Bacteriophage Ecology Group
Reference Abstracts (1987)
Dedicated to the ecology and evolutionary biology of the parasites of unicellular organisms (UOPs)
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© Phage et al. last updated on Wednesday, December 26, 2001
  1. Phage Mu. Anonymous (1987). Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.[TOP OF PAGE]

  2. Occurrence and frequency of bacteriophages. Ackermann, H.-W., DuBow, M.S. (1987). pp. 29-47. In AnonymousViruses of Prokaryotes. Volume I. General properties of bacteriophages. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. [TOP OF PAGE]

  3. Viruses of Prokaryotes, Volume 1, General Properties of Bacteriophages. Ackermann, H.-W., DuBow, M.S. (1987). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.[TOP OF PAGE]

  4. Lysogeny. Ackermann, H.-W., DuBow, M.S. (1987). pp. 87-101. In AnonymousViruses of Prokaryotes. Volume I: General Properties of Bacteriophages. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. [TOP OF PAGE]

  5. Viruses of Prokaryotes, Volume 2, Natural Groups of Bacteriophages. Ackermann, H.-W., DuBow, M.S. (1987). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.[TOP OF PAGE]

  6. Bacteriophage Taxonomy. Ackermann, H.-W., DuBow, M.S. (1987). pp. 13-28. In In Ackermann, H.-W. and DuBow, M.S. (eds.), Viruses of Prokaryotes. Volume I. General properties of bacteriophages. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Taxonomy, the science of classification, is as old as science itself. In essence, it compares and summarizes facts in order to draw conclusions: it may be viewed as an abstract activity aimed at interpretation, understanding, and simplification. In itself, taxonomy is completely independent from nomenclature. Perhaps the best example of the aims and consequences of taxonomy is the Mendeleyev system of elements; once established, it conveyed information through its very arrangement and predicted the properties of elements not yet discovered. Virus data are accumulating so fast that virus research would long ago have come to a standstill without repeated efforts toward generalization which is visible in the growing number of review papers. Some familiarity with virus taxonomy, which is essentially comparative virology, appears to be necessary for teachers, students, and all but the most specialized investigators. With respect to phages, the purpose of classification is (1) to organize approximately 2800 known phages into a managable system for teaching purposes and a better understanding of phage biology; (2) to facilitate phage identification, notably in research on phage ecology and industrial microbiology; and (3) to allow predictions and control of experimental results; e.g., any DNA molecular weight that differs notably from that of simlar phages may be incorrect. [TOP OF PAGE]

  7. Introduction: General properties of bacteriophages. Ackermann, H.-W., DuBow, M.S. (1987). pp. 1-11. In AnonymousViruses of Prokaryotes. Volume I: General Properties of Bacteriophages. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. [TOP OF PAGE]

  8. Description and identification of new phages. Ackermann, H.-W., DuBow, M.S. (1987). pp. 103-142. In AnonymousViruses of Prokaryotes. Volume I. General properties of bacteriophages. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. [TOP OF PAGE]

  9. Origin and evolution of bacteriophages. Ackermann, H.-W., DuBow, M.S. (1987). pp. 173-192. In AnonymousViruses of Prokaryotes. Volume I. General properties of bacteriophages. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. [TOP OF PAGE]

  10. Phage multiplication. Ackermann, H.-W., DuBow, M.S. (1987). pp. 49-85. In AnonymousViruses of Prokaryotes. Volume I: General Properties of Bacteriophages. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. [TOP OF PAGE]

  11. Practical applications of bacteriophages. Ackermann, H.-W., DuBow, M.S. (1987). pp. 143-172. In AnonymousViruses of Prokaryotes. Volume I. General properties of bacteriophages. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. [TOP OF PAGE]

  12. Attempts to establish phage typing as an epidemiological marker for Salmonella enteritidis. Alonso, R., Echeita, A., Espinosa, P., Usera, M.A. (1987). Annales de l Institut Pasteur - Microbiology 138:579-585. The notable increase in the number of Salmonella enteritidis strains seen in Spain in recent years (from 27.10% in 1980 to 66.36% in 1985) makes it necessary to find an additional epidemiological marker for this serotype. Phage typing was considered because of its discriminatory capacity toward other Salmonella serotypes. Wild and lysogenic bacteriophages were sought for a set of autochthonous bacteriophages. Our set consisted of 6 bacteriophages, 5 wild and 1 lysogenic. When tested on 1,500 selected strains, they produced 9 different phage types. The most abundant phage types were A (74.66%) and B (19.73%). The percentage of non-typable strains was low: only 1.4% from a total of 1,500 strains failed to produce lysis with our set. This reflects the high typability of the bacteriophage set proposed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  13. COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF BACTERIOPHAGES SPECIFIC FOR BREVIBACTERIUM-FLAVUM. ARUTYUNYAN, S.Z., KAZHOYAN, S., V, KARABEKOV, B.P., REULETS, M.A., Khrenova, E.A., AKHVERDYAN, V.Z., Krylov, V.N. (1987). Biotekhnologiya 21-27. Comparative studies of bacteriophages specific for Brevibacterium flavum.A comparative study of some biological and physico-chemical characteristics of 10 bacteriophages active on Brevibacterium flavum cells was carried out. All bacteriophages belong to the morphological group 4 (Tikhonenko's classification) with phage particles having similar structure and size (the head diameter 60 .+-. 1 nm, the tail length 310 .+-. 8 nm). Molecular sizes of phage DNAs are 44-47 kb. There are no identical isolates among all of the 10 phages studied according to results of DNA restriction with endonucleases. It was suggested that all 10 phages belong to the same group of related phages. Nevertheless according to levels of manifested DNA/DNA homology the phages were distributed into 3 subgroups: subgroup .vphi. B (phages .vphi. B, BB1, BB4, BB8, BB10, BB12 and BB14); subgroup E.PHI.. (phages E.PHI.-Y and E.PHI.-B), subgroup H.PHI. (with the only representative). Genomes of phages belong to the same subgroup have more than 90% DNA homology. The level of DNA homology measured between phages belonging to subgroup E.PHI. and .vphi. B varies (for different pairs of phages) from practically 0 to 5% and for subgroups E.PHI. and H.PHI. is near 1-2%. There is no DNA homology between phages of subgroup .vphi. B and phage H.PHI. [TOP OF PAGE]

  14. A STUDY OF PHAGE RESISTANT MUTANTS OF BREVIBACTERIUM-FLAVUM. ARUTYUNYAN, S.Z., KAZHOYAN, S., V, CHITCHYAN, M.B., CHAKHMAKHCHYAN, A.G., OGANEZOVA, G.G., KARABEKOV, B.P., AKHVERDYAN, V.Z., Krylov, V.N. (1987). Biotekhnologiya 9-13. A study of phage resistant mutants of Brevibacterium flavum.Independent phage resistant and glutacin resistant mutants were isolated using three subgroups of Brevibacterium bacteriophages and glutacin PBP-26 (a bacteriocin produced by the strain Corynebacterium glutamicum PBP-26). According to their resistance to these phages and glutacin in the mutants may be distributed into 10 groups. For these phages and glutacin a formal receptor scheme of B. flavum XX was elaborated. At least two independent mutations were shown necessary for mutants resistant to all phages and glutacin to appear. [TOP OF PAGE]

  15. [Spontaneous bacteriophage induction in Bacillus thuringiensis]. [Russian]. Besaeva, S.G., Mikhailov, A.A., Petrova, T.M., Tur, A.I., Bystrova, E.V. (1987). Mikrobiologiia 56:816-818. The production of temperate bacteriophages was studied in the process of batch cultivation of three Bacillus thuringiensis lysogenic strains. Phage titres were determined using an indicator culture (IPM-1148). The growth of bacteriophages was induced when thermoactivated spores germinated. Some cells (1.10(-3)-2.10(-3)) underwent lysis without their division. The subsequent lytic cycles occurred in the actively growing culture. Phage titres ceased to rise before the exponential growth phase was over. [TOP OF PAGE]

  16. Characterization of phage 18, an unstable coliphage. Bess, V.H., Birge, E.A. (1987). Virology 156:122-126. Phage 18, a noninducible coliphage, is quite unstable and therefore difficult to study. Newly developed very gentle lysis and mounting techniques yielded isolated virions for examination by electron microscopy. The phage has a contractile tail with a length of 130 nm and an isometric head with a capsid diameter of 50 nm. Phage 18 is similar in morphology to phage P2 but is heteroimmune to it. DNA extracted from a clear-plaque mutant of phage 18 was subjected to BamHI restriction endonuclease digestion and was found to be easily distinguishable from the published restriction patterns for P2, phage 299, or phage 186 DNA. The genome size was calculated to be 33.5 kb. Using the DNA melting point, phage 18 DNA (G+C) content was determined to be 55.0% and its buoyant density was determined to be 1.715. [TOP OF PAGE]

  17. AVIRULENT MUTANTS OF ERWINIA-AMYLOVORA RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHAGE SENSITIVITY AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES. BILLING, E. (1987). 38157/CIVEROLO, E. L. , ET AL. (ED. ). CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE: PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA; SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, COLLEGE PARK, MARYLAND, USA, JUNE 2-7, 1985. XXIII+1050P. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP: DORDRECHT, 617-622. [TOP OF PAGE]

  18. Fate of bacteriophages in water and wastewater treatment plants. Bitton, G. (1987). pp. 181-195. In In Goyal, S.M., Gerba, G.P., and Bitton, G. (eds.), Phage Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  19. Coliphages as an indicator of faecal pollution in water. Its relationship with indicator and pathogenic microorganisms. Borrego, J.J., Moriñigo, M.A., de Vicente, A., Cornax, R., Romero, P. (1987). Water Res. 21:1473-1480. [TOP OF PAGE]

  20. Analysis of the K1 capsule biosynthesis genes of Escherichia coli: definition of three functional regions for capsule production. Boulnois, G.J., Roberts, I.S., Hodge, R., Hardy, K.R., Jann, K.B., Timmis, K.N. (1987). Molecular and General Genetics 208:242-246. Transposon and deletion analysis of the cloned K1 capsule biosynthesis genes of Escherichia coli revealed that approximately 17 kb of DNA, split into three functional regions, is required for capsule production. One block (region 1) is required for translocation of polysaccharide to the cell surface and mutations in this region result in the intracellular appearance of polymer indistinguishable on immunoelectrophoresis to that found on the surface of K1 encapsulated bacteria. This material was released from the cell by osmotic shock indicating that the polysaccharide was probably present in the periplasmic space. Insertions in a second block (region 2) completely abolished polymer production and this second region is believed to encode the enzymes for the biosynthesis and polymerisation of the K1 antigen. Addition of exogenous N-acetylneuraminic acid to one insertion mutant in this region restored its ability to express surface polymer as judged by K1 phage sensitivity. This insertion probably defines genes involved in biosynthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid. Insertions in a third block (region 3) result in the intracellular appearance of polysaccharide with a very low electrophoretic mobility. The presence of the cloned K1 capsule biosynthesis genes on a multicopy plasmid in an E. coli K-12 strain did not increase the yields of capsular polysaccharide produced compared to the K1+ isolate from which the genes were cloned. [TOP OF PAGE]

  21. Computer simulation of T3/T7 phage infection using lag times. Buchholtz, F., Schneider, F.W. (1987). Biophys. Chem. 26:171-179. A minimal mechanism is proposed which describes the transcriptional and translational processes for four phage proteins (RNA polymerase, DNase, primase and DNA polymerase) involved in T3/T7 DNA replication. Phage DNA replication is also included. It is shown how lag times may be incorporated into a kinetic mechanism. The distinct three-stage transport of phage DNA into the bacterial host (E. coli) is considered. DNA transport is assumed to be rate-determining for the transcription class I and II proteins. Transcriptional and translational lag times have been calculated on the basis of available gene mapping of T7 phages. The kinetic behavior of T7 and T3 phage infection is practically identical. The hydrolysis of bacterial DNA by phage DNase (endonuclease and exonuclease) as well as the subsequent phosphorylation to the deoxymononucleoside triphosphates are assumed to be rate-determining in phage DNA replication. Good agreement with experiment is obtained by computer simulations. [note: figure 1 gives a good view of the relative rates of DNA replication, phage production, phage release, and the production of various enzymes over the course of an infection.]. [TOP OF PAGE]

  22. Cyanophage ecology. Cannon, R.E. (1987). pp. 245-265. In In Goyal, S.M., Gerba, C.P., and Bitton, G. (eds.), Phage Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  23. Characterization of Vibrio el tor typing phages: properties of the Eltor phage e4. Chattopadhyay, S., Kinchington, D., Ghosh, R.K. (1987). J. Gen. Virol. 68 ( Pt 5):1411-1416. Biophysical characteristics of Vibrio eltor phage e4, a key phage in the Vibrio cholerae typing scheme were studied. This icosahedral phage was found to contain 12 structural polypeptides with mol. wt. ranging from 25,000 to 120,000. One of these polypeptides of mol. wt. 50,000 accounted for most of the structural proteins present and was probably the major phage capsid protein. The phage genome comprised a single linear, double-stranded DNA molecule, 69.2 kbp in length (45.6 X 10(6) mol. wt.) as determined by electron microscopy and restriction fragment analyses. The G + C content was 34.6%. Electron microscopy data indicated that unlike the DNAs of other cholera phages, phage e4 DNA is not circularly permuted. Adsorption under normal conditions was biphasic with rate constants of 1.02 X 10(-9)/ml/min up to 60% adsorption and 3 X 10(-10)/ml/min thereafter. Intracellular phage multiplication was characterized by a latent period of 27 min. The burst size was approximately 100 phage particles per infected cell. [TOP OF PAGE]

  24. Bacteriophage treatment of suppurative skin infections. Cislo, M., Dabrowski, M., Weber-Dabrowska, B., Woyton, A. (1987). Archivum Immunologii et Therapiae Experimentalis 35:175-183. The study material comprised 31 patients with chronic suppurative infections of the skin caused by Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus and Escherichia. Within 2-16 weeks of the treatment, an improvement of the general state was observed as well as suppression of the local inflammation, purification of a wound from the suppurative and necrotic content, faster healing of the ulcers and fully negative results of the bacteriologic tests. In 16 cases, an outstanding therapeutic effect was obtained, in 7 cases marked improvement was reported and in 2 a transitory improvement was reported. In 7 patients the treatment was abandoned due to the lack of improvement (1 case) or development of side effects (6 cases). The results obtained provide evidence for the high effectiveness of phage therapy in the treatment of suppurative skin infections. [TOP OF PAGE]

  25. Evidence for temperate bacteriophages in two strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Cluzel, P.J., Veaux, M., Rousseau, M., Accolas, J.P. (1987). Journal of Dairy Research 54:397-405. Lactobacillus bulgaricus strains LT1 and LT4 previously isolated from a yogurt factory were shown to be lysogenic and inducible by mitomycin C or u.v. irradiation, induction being optimal at the beginning of exponential growth. Five indicator strains (four of L. lactis, one of L. bulgaricus) were found in which the two phage lysates propagated well in a liquid medium, but formed plaques on bacterial lawns less readily. Ca2+ was required for the phage infection of the indicator strains to reach termination. Phage particles from each strain exhibited a comparable ultrastructural morphology under the electron microscope, having an isometric head, a triple collar and a noncontractile fibre-containing tail. [TOP OF PAGE]

  26. Bacteriophage taxonomy. Coetzee, J.N. (1987). pp. 45-85. In In Goyal, S.M., Gerba, G.P., and Bitton, G. (eds.), Phage Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  27. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VIRULENT BACTERIOPHAGES CA1 AND A25 OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS. COLL, J.L., GUPALOVA, T., V, SUVOROV, A.N., GOLUBKOV, V., I, BOITSOV, A.C., Totolian, A.A. (1987). Interferon y Biotecnologia 4:17-27. Characteristics of the virulent bacteriophages CA1 and A25 of group A Streptococcus.Group A streptococci are able to provoke human diseases. The genetic study of the pathogenicity factors of these bacteria have been limited at transduction (by bacteriophages), however, the complex characteristics of the correspondent bacteriophages haven't been studied enough. The physicochemical characteristics of the particles, proteins and DNA of bacteriophages CA1 and A25 of group A streptococci have been investigated. The main results demonstrated that CA1 phage was morphologically identical to A25 showing an hexagonal head (.apprx. 60 nm) with a large tail uncontractile as electron microscope data. The particle structure of both phages was constituted of 10 polypeptides electrophoretically different. The DNAs of both phages showed similar characteristics: flotation density 1709 g/cm3 CsCl; two zones of melting point of 80.degree. and 88.degree. C, both phages showed lineal DNA molecules and of double filament with a length of 38.3 .+-. 1.1 kb. Data of homology analysis showed a total complementarity between the DNAs of these phages. The sequency of the DNAs of A25 and CA1 bacteriophages contains recognize sites for 6 endonucleases (Hae II, Msp I, Ben I, Sdu I, HindIII and Bsu RI); based on the restriction analysis, the preliminary physical map for both DNAs was constructed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  28. Bacteriophage therapy. Dixon, B. (1987). British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed . 294:1168 [TOP OF PAGE]

  29. Isolation of a virus from Mycoplasma pulmonis. Dybvig, K., Liss, A., Alderete, J., Cole, R.M., Cassell, G.H. (1987). ISRAEL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 23:418-422. A virus designated mycoplasma virus P1 has been isolated from Mycoplasma pulmonis. The virus infects M. pulmonis strain UAB 6510, and a plaque-forming unit assay has been developed. P1 has a tailed, polyhedral morphology with a head diameter of about 28 nm. Nucleic acid isolated from crude preparations of P1 virus contains double-stranded RNA, suggesting that P1 may be the first example of an RNA-containing mycoplasma virus. [TOP OF PAGE]

  30. Mutagenic and lethal effects of near-ultraviolet radiation (290-400 nm) on bacteria and phage. Eisenstark, A. (1987). Environ. Molec. Mutagen. 10:317-337. [TOP OF PAGE]

  31. Viruses in fungi: Infection of yeast with the k1 and k2 dsRNA killer viruses. El-Sherbeini, M., Bostian, K.A. (1987). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:4293-4297. [TOP OF PAGE]

  32. Transmission modes and evolution of parasitism-mutualism continuum. Ewald, P.W. (1987). Annals of the New York Academy of Science 503:295-306. [TOP OF PAGE]

  33. Ecology of phage in freshwater environments. Farrah, S.R. (1987). pp. 125-136. In In Goyal, S.M., Gerba, G.P., and Bitton, G. (eds.), Phage Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  34. Isolation and characterization of a temperate cyanophage for a tropical Anabaena strain. Franche, C. (1987). Archives of Microbiology 148:172-177. [TOP OF PAGE]

  35. An electron microscopic study of bacteriophages from marine waters. Frank, H., Moebus, K. (1987). Helgol. Meeresunters. 41:385-414. [TOP OF PAGE]

  36. Distribution of coliphages in the environment: General considerations. Furuse, K. (1987). pp. 87-124. In In Goyal, S.M., Gerba, G.P., and Bitton, G. (eds.), Phage Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  37. Isolation and selection of a bacteriophage-typing set for Enterobacter cloacae. Gaston, M.A. (1987). J. Med. Microbiol. 24:285-290. Seventy-six phages active against Enterobacter cloacae were isolated from sewage and other sources. They were tested at RTD on 92 selected strains of E. cloacae and their lytic reactions were used to select phages for a typing set. Numerical analysis by the Jaccard coefficient was used to assess the similarity between the phages. A computer-based test selection procedure selected sub-sets of phages to discriminate between all 92 E. cloacae strains and within the most frequent serological groups. A subjective analysis of the candidate phages based on similarity, clarity of plaque and frequency of lysis was combined with the computer selected sub-sets to produce a final set of 25 phages that gave a good theoretical discrimination of clinical isolates of E. cloacae. [TOP OF PAGE]

  38. Plasmid-determined systems for restriction and modification activity and abortive infection in Sterptococcus cremoris. Gautier, M., Chopin, M. (1987). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:923-927. [TOP OF PAGE]

  39. Distribution of coliphages in the environment: general considerations. Gerba, C.P. (1987). pp. 87-123. In In Goyal, S.M., Gerba, C.P., and Bitton, G. (eds.), Phage Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  40. Phage as indicators of fecal pollution. Gerba, C.P. (1987). pp. 197-209. In In Goyal, S.M., Gerba, G.P., and Bitton, G. (eds.), Phage Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  41. RESISTANCE OF CULTURES OF CYANOBACTERIA SYNECHOCOCCUS-CEDRORUM AND SYNECHOCOCCUS-PARVULA TO AS-1K AND S-8K CYANOPHAGES. GORYUSHIN, V.A., Shainskaya, O.A. (1987). Mikrobiologicheskii Zhurnal (Kiev) 48:74-78. Resistance of cultures of cyanobacteria Synechococcus cedrorum and Synechococcus parvula to AS-1K and S-8K cyanophages.Clones of unicellular cyanobacteria Synechococcus cedrorum and S. parvula having different susceptibilities to AS-1K and S-8K cyanophages were isolated, including clones with absolute resistance. Studies of age changes and culture conditions suggest that the resistance of the obtained cyanobacteria clones to virus infection is associated with a spontaneous mutation-induced modification in cell receptors. [TOP OF PAGE]

  42. Methods in phage ecology. Goyal, S.M. (1987). pp. 267-287. In In Goyal, S.M., Gerba, G.P., and Bitton, G. (eds.), Phage Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  43. Phage Ecology. Goyal, S.M., Gerba, C.P., Bitton, G. (1987). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.[TOP OF PAGE]

  44. Bacteriophages of Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Grund, A.D., Hutchinson, C.R. (1987). J. Bacteriol. 169:3013-3022. Five bacteriophages infecting only Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly Streptomyces erythreus) among 43 Streptomyces spp. tested were classified into two groups by phage-host relationships, restriction enzyme mapping, cohesive-end determinations, and Southern hybridizations. phi SE6, the most frequently isolated phage, produced clear plaques on all hosts tested, while phi SE45, phi SE57, phi SE60, and phi SE69 produced turbid plaques. phi SE6 DNA was linear, had a molecular weight of (27.6 +/- 1) X 10(6) and, like the DNAs of phi SE45, phi SE57, and phi SE69, lacked cohesive ends. The characteristic patterns of of ClaI and HindIII restriction digests of phi SE6 DNA and the results of Southern hybridizations with three different ClaI fragments of phi SE6 DNA as probes indicated that phi SE6 DNA was partially circularly permuted and terminally redundant, suggesting that it was packaged by a headful packaging mechanism. Southern hybridization data also showed that phi SE45, phi SE57, and phi SE69 were closely related to phi SE6. phi SE60 DNA, in contrast, had cohesive ends, and restriction mapping plus Southern hybridization data showed that phi SE60 was unrelated to the other four phages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  45. Bacteriophages as model organisms in water treatment. Havelaar, A.H. (1987). Microbiol. Sci. 4:362-364. [TOP OF PAGE]

  46. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LYTIC ACTIVITY OF BACTERIOPHAGES OF LEUCONOSTOC-OENOS ISOLATED FROM WINE. HENICK-KLING, T., LEE, T.H., NICHOLAS, D.J.D. (1987). J. Appl. Bacteriol. 61:525-534. Characterization of the lytic activity of bacteriophages of Leuconostoc oenos isolated from wine.Two phage species (sl.ls and lco23) of Leuconostoc oenos, isolated in Switzerland and in Australia, were compared for their ability to inhibit growth of L. oenos in wine. The effect of pH, ethanol, SO2, temperature and time of infection on phage activity was evaluated in synthetic media and in wine. The phages differed in their response to pH in that the activity of phage sl.ls was highest at low pH (3.5), while that of phage lco23 was highest at a high pH (5.5). The phages were not inhibited by low temperature (15.degree. C) or by 50 mg/l SO2. Both phages were inhibited by ethanol at a concentration greater than 5% (v/v). In a white and a red wine tested, the red wine partially inhibited and the white wine completely inhibited phage activity. When phage infection at pH 3.5 occurred during the exponential phase of growth, the bacteria outgrew the phage. Phage-resistant mutants developed between 3 and 35 d after phage infection, depending on pH and temperature. Recommendations for the use of starter cultures of L. oenos in the wine industry are given. [TOP OF PAGE]

  47. On the phage-sensitive bacteria in seawater of Kagoshima Bay (Kagoshima-wannai kaisui-chu no faji kanjusei saikin ni tsuite). Hidaka, T., Kamino, Y., Kawabe, K. (1987). Mem. Fac. Fish. Kagoshima Univ. /Kagoshimadai Suisangakubu Kiyo. 36:17-25. Marine bacteria and bacteriophages were isolated from seawater samples collected from 1 m and 50 m depth layers at 8 stations of Kagoshima Bay (Japan), at 11 times of selected seasonal intervals during 1980 to 1984. The isolates from each sample included several phage-sensitive strains. Their rate to total isolates from each sample varied from 0 to 87% (av. 25%), at each station, depth, and season. The sensitive strains were found in all genera of isolates, especially Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Aeromonas , and Moraxella . The strains were divided into several phage types in each genus. Their habitat was segregated into each station and depth. It was found that the strains of phage-type level have a habitat segregation dependent on the oceanographic conditions in the bay. [TOP OF PAGE]

  48. ??? Husimi, Y., Keweloh, H.-C. (1987). Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58:1109-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  49. SENSITIVITY OF PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA STRAINS OF DIFFERENT SEROGROUPS TO VIRULENT BACTERIOPHAGES. IVANOVA, N., I, SERGEEVA, E.N., Mazepa, V.N. (1987). Zhurnal Mikrobiologii Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii 10-13. Sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains of different serogroups to virulent bacteriophages.The data on the sensitivity of P. aeruginosa clinical strains to Pyocyaneum, a therapeutic and prophylactic bacteriophage preparation, and to individual groups of phages contained in this preparation are presented. Out of 549 P. aeruginosa strains, 16% have proved to be nonlysing cultures. The proportion of phage-sensitive strains prevailed in serogroups 01, 03, 06, 09, while phage-resistant strains prevailed in serogroups 04, 07, 011, as well as among O-nontyped cultures. The expediency of introducing P. aeruginosa strains of different serotypes into the collection of cultures used for the production of Pyocyaneum has been shown. [TOP OF PAGE]

  50. BACTERIOPHAGE RESISTANCE PLASMID PTR-2030 INHIBITS LYTIC INFECTION OF R-1T TEMPERATE BACTERIOPHAGE BUT NOT INDUCTION OF R-1T PROPHAGE IN STREPTOCOCCUS-CREMORIS R1. Jarvis, A.W., Klaenhammer, T.R. (1987). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:385-389. Bacteriophage resistance plasmid pTR2030 inhibits lytic infection of r1t temperate bacteriophage but not induction of r1t prophage in Streptococcus cremoris R1.The effects of pTR2030 on the replication of four small isometric bacteriophages were examined in Streptococcus cremoris R1. Three lytic phages (652, 720, and 751), which were isolated independently over a 29-year period, were unable to form plaques on a pTR2030 transconjugant of S. cremoris R1. The fourth phage evaluated, phage r1t, was a temperate phage induced from S. cremoris R1 by treatment with mitomycin C. A prophage-cured derivative of S. cremoris R1, designated RICs, was isolated and served as a lytic indicator for phage r1t. Strain RICs and a derivative of this strain that was relysogenized with r1t, designated RICs(r1t), were used as conjugal recipients for transfer of the phage resistance plasmid pTR2030. pTR2030 transconjugants of strains R1Cs and R1Cs(r1t) were evaluated for sensitivity to r1t phage and induction of r1t prophage, respectively. The temperate phage r1t adsorbed efficiently but did not form plaques on the prophage-cured, pTR2030 transconjugant strain T-R1Cs. However, in the r1t lysogen [T-R1Cs(r1t)], pTR2030 did not inhibit prophage induction with mitomycin C, cell lysis, or production of infective r1t phage particles. The data demonstrated that pTR2030-induced resistance inhibited lytic infection by r1t phage from without but did not retard lytic development after prophage induction within the cell. It was suggested that pTR2030-encoded phage resistance to small isometric phages may, therefore, act at the cell surface or membrane to prevent phage DNA passage into the host cell or inhibit early events required for lytic replication of externally infecting phage. [TOP OF PAGE]

  51. Changes in sensitivity to cyanophage infection in axenic LPP cyanobacteria. Johnson, D.W., Borovsky, D. (1987). Microbios Letters 35:105-112. [TOP OF PAGE]

  52. The evolution of mu. Kamp, D. (1987). pp. 259-269. In In Symonds, N., Toussaint, A., van de Putte, P., and Howes, W.V. (eds.), Phage Mu. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. [TOP OF PAGE]

  53. Expression of heterologous genes for wall teichoic acid in Bacillus subtilis 168. Karamata, D., Pooley, H.M., Monod, M. (1987). Molecular & General Genetics 207:73-81. A localized region of low DNA sequence homology was revealed in two strains of Bacillus subtilis by a specific 100-fold reduction in transformation by W23 DNA of the tag1 locus, a teichoic acid marker of strain 168. Fifty nine rare recombinants, hybrid at this locus, had all acquired donor-specific phage resistance characters, while losing those specific to the 168 recipient. Chemical analysis of isolated cell walls showed that these modifications are associated with major changes in the wall teichoic acids. Genetic analysis demonstrated that determinants for the ribitol phosphate polymer of strain W23 had been transferred to 168, replacing those for the glycerol phosphate polymer in the recipient. All W23 genes coding for poly(ribitol phosphate) in the hybrids and those specifying anionic wall polymers in strain 168 are clustered near hisA. In addition to tag1, the region exchanged extends just beyond gtaA in some hybrids, whereas in others it may include the more distant gtaB marker, encompassing a region sufficient to contain at least 20 average-sized genes. Surface growth, flagellation, transformability and sporulation all appeared normal in hybrids examined. Recombinants without a major wall teichoic acid from either strain were not found, suggesting that an integral transfer of genes for poly(ribitol phosphate) from W23 had occurred in all hybrids isolated. We interpret these results as indicating an essential role for anionic wall polymers in the growth of B. subtilis. [TOP OF PAGE]

  54. Bacteriophages in food. Kennedy, J.E., Jr., Bitton, G. (1987). pp. 289-316. In In Goyal, S.M., Gerba, G.P., and Bitton, G. (eds.), Phage Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  55. ??? Koch, C., et al. (1987). pp. 75-91. In In Symonds, N. (ed.), Phage Mu. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. [TOP OF PAGE]

  56. CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTEROIDES-FRAGILIS BACTERIOPHAGES AND COMPARISON OF THEIR DNA SPECIES. Kory, M.M., Booth, S.J. (1987). Current Microbiology 14:199-204. Characteristics of Bacteroides fragilis bacteriophages and comparison of their DNA species.Although five Bacteriodes fragilis bacteriophages isolated over a six-year period in Nebraska and Virginia [USA] had similar physical characteristics (morphology, temperature inactivation, and sensitivity to organic solvents and antisera), there were some statistically significant differences between the phages. In addition, restriction endonuclease analysis revealed that three of the five DNAs were not identical. However, the DNAs of the phages were closely related based on DNA-DNA hybridization, percent homologies, and possession of homologous regions of DNA. It appears that the five phages are strains of the same species of phage, although each phage has a unique host range spectrum. [TOP OF PAGE]

  57. Immunogenic effect of bacteriophage in patients subjected to phage therapy. Kucharewicz-Krukowska, A., Slopek, S. (1987). Archivum Immunologii et Therapiae Experimentalis 35:553-561. Fifty seven cases of bacterial infections subjected to phage therapy were tested for a production of antibodies against the applied bacteriophages. Monoinfections confirmed in 40 patients were caused in majority of cases by pyogenic Staphylococci (29 cases) and rarely by Gram-negative bacteria: Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus and Pseudomonas (11 cases). Polyinfections caused by the above types of bacteria were recorded in 17 cases. The titer of neutralizing and hemagglutinating antibodies was determined before phage therapy, in the 10th day and in some cases in the 21st day of its course. The effect of natural and immune antibodies on the final result of therapy was analyzed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  58. [Importance of Bdellovibrio in regulating microbial cenoses and self-purification processes in domestic sewage]. Lambina, V.A., Ledova, L.A., Churkina, L.G. (1987). Mikrobiologiia 56:860-864. The bacterial parasite Bdellovibrio was directly proved to be involved in the regulation of microbial cenoses and in the self-purification of domestic waste waters. The incidence of heterotrophs, Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli and Bdellovibrio was followed up in dynamics in the microecological system of waste waters for ten days. In control experiments, bdellovibrions were removed using pteridine as a vibriostatic agent. In the absence of bdellovibrions, the cell number of the studied microorganisms did not increase after reaching a stationary level. In the control, the total incidence of heterotrophs decreased 1355 times, that of Gram-negative bacteria fell down 527 times, and that of E. coli cells dropped 3419 times due to the interaction between the host bacteria and Bdellovibrio. The variations in the number of interacting cells were characteristic of a two-component parasite-host system. [TOP OF PAGE]

  59. [Interrelations of bdellovibrios with host bacteria in the coastal zone of the northeastern Black Sea]. Lambina, V.A., Ledova, L.A., Afinogenova, A.V. (1987). MIKROBIOLOGICHESKII ZHURNAL 49:41-46. [TOP OF PAGE]

  60. Structural relatedness of lysis proteins from colcinogenic plasmids and icosahedral coliphages. Lau, P.C.K., Hefford, M.A., Klein, P. (1987). Mol. Biol. Evol. 4:544-556. [TOP OF PAGE]

  61. Isolation and characterization of a generalized transducing phage for the marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri MJ-1. Levisohn, R., Moreland, J., Nealson, K.H. (1987). Journal of General Microbiology 133:1577-1582. A marine bacteriophage active against the marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri MJ-1 was isolated from offshore waters in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, and was shown to be active in generalized transduction, transducing 14 of 17 different amino acid auxotrophs to prototrophy. For some of the amino acid auxotrophic markers, such as arginine and methionine, several different mutants could be transduced. The phage grew well at temperatures up to 27 degree C, and produced high-titre lysates (10 super(10) p.f.u. ml super(-1) or higher). Single-step growth analysis showed a latent period of 23 min at 25 degree C with a burst size of 100. Phage adsorption was maximum at NaCl concentrations characteristic of the marine environment. No evidence for lysogeny was found. [TOP OF PAGE]

  62. Titer change of bacteriophage AH1 in different environments. Lin, H.M., Lu, J., Wu, J.L. (1987). pp. 1-8. In In Kou, K.S., Wu, J.L., Hsu, Y.L., Chen, S.N., Tung, M.C., Liao, I.C., and Chung, H.Y. (eds.), THE MEMOIR OF VIROLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY IN FISH DISEASE. 3. Taipei. Standing characteristics of the bacteriophage AH1 in 8 different water supplies were compared inside and outside the laboratory. Autoclaved tap water gave the best keeping condition for the phage inside and outside the laboratory. Distilled water was the worst one within the laboratory, however, one pond water was faulty in keeping the phage outside the laboratory. Plaque forming units of the lyophilized phage AH1 remained unchanged for 120 days and decreased thereafter. [TOP OF PAGE]

  63. Isolation and characterization of a generalized transducing phage for the marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Lindstrom, K., Kaijalainen, S. (1987). Journal of General Microbiology 82:241-246. [TOP OF PAGE]

  64. Generalized transduction. Margolin, P. (1987). pp. 1154-1168. In In Neidhardt, F.C. (ed.), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Cellular and Molecular Biology. ASM, Washington, D.C. [TOP OF PAGE]

  65. THE EFFECT OF STARVATION ON RECOMBINATION IN PHAGE T4. Minzter, B.H. (1987). University of Arizona. [TOP OF PAGE]

  66. STUDIES ON A METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE DETECTING OF THE POPULATION OF PSEUDOMONAS-SOLANACEARUM BY PHAGE TECHNIQUE. MO, Y.-Y., REN, X.-Z., FANG, Z.-D. (1987). Virologica Sinica 2:73-78. Studies on a method for quantitative detecting of the population of Pseudomonas solanacearum by phage technique.The present paper deals with the phage technique to quantitative determinate the survival of causing bacteria of ginger wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) in soil. Results show that the bacteria in inoculated soil could recover to 57.4% at 103 CFU/g soil. The living bacterial cells, even at 102 CFU/g soil, could be detected. The phage technique is a sensitive, rapid and simple method. [TOP OF PAGE]

  67. Ecology of Marine Bacteriophages. Moebus, K. (1987). pp. 137-156. In In Goyal, S.M., Gerba, G.P., and Bitton, G. (eds.), Phage Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  68. Receptor-recognizing proteins of T-even bacteriophages. Constant and hypervariable regions and an unusual case of evolution. Montag, D., Riede, I., Eschbach, M.L., Degen, M., Henning, U. (1987). J. Mol. Biol. 196:165-174. [TOP OF PAGE]

  69. The mechanism of inactivation of phage fX174 by ascorbic acid. Murata, A., Harada, M., Kato, F. (1987). Agric. Biol. Chem. 51:933-934. [TOP OF PAGE]

  70. A new series of fluorine-containing derivatives of ascorbic acid with phage-inactivating activity. Murata, A., Ogisu, A., Tashiro, H. (1987). Agric. Biol. Chem. 51:2847-2849. [TOP OF PAGE]

  71. On the relationship between dry matter and volume in bacteria. Norland, S., Heldal, M., Tumyr, O. (1987). Microb. Ecol. 13:95-101. [TOP OF PAGE]

  72. The effect of environmental factors on coliphages in the Welsh River Dee. Nuttall, D., Parry, O.T. (1987). Letters in Applied Microbiology [LETT. APPL. MICROBIOL. ] 4:117-120. In a 1-year study at Ironbridge on the Welsh River Dee the Escherichia coli population varied over a 200-fold range and the coliphage populations grown at 37 degree C (H.T. phage) and at 22 degree C (L.T. Phage) each varied by over 100-fold. Both the E. coli and H.T. phage counts were shown to have highly significant seasonal fluctuations, which included troughs in summer and peaks in winter. The L.T. phage count appeared to maintain a baseline population in summer and had a 20-fold less significant association with temperature than the H.T. phage population. [TOP OF PAGE]

  73. ??? Pancorbo, O.C., Evanshen, B.G., Campbell, W.F., Lambert, S., Curtis, S.K., Woolley, T.W. (1987). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1803-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  74. The gtaB marker in Bacillus subtilis 168 is associated with a deficiency in UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase. Pooley, H.M., Paschoud, D., Karamata, D. (1987). Journal of General Microbiology 133:3481-3493. Fifty-six mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 were selected for resistance to bacteriophages phi 29 or phi 25. The mutations were all linked to previously described teichoic acid markers gtaA, gtaB or gtaC, for the first and last of which, the gene products have previously been identified. Each linkage group was shown to have two distinct phenotypes with respect to phage resistance and cell-wall galactosamine content. Recombination indexes of 0.35, 0.13 and 0.41 for groups A, B and C respectively were consistent with the presence of two average-sized genes in groups A and C. Correlation between genetic and phenotypic differences supported this conclusion and led to the designation of two new markers, gtaD and gtaE. Two- and three-factor transformation crosses suggested the order hisA-gtaB-gtaD-gtaA-tag-1 and gtaC-gtaE-argC. Assays for UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase activities in soluble extracts of representative mutants revealed that, in contrast to previous findings, the former activity was virtually undetectable in all nine group B mutants examined, suggesting that gtaB is the structural gene of this enzyme. Our results allow us to account for discrepancies with respect to previous reports. The thermosensitive mutation previously designated rodC1 was shown to be 90% cotransformable with tag-1. In view of their extremely similar phenotypes the former mutation was renamed tag-3, and the likely order obtained was gtaA-tag-3-tag-1. This suggests that many mutations associated with deformation of cell shape in B. subtilis are located in the region where teichoic acid genes map. [TOP OF PAGE]

  75. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BACTERIOPHAGE-INFECTED ACTINOBACILLUS-ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS AND RAPID PERIODONTAL DESTRUCTION. PREUS, H.R., OLSEN, I., NAMORK, E. (1987). Journal of Clinical Periodontology 14:245-247. Association between bacteriophage-infected Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and rapid periodontal destruction.Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was isolated from periodontal pockets in a patient suffering from prepubertal periodontitis. Electron microscopy revealed 3 different groups of bacteriophages in filtrates of subgingival plaque from all the active periodontal lesions. Phage infected A. actinomycetemcomitans in this patient was restricted to periodontal pockets which, according to standardized roentgenograms, had shown bone destruction during the past 12 months. A follow-up study of 7 months revealed that a "burned out" site which harbored noninfected A. actinomycetemcomitans turned into an active site at the same time as the A. actinomycetemcomitans of that site became infected with the phages. These findings indicate a relationship between rapid prepubertal periodontal destruction and phage-infected A. actinomycetemcomitans. [TOP OF PAGE]

  76. INVESTIGATIONS OF DISINFECTANTS WITH BACTERIOPHAGES. PRIMAVESI, C.A. (1987). Hygiene + Medizin 12:6-8. Investigations of disinfectants with bacteriophages.By comparing the described test-results with the present literature and hitherto knowledge of virucidal disinfectants, one can state as follows: Well reproducible disinfectant testing can be performed with relatively small expenditure by means of bacteriophages. The reaction of phages to the various microbicidal active substances exhibits clear parallels to the situation with viruses. The vulnerability of the three used phages by disinfectants is very different, whereby phage f2 shows peculiar capability of resisting. There has to be considered, inasfar disinfectant testing with phages should be applied to judge the virucidal efficacy of a disinfectant. [TOP OF PAGE]

  77. Characterization of mycobacteriophage I8 and its unrelatedness to mycobacteriophages I1, I3 and I5. Reddy, A.B., Gopinathan, K.P. (1987). J. Gen. Virol. 68 ( Pt 4):949-956. Homology among the genomes of mycobacteriophages I1, I3, I5 and I8 has been studied. Based on restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns, dot blot hybridization and Southern blot hybridization analysis, the DNAs of phages I1, I3 and I5 have been shown to be homologous and indistinguishable, but entirely different from phage I8. Unlike the others, the I8 genome does not harbour any single-strand interruptions. The DNA is 43 kb in length with limited cyclic permutations and has a G + C content of 54%. The presence of 5-methylcytosine in I8 DNA was indicated from the restriction patterns of MspI and HpaII. The number of sites and fragment sizes for several restriction enzymes on I8 DNA has been determined. Phage I8 has a replication cycle of 300 min, with a latent period of 180 min, a rise period of 120 min and a burst size of 100. The viability of phage I8 is significantly reduced by treatment with organic solvents. [TOP OF PAGE]

  78. STUDIES ON METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE DETECTION OF THE POPULATION OF PSEUDOMONAS-SOLANACEARUM BY PHAGE TECHNIQUE I. QUANTITATIVE DETECTING METHOD OF PSEUDOMONAS-SOLANACEARUM BACTERIA BY PHAGE ZP-2. REN, X.-Z., MO, Y.-Y., FANG, Z.-D. (1987). Virologica Sinica 2:86-93. [TOP OF PAGE]

  79. Lysis gene t of T-even bacteriophages: evidence that colicins and bacteriophage genes have common ancestors. Riede, I. (1987). J. Bacteriol. 169:2956-2961. The lysis gene t of the T-even-like bacteriophage K3 has been cloned and sequenced. The gene codes for a protein with a predicted molecular weight of 25,200. Expression of the complete lysis protein was impossible, but peptides complementing T4 amber mutants in t are described. No known lysis protein of other phages is homologous to protein T. Also, the Escherichia coli phospholipase A is different from protein T. CelB, the lysis protein of the colicin E2 operon, shows a similarity to protein T. Sequences of colisins A, E1, and E2 are related to gene 38 sequences, the gene preceeding t and coding for the phage adhesin. A common origin for colicin genes and phage genes is discussed, and a protein region in colicins that is responsible for receptor recognition is predicted. [TOP OF PAGE]

  80. Receptor specificity of the short tail fibers (gp12) of T-even type Escherichia coli phages. Riede, I. (1987). Mol. Gen. Genet. 206:110-115. [TOP OF PAGE]

  81. DNA sequence of genes 38 encoding a receptor-recognizing protein of bacteriophages T2, K3 and of K3 host range mutants. Riede, I., Drexler, K., Eschbach, M.-L., Henning, U. (1987). J. Mol. Biol. 194:31-39. [TOP OF PAGE]

  82. Characterization of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus bacteriophage MAC-1. Roberts, R.C., Keefer, M.A., Ranu, R.S. (1987). Journal of General Microbiology 133 ( Pt 11):3065-3070. The bacteriophage MAC-1, which specifically infects Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, was plaque purified and raised to high titre. The phage was purified by NaCl/polyethylene glycol precipitation, followed by two cycles of isopycnic density gradient centrifugation in CsCl. The purified phage exhibited a density of 1.363 g cm-3 and a sedimentation coefficient of 94S. Nucleic acid isolated from purified phage was resistant to hydrolysis under alkaline conditions and to digestion with RNAase, but it was hydrolysed by DNAase, providing evidence that the phage genome is made up of DNA. The lack of hyperchromic effect upon denaturation, hydrolysis of phage DNA by S1 nuclease, characteristic fluorescent staining with acridine orange, and resistance to digestion with a variety of restriction endonucleases are consistent with the DNA being single-stranded. A buoyant density of 1.722 g cm-3 and a sedimentation coefficient of 17.9S were obtained for the phage DNA. The molecular mass of phage DNA was determined as 1.58 MDa by agarose gel electrophoresis with single-stranded DNA as standards. Electron microscopy of the DNA showed that the genome is circular in nature. In addition, using Southern blots, the two replicative forms, RF1 (supercoiled) and RF2 (circular) have been identified and isolated from infected cell extracts. [TOP OF PAGE]

  83. The inhibition of infectivity of bacteriophage phi X174 by high-valency metal cations and cyclic polyamines. Rowatt, E., Williams, R.J. (1987). Biochem. J. 245:641-647. It has been shown previously that many aliphatic polyamines and metal cations decrease the infectivity of bacteriophage phi X174 when lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli C is present. Cations of higher charge are more effective. In the present paper it is shown that certain of the metal cations and cyclic polyamines diminish phage infectivity without lipopolysaccharide. The relation of cation concentration to loss of infectivity is different for the two types of reaction. In the absence of lipopolysaccharide the inhibition increases with the charge of the cation, but that by cyclic polyamines depends also on the hydrocarbon chains and their conformation. Some characteristics of the reactions are discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  84. Bacteriophages of industrial importance. Sanders, M.E. (1987). pp. 211-244. In In Goyal, S.M., Gerba, G.P., and Bitton, G. (eds.), Phage Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  85. Potential for transduction of plasmids in a natural freshwater environment: Effect of plasmid donor concentration and a natural microbial community on transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Saye, D.J., Ogunseitan, O., Sayler, G.S., Miller, R.V. (1987). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:987-995. [TOP OF PAGE]

  86. Reduction of microbiological indicators and viruses in a cypress strand. Scheuerman, P.R., Farrah, S.R., Bitton, G. (1987). Water Sci. Technol. 19:539-546. [TOP OF PAGE]

  87. TEMPERATE BACTERIOPHAGES AND POLYHEADS PRODUCED IN THE L FORM OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS AFTER MITOMYCIN INDUCTION. Schmid, E.N. (1987). Annales de lInstitut Pasteur Microbiology 137B:283-290. Temperate bacteriophages and polyheads produced in the L form of Staphylococcus aureus after mitomycin induction.A lysogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus was transformed into its protoplast L form. After stabilization and subcultivation in the L-form state for more than 200 subcultivations, it was tested for maintenance and inducibility of the temperent phage found in the parent strain. In the parent strain and L form, optimal phage production was inducible by 1 and 2 .mu.g of mitomycin-C/ml. Besides regular phages with heads of approximately 35 .times. 85 nm, some L-form cells also produced polyheads of up to more than 1000 nm in length. [TOP OF PAGE]

  88. PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES FOR CLAVIBACTER-MICHIGANENSE-SSP-NEBRASKENSE. SHIRAKO, Y., Vidaver, A.K., Ackermann, H.-W. (1987). Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 52:793-800. Partial characterization of bacteriophages for Clavibacter michiganense ssp. nebraskense.Bacteriophages Clmll, ClmX and ClmXC for Clavibacter (Cl.) michiganense subsp. nebraskense were characterized with respect to biological and physical properties. All phages produced clear plaques on strain CN18-5, the original propagating host. On strain CN76-2, ClmX produced predominantly turbid plaques with a few clear plaques, from which ClmXC was derived. The host range of the three phages was restricted to strains of Cl. michiganense subsp. nebraskense. Adsorption rate constants and burst sizes of the three phages were in the range of 2.9 to 9.4 .times. 10-9 ml/min and 6 to 19 virions/cell, respectively. All phages were morphologically similar with a hexagonal head about 60 nm in width and a flexuous tail approximately 235 nm long. The type of nucleic acid was double-stranded DNA. Agarose gel electrophoresis of restriction endonuclease digests of the phage DNAs indicated that the three phages are similar, but distinguishable in DNA structure. ClmXC was probably a deletion mutant of ClmX. [TOP OF PAGE]

  89. An evaluation of two bacteriophages as sewage tracers. Sinton, L.W., Ching, S.B. (1987). Water 35:347-356. Two bacteriophages -- phage 80 of Staphylococcus aureus and a P2-like phage ( Phi MWD 1) of Escherichia coli (H sub(2)S +) -- were evaluated as sewage tracers. Background plaque concentrations on the S. aureus) host were < 1100 mL super(-1) in seven (raw and treated) effluents tested but, on E. coli (H sub(2)S +), they ranged from < 1100 mL super(-1) in oxidation pond effluents to 1.1 x 10 super(3) 100 mL super(-1) in primary treated meatworks effluent. Thus, phage 80 appears to be a suitable tracer for both raw and treated sewage but Phi MWD 1 may only be suitable for use in secondary treated effluent. In frozen samples, concentrations of both tracer phages were reduced by 90% within 2 days, but decreased more slowly over the following 68 days to around 5% of the original (unfrozen) titre. In a field test, the two phages were used simultaneously to trace the movement of oxidation pond effluents down a river system. Timing of assay of frozen samples and the advantages and limitations of bacteriophages as sewage tracers are discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  90. Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections in the years 1981-1986. Slopek, S., Weber-Dabrowska, B., Dabrowski, M., Kucharewicz-Krukowska, A. (1987). Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 35:569-583. In the years 1981-1986 bacteriophage therapy was applied in 550 cases (100 treated in 1986) of suppurative bacterial infections. Positive results were obtained in 508 cases (92.4%). In 38 cases (6.9%) a transient improvement was observed and in 4 cases (0.7%) phage treatment proved ineffective. Considering that majority of patients (518 cases, 94.2%) were resistant to antibiotic treatment, the results of phage therapy may be regarded as favorable. [TOP OF PAGE]

  91. The control of experimental Escherichia coli diarrhoea in calves by means of bacteriophages. Smith, H.W., Huggins, M.B., Shaw, K.M. (1987). J. Gen. Microbiol. 133:1111-1126. [TOP OF PAGE]

  92. Factors influencing the survival and multiplication of bacteriophages in calves and in their environment. Smith, H.W., Huggins, M.B., Shaw, K.M. (1987). Journal of General Microbiology 133:1127-1135. [TOP OF PAGE]

  93. Biotyping, serotyping and phage typing of Streptococcus faecalis isolated from dental plaque in the human mouth. Smyth, C.J., Matthews, H., Halpenny, M.K., Brandis, H., Colman, G. (1987). J. Med. Microbiol. 23:45-54. Thirty Streptococcus faecalis isolates from mixed dental plaque samples were classified into four groups on the basis of biotype, tetracycline susceptibility, phage type and serotype combinations. The organisms were from patients on haemodialysis, from staff of the dialysis unit, and from controls. Three biotypes were distinguished by seven biochemical tests: production of acid from inositol, sucrose and xylose; rapid or delayed production of acid from sorbitol; gelatin liquefaction; and production of alkaline phosphatase and beta-galactosidase. With a set of eight typing antisera for S. faecalis, 15 strains were non-typable, 12 were serotype 1 and three were serotype 19. With a set of 17 bacteriophages specific for S. faecalis, all of the oral isolates were typable; 40% were lysotype I1 and the remainder lysotype V6b. On the basis of biotype-serotype-phage-type combinations, indications of possible spread of strains between haemodialysis patients and dialysis unit staff were obtained. Biotyping and serotyping of 13 German isolates of S. faecalis of phage type I1 from four clinical sources and tripartite typing of three control strains provided additional evidence for the potential of biotyping in distinguishing between strains of identical serotype and phage type. One oral isolate of S. faecium was of phage type XX. None of the oral isolates of S. faecalis, of which 14 exhibited delayed sorbitol fermentation, reacted with group-G streptococcal grouping reagents or antiserum. Slow sorbitol fermentation does not appear to be a definitive phenotypic marker for S. faecalis strains possessing antigens that react with both group-D and group-G grouping reagents. [TOP OF PAGE]

  94. [Comparative study of the phage sensitivity of actinomycetes and their Nocardia-like variants]. [Russian]. Solov'eva, N.I., Zhunaeva, V.V., Zakharova, O.D., Kuimova, T.F. (1987). Mikrobiologiia 56:951-955. The work was aimed at studying the resistance of three streptomycetes (Streptomyces chrysomallus, S. azureus and S. roseoflavus var. roseofungini) and their spontaneous Nocardia-like variants lacking aerial mycelium and spores against nine polyphages isolated mainly from soil. Some Nocardia-like variants were found to differ from their parent cultures in the resistance against certain actinophages. S. chrysomallus VKM Ac-590 and Ac-628 variants lost resistance against the phages. S. azureus VKM Ac-719 and S. roseoflavus var. roseofungini VKM Ac-770 variants became resistant to the phages. The changed phage resistance of the streptomycetes and their Nocardia-like variants was attributed to the disorganised process of adsorption (8 and 7%, respectively, against 70 and 90% for the parent strains). [TOP OF PAGE]

  95. Co-adaptation of Escherichia coli and coliphage lambda vir in continuous culture. Spanakis, E., Horne, M.T. (1987). Journal of General Microbiology 133:353-360. [TOP OF PAGE]

  96. Effects of bacteriophage on colonization of sugar beet roots by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Stephens, P.M., O'Sullivan, M., O'Gara, F. (1987). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1164-1167. [TOP OF PAGE]

  97. Bacteriophages active against Bacteroides fragilis in sewage-polluted waters. Tartera, C., Jofre, J. (1987). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1632-1637. [TOP OF PAGE]

  98. Characterization of the corynebacteriophage CG33. Trautwetter, A., Blanco, C., Bonnassie, S. (1987). Journal of General Microbiology 133 ( Pt 10):2945-2952. Bacteriophage CG33 was isolated from a strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum that had become contaminated during an industrial fermentation. CG33 was assigned to Bradley's group B since it had a polyhedral head 40 nm wide and a short non-contractile and striated tail 78 nm long. Adsorption to its host, C. glutamicum ATCC 13287, was enhanced in the presence of Ca2+. The latent period was 18 min at 34 degrees C; the burst size was 16 p.f.u. ml-1. CG33 also formed plaques on C. lilium ATCC 15990 but at a low frequency. Its genome consisted of a linear double stranded DNA molecule of 13.4 kb with cohesive ends. A restriction map of the genome was obtained by using various endonucleases. [TOP OF PAGE]

  99. INTRACELLULAR GROWTH OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI BACTERIOPHAGES AFTER KEEPING THE PHAGE-INFECTED BACTERIUM UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF ANABIOSIS AND HYPOTHERMIA. Tsutsaeva, A.A., Vysekantsev, I.P., MIKULINSKII, Y.U.E. (1987). Mikrobiologiya 55:1009-1013. Intracellular growth of Escherichia coli bacteriophages after keeping the phage-infected bacterium under the conditions of anabiosis and hypothermia.The intracellular growth of bacteriophages T3, T4, and .vphi.X174 was studied in Escherichia coli cells frozen to -196.degree.C and cooled to 0.degree.C at various intervals from the instant of phage infection. The processes of biosynthesis were delayed and the latent period was longer in the growth of cells frozen to -196.degree.C. The levels of RNA and protein biosynthesis as well as the yield of phages decreased when cells were frozen at a later stage of the phage growth. No changes were found in the intracellular growth processes of the phages during the subsequent cultivation of the bacterium when it was infected and then cooled to 0.degree.C. [TOP OF PAGE]

  100. Isolation and characterization of coliphage omega 18A specific for Escherichia coli O18ac strains. Ulmer, E., Hacker, J., Fasske, E., Schmidt, G. (1987). Zentralblatt Fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie, Und Hygiene - Series A, Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology 266:403-411. The bacteriophage omega 18A, specific for Escherichia coli O18ac strains, was isolated from sewage. The results of host range and conjugation experiments showed that the sensitivity of bacteria to the phage is associated with the presence of O18ac antigens. With some of the O18 strains the phage omega 18A produces clear lysis on bacterial lawns only when applied at a high multiplicity and moreover the phage does not multiply. With the help of the phage omega 18A, E. coli O18ac strains could be divided into two serologically distinct subgroups called O18A and O18A1. E. coli strains belonging to the subgroup O18A are sensitive to phage omega 18A whereas bacteria of subgroup A1 are resistant. [TOP OF PAGE]

  101. Viruses of a Chlorella-like green alga. Van Etten, J.L., Xia, Y., Meints, R.H. (1987). pp. 307-325. In In Kosuge, T. and Nester, E.W. (eds.), Plant-Microbe Interactions. Macmillan Publishing, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  102. Characteristics of a soil-isolated Bacillus subtilis phage, GS1, and GS1-mediated plasmid transduction. Van, E.J., Pereira, M.T. (1987). ZENTRALBLATT FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 142:63-70. A previously described soil-isolated Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage, GS1, was further characterized. It is a tailed phage with regular head morphology and a discrete base plate. GS1 belongs to morphological group A1 of Bacillus phages. Its tail measured 170 nm and the head width was 92 nm. GS1 produced turbid plaques on its natural host strain, but clear plaque variants occurred at high frequency. All attempts to transduce either erythromycin (Em) or tetracycline (Tc) resistance markers, present in soil-isolated phage-sensitive bacilli, failed. Erythromycin resistance plasmid pE194, introduced into B. subtilis by protoplast transformation, was transduced among B. subtilis strains at a frequency of 10(-6) to 10(-7). [TOP OF PAGE]

  103. Phage resistance in Streptococcus lactus ssp. diacetylactis transconjugant SLA3.2501 and its derivatives. Vedamuthu, E.R., Neville, J.M. (1987). J. Dairy Sci. 70:225-229. Phage 18-16, which was virulent for Streptococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis SLA3.25 was used to study phage-resistant characteristics of mucoid S. lactis ssp. diacetylactis transconjugant SLA3.2501 obtained through conjugative cotransfer of pSRQ2201 (Lac-plasmid) and pSRQ2202 (Muc-plasmid) to SLA3.25 (15). Interaction of phage 18-16 with SLA3.2501 and its derivatives showed that phage resistance was not related to either the lack of phage adsorption or restriction-modification. Suppression of phage replication in SLA3.2501 and its derivatives was not completely relieved by curing of either pSRQ2201 or pSRQ2202 or both. [TOP OF PAGE]

  104. Trichomonas vaginalis phenotypic variation occurs only among trichomonads infected with the double-stranded RNA virus. Wang, A., Wang, C.C., Alderete, J.F. (1987). J. Exp. Med. 166:142-150. Trichomonas vaginalis isolates were examined for the presence of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and the property of phenotypic variation. Only the heterogeneous isolates composed of mAb-reactive and -nonreactive organisms, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytofluorometry, and capable of phenotypic variation possessed the dsRNA. Both the positive and negative phenotype subpopulations separated from the heterogeneous parent contained equal amounts of the dsRNA. Loss of the dsRNA upon prolonged in vitro cultivation always correlated with the lack of expression of the major immunogen. The data indicate a relationship between the presence of the dsRNA and the ability of the pathogenic human trichomonads to express immunogens on their surfaces and to undergo phenotypic variation. [TOP OF PAGE]

  105. Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses in Phlebotomus papatasi inhibit development of Leishmania major. Warburg, A., Ostrovska, K. (1987). Journal of Parasitology 73:578-583. Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPV's) were observed in wild-caught and laboratory-reared Phlebotomus papatasi. Chronic CPV pathology of the midgut, characterized by structural aberrations in the epithelium and the peritrophic membrane, interfered with blood digestion and rendered the sand flies refractory to Leishmania major infections. Rates of natural and artificial L. major infections were inversely correlated to the incidence of CPV infections. The interaction between viruses and protozoan parasites in an insect host is of basic biological interest and in this case may be of significance in the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis. [TOP OF PAGE]

  106. Studies on bacteriophage penetration in patients subjected to phage therapy. Weber-Dabrowska, B., Dabrowski, M., Slopek, S. (1987). Archivum Immunologii et Therapiae Experimentalis 35:563-568. Two healthy volunteers and 56 patients with suppurative bacterial infections were tested for penetration of oral administered bacteriophage to the blood circulation system and urinary tract. In the blood and urine samples collected from patients before phage therapy application, no presence of "wild phages" was confirmed. Examination performed on the 10th day of phage therapy revealed the presence of bacteriophages in 47 of 56 blood samples tested; positive result of examination was obtained in 9 cases of 26 urine samples. [TOP OF PAGE]

  107. BACTERIOPHAGES ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIRESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS IN AUSTRALIA. WILKINSON, D.M., ANDREWS, S., STEWART, P.R. (1987). J. Med. Microbiol. 23:119-126. Bacteriophages associated with multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus in Australia.Nineteen multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus from Australian hospitals were examined for lysogenic bacteriophage. Thirteen strains contained prophage inducible with mitomycin C. Three of these lysed completely on induction producing a phage referred to as type 1; this phage plated on S. aureus propagating strains 6, 53 and 77, which are hosts for phages of serogroup-lysogroup A III, B III and F III respectively. Type-1 phage did not plate on other propagating strains representative of the other serogroup-lysogroup combinations in the International Typing Set for S. aureus. Ten strains of S. aureus lysed incompletely when treated with mitomycin C, yielding phage type 2, that plated only on propagating strain 6. The virions of phage types 1 and 2 had isometric heads and flexible tails, and the genome consisted of c. 40 kilobases of double stranded DNA. The DNA from the two phage types was different, as shown by endonuclease digestion and by hybridisation to reference phage DNAs. The remaining six S. aureus strains contained no phage inducible with either mitomycin C or ultraviolet irradiation. However, all contained type 2 DNA, as shown by Southern blotting, present presumably in a defective prophage state. Moreover, the three strains yielding type-1 phage on induction also contained type-2 DNA. Thus, type-2 DNA was found in all 19 strains of multiresistant S. aureus from geographically diverse Australian hospitals. [TOP OF PAGE]

  108. Ecology of soil bacteriophages. Williams, S.T., Mortimer, A.M., Manchester, L. (1987). pp. 157-179. In In Goyal, S.M., Gerba, C.P., and Bitton, G. (eds.), Phage Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  109. Biological properties of the bacteriophage Phi ET-1 which infect Edwardsiella tarda. Wu, J.L., Chao, W.J., Liu, K.C. (1987). In Kou, K.S., Wu, J.L., Hsu, Y.L., Chen, S.N., Tung, M.C., Liao, I.C., and Chung, H.Y. (eds.), THE MEMOIR OF VIROLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY IN FISH DISEASE. 3. Taipei. The specific biological properties of bacteriophage Phi ET-1, indicate that it can be used as a biological control agent for the prophylaxis of fish edwardsiellosis during the season of temperature fluctuation. [TOP OF PAGE]

  110. The epizootic of milkfish vibriosis and its biological control by bacteriophage AS10. Wu, J.L., Chao, W.J. (1987). In Kou, K.S., Wu, J.L., Hsu, Y.L., Chen, S.N., Tung, M.C., Liao, I.C., and Chung, H.Y. (eds.), THE MEMOIR OF VIROLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY IN FISH DISEASE. 3. Taipei. The bacteriophage which infect and lyse Vibrio anguillarum , the pathogen of milkfish vibriosis, was isolated from the overwintering ponds and was named AS10. AS10 had wide spectrum of host range by showing 100% of the virulence in 18 strains of V. anguillarum isolated from the Taiwan area. The optimal stable salinity range of AS10 is 15-45%. By exposing to ultraviolet irradiation, the loss of AS10 infectivity is linearly correlated with U.V. fluence. The pathogenicity of V. anguillarum was almost completely eliminated after 4 h. by AS10 infection at an M. O. I.-1. In the field trial, it is proved that the vibriosis can be inhibited by AS10 application in milkfish overwintering ponds. [TOP OF PAGE]

  111. Isolation and application of a new bacteriophage, Phi ET-1, which infect Edwardsiella tarda , the pathogen of edwardsiellosis. Wu, J.L., Chao, W.J. (1987). In Kou, K.S., Wu, J.L., Hsu, Y.L., Chen, S.N., Tung, M.C., Liao, I.C., and Chung, H.Y. (eds.), THE MEMOIR OF VIROLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY IN FISH DISEASE. 3. Taipei. The first bacteriophage which infect and lyse Edwardsiella tarda , the pathogen of fish edwardsiellosis, was isolated from one of 350 screened water samples and named Phi ET-1. Phi ET-1 had wide spectrum of host range by showing 92.6% virulence in 27 strains of E. tarda . Phi ET-1 had strong killing power for E. tarda by its quick lysis ability. The viable E. tarda could be reduced to less than 0.1% of the starting concentration by Phi ET-1 infection at an M.O.I. = 0.08 in 8 hours. In the meantime, Phi ET-1 phage were under active multiplication of infective viral particles. Immersion of loaches Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in E. tarda suspension rather than injection was chosen for the assessment of biological control measure of Phi ET-1. [TOP OF PAGE]

  112. H2, a temperate bacteriophage isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H. Zahler, S.A., Korman, R.Z., Thomas, C., Fink, P.S., Weiner, M.P., Odebralski, J.M. (1987). Journal of General Microbiology 133 ( Pt 10):2937-2944. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H is lysogenic for a large temperate phage we call H2. H2 has a polyhedral head 85 nm in diameter and a tail of about 17 x 434 nm. H2 lysogenizes Bacillus subtilis between the tyrA and metB genes, and gives specialized transduction of metB and, at lower frequencies, of ilvD and ilvA. The phage carries a thymidylate synthase gene and converts thymine auxotrophs of B. subtilis to prototrophy. The H2 genome is a linear DNA molecule about 129 kb in length. DNA extracted from phage particles grown in B. subtilis is not cut by the restriction endonucleases HaeIII, Fnu4HI, Bsp1286I, and BamHI; the latter enzyme is produced by B. amyloliquefaciens strain H. The prophage in lysogenic B. subtilis cells can be cut by these enzymes. We have isolated H2 mutants that carry the transposon Tn917, or a mutation resulting in clear-plaque morphology, or both. [TOP OF PAGE]

  113. Partition of lactic streptococcal bacteriophage during the ultrafiltration concentration of milk and whey. Zottola, E.A., Cogan, T.M., Kelley, J. (1987). Journal of Dairy Science 70:2013-2021. Milk and whey inoculated with lactic streptococcal bacteriophages 316, or 322, or both were concentrated by UF using a DDS Mini-Lab 20. The plate and frame unit was fitted with Type GR61PP polysulfone membrane with a 20,000 molecular weight cutoff. The unit was operated at an inlet pressure of .40 MPa and an outlet pressure of .23 MPa with an initial flux of 2.0 to 3.0 L/h. Samples of retentate, permeate, and membrane were analyzed for the presence of bacteriophages. Under the conditions established in this study, phage particles did not pass through the membrane but instead became trapped in the polarization concentration layer or in the membrane. Phages were recovered from the membrane by extraction in sterile buffered water with the Stomacher. The UF concentration of milk containing the host species of Streptococcus cremoris resulted in phage propagation and lysis of the host but did not result in the passage of phages through the membrane. The UF processing of milk or whey should produce a phage-free permeate. [TOP OF PAGE]

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