. aerogenes, the taxonomic situation of E. aerogenes was discussed in the present paper. [TOP OF PAGE]

  48. Survival of bacteriophage 1 of the Salmonella typhimurium phage typing scheme in different liquid pharmaceutical preparations. Papaconstantinou, A.T., Leonardopoulos, J.G., Sacetou, H., Papavassiliou, J.T. (1988). BOLLETTINO DELL ISTITUTO SIEROTERAPICO MILANESE 67:57-61. The survival of bacteriophage 1 of the Salmonella typhimurium phage typing scheme was studied in seven commonly used liquid pharmaceutical preparations of different composition. Commercially available flacons of Septobore colyre, Thilodexine eye drops, Bradoral gargle solution, Novalgin drops, Garamycin injection, Anatoxal-antigen tetanic purificate and Antidiphtheric serum, were used. It was found that the phage viability in these drugs varied greatly. Thus in Septobore the page was almost completely eliminated in less than one week, while in Garamycin the number of plaque forming units (PFU) remained stable during the experiment (18 months). The viability of the phage showed intermediate values in the other five pharmaceutical preparations. The possible reasons for these differences in viability and the significance of phage (and viruses) survival in medicins are discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  49. RAPID METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES FROM LYSOGENS. PARISI, J.T., MENG, L. (1988). Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 11:121-124. Rapid method for the isolation of bacteriophages from lysogens.A rapid method for the isolation of bacteriophages from lysogens is described. Phages are induced in broth medium containing mitomycin C, which is then replicated onto agar medium. Molten medium containing indicator strains is then poured in these plates. Bacterial lysis is subsequently detected with tetrazolium-containing broth. [TOP OF PAGE]

  50. Bacteriophage T4 resistant mutants of the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora. Pirhonen, M., Heino, P., Helander, I., Harju, P., Palva, E.T. (1988). Microb. Pathog. 4:359-367. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been implied in a variety of pathogenic and symbiotic plant-bacterium interactions. In order to study the role of LPS in pathogenicity of Erwinia carotovora, a broad host range pathogen, we isolated LPS defective mutants of two subspecies of Erwinia carotovora, subsp. carotovora (Ecc) and subsp. astroseptica (Eca). This was accomplished by using the Escherichia coli phage T4 as a selective agent. Screening of Erwinia isolates revealed that some of them were sensitive to T4 and thus T4 could be employed in mutant isolation. Fully T4 resistant mutants were all shown to be defective in their LPS structure. Preliminary pathogenicity tests on tobacco did not, however, reveal any decrease in the virulence of the LPS defective strains. [TOP OF PAGE]

  51. OCCURRENCE OF BACTERIOPHAGE T4 RECEPTOR IN ERWINIA-CAROTOVORA. Pirhonen, M., Palva, E.T. (1988). Molecular & General Genetics 214:170-172. Occurrence of bacteriophage T4 receptor in Erwinia carotovora.We have tested for the presence of the receptor for the Escherichia coli phage T4 in different isolates of the plant pathogenic enterobacteria Ewinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and subsp. atropseptica. Several of the isolates appeared to contain a functional T4 receptor as shown by phage adsorption and phage-induced lysis of the bacteria. Two of the isolates could even sustain lytic growth of T4. In addition, we show that the transducing derivative T4, T4GT7, can be employed to transfer plasmids from E. coli to E. carotovora thus opening up new possibilities for genetic analysis of Erwinia. [TOP OF PAGE]

  52. Isolation and partial characterization of a bacteriophage active on Hyphomicrobium sp. WI-926. Preissner, W.C., Maier, S., Volker, H., Hirsch, P. (1988). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34:101-106. Isolation of a Hyphomicrobium phage from raw sewage from Athens, Ohio, was achieved by a combination of differential centrifugation, filtration, enrichment in mixed Hyphomicrobium cultures, and purification on individual host strains by subculturing single plaques in soft agar overlayers. Enrichments with water from Lake Erie and Lake Beechwood (Ohio) were unsuccessful. Out of 21 Hyphomicrobium strains and 22 other Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria tested, only Hyphomicrobium WI-926 (isolated from a German forest pond) was susceptible. This phage had an isometric head (diameter between opposite apices, 67 nm) and a short (12 nm), noncontractile tail and belongs thus to the morphogroup C1. It contained double-stranded DNA. The single-step growth curve showed a latent period of 9 h, a rise period of 6 h, and a burst size of 35. The various differentiation stages in the host development exhibited different affinities for phage adsorption and development. While all stages allowed phage adsorption, the daughter cells were most efficient. Phage multiplication was limited to daughter cells, and the development of infected swarmer cells was arrested permanently at this stage. [TOP OF PAGE]

  53. Activation themodynamics of virus adsorption to solids. Preston, D.R., Farrah, S.R. (1988). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:2650-2654. [TOP OF PAGE]

  54. Marine bacteriophages and bacterial mortality. Proctor, L.M., Fuhrman, J.A., Ledbetter, M.C. (1988). EOS 69:1111-1112. [TOP OF PAGE]

  55. Preliminary studies on some coliphages from Kuwait. Qureshi, M.A., Jafri, A.M., Qureshi, A.A. (1988). Microbios 56:97-104. [TOP OF PAGE]

  56. Transfer of conjugative plasmids and mobilization of a nonconjugative plasmid between Streptomyces strain on agar and in soil. Rafii, F., Crawford, D.L. (1988). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1334-1340. [TOP OF PAGE]

  57. A comparison of viruses infecting two different Chlorella-like green algae. Reisser, W., Burbank, D.E., Meints, R.H. (1988). Virology 167:143-149. [TOP OF PAGE]

  58. Studies on phycoviruses. I. On the ecology of viruses attacking Chlorellae exsymbiotic from an European strain of Paramecium bursaria. Reisser, W., Klein, T., Becker, B. (1988). Arch. Hydrobiol. 111:575-583. [TOP OF PAGE]

  59. Archaebacterial viruses. Reiter, W.D., Zillig, W., Palm, P. (1988). Adv. Virus Res. 34:143-188. [TOP OF PAGE]

  60. Five unique temperate phages from a polylysogenic strain of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai. Reynolds, R.B., Reddy, A., Thorne, C.B. (1988). Journal of General Microbiology 134 ( Pt 6):1577-1585. Five temperate phages were isolated from strain 4042B of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai. The phages, which were heteroimmune, could also be distinguished by their host ranges, plaque and particle morphologies, serological specificities, and locations of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites on their chromosomes. Besides maintaining a stable lysogenic relationship with the 4042B host strain, each phage formed a stable lysogen with Bacillus cereus. [TOP OF PAGE]

  61. Temperate phages and bacteriocins of the gliding bacterium Cytophaga johnsonae. Richter, C.A., Pate, J.L. (1988). Journal of General Microbiology 134 ( Pt 2):253-262. A collection of 30 independently isolated strains of Cytophaga johnsonae was screened for the presence of temperate bacteriophages. Two strains were found to harbour phages. The newly isolated phages differ in several respects from the 43 previously isolated phages for C. johnsonae. Both phages are polyhedral, approximately 60 nm in diameter, and have no apparent tail structure. They are chloroform sensitive, and plaque formation is inhibited by agar. Both are capable of establishing a stable association with host cells. Twenty-nine of the 30 strains produced diffusible substances that specifically inhibited the growth of other C. johnsonae strains or closely related species and that could not be propagated. These substances appear to be bacteriocins, some of which, like bacteriophages, are active only against motile cells, while other inhibit nonmotile as well as motile cells. One of each of these two types of bacteriocins was partially characterized and both were found to be proteinaceous in nature and bactericidal in effect. [TOP OF PAGE]

  62. Phage resistance in lactic acid bacteria. Sanders, M.E. (1988). Biochimie 70:411-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  63. Phage ecology [book review]. Sandine, W.E. (1988). Food Technology 42:242-243. [TOP OF PAGE]

  64. Factors Affecting the Survival and Growth of Bacteria Introduced into Lake Water. Scheuerman, P.R., Schmidt, J.P., Alexander, M. (1988). Arch. Microbiol. 150:320-325. The populations of Pseudomonas sp. L2, Pseudomonas sp. B4, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella peneumoniae, Micrococcus flavus, and Rhizobium phaseoli declined rapidly in lake water. The initially rapid decline of the two pseudomonads and R. phaseoli was followed by a period of slow loss of viability, but viable cells of the other species were not found after 10 days. The rapid initial phase of decline was not a result of Bdellovibrio spp., bacteriophages, or toxins in the water since Bdellovibrio spp. were not present and passage of the lake water through filters that should not have removed bacteriophages or soluble toxins led to the elimination of the rapid phase of decline. We suggest that the decline in lake water of bacteria that are resistant to starvation may be a result of protozoan grazing and that the extent of growth of introduced species may be limited by the supply of available carbon and sometimes of nitrogen and phosphorus, and by predation by indigenous protozoa. [TOP OF PAGE]

  65. Bacteriophages of lactobacilli. Sechaud, L., Cluzel, P.J., Rousseau, M., Baumgartner, A., Accolas, J.P. (1988). Biochimic 70:401-410. [TOP OF PAGE]

  66. Ultrastructure and ecology of Aureococcus anophagefferens gen. et sp. nov. (Chrysophyseae): the dominant picoplankter during a bloom in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, Summer 1985. Sieburth, J.M., Johnson, P.W., Hargraves, P.E. (1988). J. Phycol. 24:416-425. [TOP OF PAGE]

  67. Bacteriophage tracer experiments in groundwater. Skilton, H., Wheeler, D. (1988). J. Appl. Bacteriol. 66:549-557. [TOP OF PAGE]

  68. The efficacy of phages in the prevention of the destruction of pig skin in vitro by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Soothill, J.S., Lawrence, J.C., Ayliffe, G.A.J. (1988). Med. Sci. Res. 16:1287-1288. [TOP OF PAGE]

  69. Loss of phage resistance encoded by plasmid pSK112 in chemostat cultures of Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris SK110. Sterkenburg, A., Van Leeuwen, P., Wouters, J.T. (1988). Biochimie 70:451-456. In cultures of L. lactis ssp. cremoris SK110, phage SK11G-resistant through the presence of pSK112, phage-sensitive variants segregated spontaneously that lacked the plasmid. In overnight batch culture these comprised up to 1% of the total population. Upon prolonged incubation in chemostat culture, a further loss of resistance was observed after a lag period. At high growth rates (0.7 h-1) this period amounted to approximately 35 generations, whereas cultures grown at rates of 0.4 and 0.1 h-1 remained resistant for 55 and 70 generations, respectively. At average-to-high growth rate, characteristics of the partially mixed populations that evolved were comparable to those of pure cultures of L. lactis ssp. cremoris SK110. However, in the culture fluid of the mixed populations that occurred at growth rate 0.1 h-1, higher acetate and formate concentrations were found than in the fluid of pure cultures of L. lactis ssp. cremoris SK110. This indicated that the former metabolized lactose more efficiently. Competition experiments between the resistant strain and a cured, sensitive derivative, L. lactis ssp. cremoris SK112, gave stable mixed populations. It is concluded that at average-to-high growth rates, loss of resistance from cultures of L. lactis ssp. cremoris SK110 had occurred due to instability of the plasmid and not to a competitive disadvantage of the resistant strain towards emerging sensitive variants. [TOP OF PAGE]

  70. The inactivation of bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis by chlorine treatment and UV-irradiation. Tartera, C., Bosch, A., Jofre, J. (1988). FEMS Microbiol. Let. 56:313-316. [TOP OF PAGE]

  71. Enteric Viruses and Coliphages in Latin America. Toranzos, G.A., Gerba, C.P., Hanssen, H. (1988). Toxicity Assessment 3:491-510. [TOP OF PAGE]

  72. ISOLATION AND PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF TWENTY BACTERIOPHAGES INFECTING EITHER BREVIBACTERIUM OR ARTHROBACTER STRAINS. Trautwetter, A., Blanco, C. (1988). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1466-1471. Isolation and preliminary characterization of twenty bacteriophages infecting either Brevibacterium or Arthrobacter strains.Thirty-seven bacteriophages plaquing on Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, or Arthrobacter strains were isolated from soil or vegetation samples. Restriction analysis of phage DNA indicated that 20 phages were unique; one of them produced entirely turbid plaques on Brevibacterium ketoglutamicum and was characterized as temperate. All these phages were assigned to group B of the classification of Bradley (Bacteriol. Rev. 31:230-314, 1967) and had relatively narrow host ranges. [TOP OF PAGE]

  73. Viruses of eukaryotic Chlorella-like algae. Van Etten, J.L., Schuster, A.M., Meints, R.H. (1988). pp. 411-428. In In Koltin, Y. and Leibowitz, M.J. (eds.), Viruses of Fungi and Simple Eukaryotes. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  74. Antibodies to the Giardia lamblia double-stranded RNA virus major protein can block the viral infection. Wang, A.L., Miller, R.L., Wang, C.C. (1988). Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology 30:225-232. The double-stranded RNA virus-like particles, found among several independent isolates and cloned strains of Giardia lamblia, have previously been reported to be spheres of 35 nm with a genome of 7 kilobase pairs and a major protein of 100 kDa. The virus is capable of infecting certain virus-free isolates of G. lamblia. Antisera raised in mice against the intact virus did not react with the double-stranded RNA, but reacted strongly with the 100 kDa protein in Western blots. Preincubation of the virus with antisera abolished viral infectivity, whereas the antisera against double-stranded RNA showed only a weak blocking effect. Inclusion of the antiviral sera in the cultures of virus-infected G. lamblia at 10(3)-fold dilution resulted in elimination of the virus from the protozoa. Apparently, the 100 kDa protein is necessary for the initiation of viral infection and possibly subsequent assembly or replication of viral progeny particles. [TOP OF PAGE]

  75. A study of 33 bacteriophages of Rhizobium meliloti. Werquin, M., Ackermann, H.-W., Levesque, R.C. (1988). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:188-196. [TOP OF PAGE]

  76. Transduction of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage P1 in soil. Zeph, L.R., Onaga, M.A., Stotzky, G. (1988). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1731-1737. [TOP OF PAGE]

  77. Chlorella viruses isolated in China. Zhang, Y., Burbank, D.E., Van Etten, J.L. (1988). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:2170-2173. [TOP OF PAGE]

  78. Viruses of Archaebacteria. Zillig, W., Reiter, W.-D., Palm, P., Gropp, F., Neumann, H., Rettenberger, M. (1988). pp. 517-558. In In Calendar, R. (ed.), The Bacteriophages. Volume 1. Plenum Press, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

contents | bacteriophage ecology group | top of page

Contact Steve Abedon (microdude+@osu.edu) with suggestions, criticisms,
comments, or anything else that might help make this a better site.