Bacteriophage Ecology Group
Reference Abstracts (1983)
Dedicated to the ecology and evolutionary biology of the parasites of unicellular organisms (UOPs)
© Stephen T. Abedon
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© Phage et al. last updated on Wednesday, December 26, 2001
  1. Lambda II. Anonymous (1983). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.[TOP OF PAGE]

  2. Sewage coliphages studied by electron microscopy. Ackermann, H.-W., Nguyen, T.M. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1049-1059. Sewage was enriched with 35 Escherichia coli strains, and sediments of enrichment cultures were studied in the electron microscope. They contained up to 10 varieties of morphologically different particles. T-even-type phages predominated in 14 samples. Thirteen phages were enriched, representing the families Myoviridae (seven), Styloviridae (two), Podoviridae (three), and Microviridae (one). Twelve of these corresponded to known enterobacterial phage species, namely, 121, K19, FC3-9, O1, 9266, T2, 16-19, kappa, beta 4, N4, T7, and phi X174. Cubic RNA phages and filamentous phages were not detected. Types 121 and 9266 have previously been observed only in Romania and South Africa. Identification by morphology is usually simple. Our investigative technique is qualitative and will not detect all phages present. Most enrichment strains are polyvalent, and electron microscopy is always required for phage identification. In a general way, electron microscopy seems to be the method of choice for investigation of phage geography and ecology. [TOP OF PAGE]

  3. Current problems in bacterial virus taxonomy. Ackermann, H.-W. (1983). pp. 105-121. In In Matthews, R.E.F. (ed.), A Critical Appraisal of Viral Taxonomy. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. [TOP OF PAGE]

  4. Effect of cadmium on the infection of Lactobacillus lactis by bacteriophage LL-H. Alatossava, T., Juvonen, T., Huhtinen, R.L. (1983). J. Gen. Virol. 64 (Pt 7):1623-1627. The infectivity of Lactobacillus lactis bacteriophage LL-H was shown to be calcium-dependent. Of 10 different divalent cations screened, cadmium specifically decreased the infectivity of LL-H in the presence of calcium. At 1 to 2 mM, CdCl2 resulted in a decrease of the burst size of about 2.5- to 4-fold. Cd2+ was shown to reduce specifically the level of total phage DNA synthesis, resulting in a reduced progeny phage yield. Moreover, Cd2+ had the most profound irreversible effect on progeny phage production between 20 and 60 min after LL-H infection. This paralleled the beginning of phage DNA synthesis. Possible modes of action of Cd2+ on phage DNA replication are discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  5. Metabolic aspects of cyanophage AS-1 replication and reproduction in cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans. Amla, D.V., Saxena, P.N. (1983). Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. Bpp. 178:225-236. The intracellular stages of the cyanophage AS-1 replication cycle were investigated under conditions that impair the metabolic functions of the host, A. nidulans . The reproductive cycle of the cyanophage consists of an eclipse period (3.5 h), latent period (7 h) and finally lysis of cells after 14 h with the release of 100-120 PFU/infected cell. Viral multiplication was inhibited in dark. Withdrawal of light before the eclipse period or incubation of the infected cells in the dark for 6 h followed by illumination, decreased the final yield of virus and prolonged the reproductive cycle. The inhibitor of Photosystem II, DCMU, prolonged the latent period and reduced the burst-size to 50-60% of the control. Inhibitor of electron transport, CCCP, abolished the viral growth completely. Treatment of infected cells with chloramphenicol up to 4 h during the latent period completely abolished the phage growth. These results demonstrated the dependent virulent nature of the cyanophage AS-1. [TOP OF PAGE]

  6. Phage therapy. Anonymous (1983). Lancet 2(8362):1287-1288. [TOP OF PAGE]

  7. Sensitivity of coliphage T1 to nickel in fresh and salt waters. Babich, H., Schiffenbauer, M., Stotzky, G. (1983). Current Microbiology [CURR. MICROBIOL. ] 8:101-105. Coliphage T1 was more sensitive than its host bacterium, Escherichia coli B, to nickel (Ni). A 5-exposure to 100 ppm Ni in nutrient broth did not adversely affect T1, whereas 10 and 20 ppm Ni extended the lag phase of growth of E. coli B, and no growth occurred with 40 or more ppm Ni. 5 ppm Ni enhanced the survival (after 4 wk) of T1 in sea or simulated estuarine water but was toxic (i.e., reduced viral infectivity) in lake water; 50 ppm Ni was not toxic to T1 in sea water, was moderately toxic in estuarine water, but was highly toxic in lake water; and 100 ppm Ni was toxic in all systems, with the sequence of loss in viral infectivity being lake > estuarine > sea water. 100 ppm Ni was not toxic to T1 in nutrient broth, even after 3 wk of exposure, probably because of the protective effect of the organic compounds in the broth. [TOP OF PAGE]

  8. Random Walks in Biology. Berg, H.C. (1983). Princeton Unversity Press, Princeton.[no abstract]. [TOP OF PAGE]

  9. Survival of pathogenic and indicator organisms in ground water. Bitton, G., Butner, J., Chou, Y.J., Farrah, S.R., Ruskin, R.H. (1983). Ground Water 21:405-410. [TOP OF PAGE]

  10. Parasites at the origin of life. Bremermann, H.-J. (1983). Journal of Mathematical Biology 16:165-180. This paper is concerned with parasitic virus-like particles and their hosts. It is proposed that parasitism must have occurred at an early stage of evolution, soon after the first self-reproducing systems had formed. When chemical building blocks for self-reproducing systems became scarce, current theories envision that some self-reproducing systems evolved the capability to synthesize materials for self-replicatino from chemical precursors in the environment. It is proposed that at about the same time parasitic systems (phages) arose that replicated at the expense of host systems by diverting host materials to the replication of their own genomes. ¶ With the aid of a mathematical model we demonstrate that host and phages can coexist in a stable equlibrium, depending upon the carrying capacity of the environment. If the latter falls below a threshold, then the parasites die out. ¶ A parasite that has the capability to integrate into the host genome is replicated along with it and thus escapes extinction during periods of population bottlenecks of the host population. ¶ The presence of phages creates evolutionary pressures favoring host defences against them. Thus, modern bacteria are able to degrade most invading DNA (through restriction enzymes). Defence capabilities require a share of the genome, thus adding to the genetic complexity of organisms. [TOP OF PAGE]

  11. A game-theoretical model of parasite virulence. Bremermann, H.J., Pickering, J. (1983). J. Theor. Biol. 100:411-426. [TOP OF PAGE]

  12. Current problems in fungal virus taxonomy. Buck, K.W. (1983). p. 139-??? In Matthews, R.E.F. (ed.), A Critical Appraisal of Viral Taxonomy. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. [TOP OF PAGE]

  13. Evolution of the lambdoid phages. Campbell, A., Botstein, D. (1983). pp. 365-380. In In Hendrix, R.W., Roberts, J.W., Stahl, F.W., and Weisberg, R.A. (eds.), Lambda II. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. [TOP OF PAGE]

  14. AEROSOL RELEASE OF CYANO PHAGES AND COLIFORMS FROM ACTIVATED SLUDGE BASINS. Cannon, R.E. (1983). Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 55:1070-1074. Aerosol release of cyanophages and coliforms from activated sludge basins.Aerosol release of cyanophages and coliforms from activated sludge basins at 2 wastewater treatment plants in Greensboro, North Carolina [USA] was studied. One uses diffused aeration in the treatment process and the other, mechanical aerators. Detection methods consisted of mechanical air samplers and stationary sampling sites using petri dishes open to the air for varying times. Samples were taken weekly for 1 yr to ensure that virus dispersal was studied under a variety of weather conditions. There were considerably more aerosols when aeration was mechanical instead of diffused. Wind direction seemed to be an important environmental factor in the spread of viruses and coliforms from the basins. Cyanophages, which were found more readily than coliforms throughout the year, may serve as effective indicators for aerosol wastewater contamination. [TOP OF PAGE]

  15. Characteristics of Escherichia coli grown in bay waters as compared with rich medium. Chai, T.-J. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1316-1323. [TOP OF PAGE]

  16. Construction of the systems for the study of transducing ability of therapeutic and prophylactic dysenteric phages. Chanishvili, N., Ilina, T. (1983). pp. 64-78. In AnonymousBacterio-phages - Theoretical and Practical Issues. Moscow. [TOP OF PAGE]

  17. USE OF AN OIL MIXTURE OF POLY STEROL LATEX TO OBTAIN ANTI SERA AGAINST BACTERIO PHAGES OF VARYING IMMUNOGENICITY. Chanishvili, T.G., Gachechiladze, K.K., CHOLOKASHVILI, N.A., BALARDZHISHVILI, N.S., BURBUTASHVILI, T.A., KRYUGER, D., ROZENTAL', K.H. (1983). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR Seriya Biologicheskaya 9:162-167. Use of an oil mixture of polysterol latex to obtain antisera against bacteriophages of varying immunogenicity.In order to obtain phage antisera with a high activity as an adjuvant, synthetic polysterol latex was used together with an oil mixture. This new adjuvant was shown to increase the antibody production, and to prolong the time of antibody synthesis and stable titer phase. Comparison with Freunds complete adjuvant with the oil mixture of polysterol latex used in the present study concludes that both adjuvants exert the same stimulating effect on antibody production. [TOP OF PAGE]

  18. Isolation and partial characterization of two Aeromonas hydrophila bacteriophages. Chow, M.S., Rouf, M.A. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1670-1676. [TOP OF PAGE]

  19. Bacteriophage M: an incompatibility group M plasmid-specific phage. Coetzee, J.N., Bradley, D.E., Hedges, R.W., Fleming, J., Lecatsas, G. (1983). Journal of General Microbiology 129 (Pt 7):2271-2276. Phage M was specific for bacterial strains, of various genera, harbouring plasmids of the M incompatibility group. It formed turbid plaques which varied from pin point to more than 2 mm in diameter on all hosts where plaques were detected. The phage had an hexagonal outline with a diameter of 27 nm. It contained RNA but differed from other plasmid-dependent RNA phages in being sensitive to chloroform. It adsorbed along the length of shafts of M pili. [TOP OF PAGE]

  20. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHAGES USEFUL FOR IDENTIFYING PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE PATHOVAR TOMATO. Cuppels, D.A. (1983). Phytopathology 73:1376-1381. Isolation and characterization of phages useful for identifying Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato.Sixteen phages were isolated from tomato field soil and plant debris with 6 P. syringae pv. [pathovar] tomato strains as the propagating hosts. Strains (55) of P. syringae pv. tomato and 51 strains from other pathovars of P. syringae were tested for lytic responses to these phages. Phage sensitivity patterns did not change with the time or after passage through tomato plants. Four of the phages, PT1, PT18, PT20 and PT32, had a high degree of specificity for P. syringae pv. tomato. PT32, for example, lysed 90% of the virulent P. syringae pv. tomato strains tested, but < 4% of the strains from other pathovars of P. syringae. None of the isolates of P. syringae pv. syringae from tomato and less than half of the avirulent strains of P. syringae pv. tomato tested were lysed by these phages. Phages PT1 and PT18, which have isometric heads and long, striated, noncontractile tails, were members of morphological group B1. Phages PT20 and PT32, which have isometric heads and short, noncontractile tails, were members of morphological group C1. When used in combination with selected physiological characters [D(.sbd.) tartrate, erythritol and DL-lactate utilization and polypectate degradation], phage sensitivity patterns clearly distinguished virulent strains of P. syringae pv. tomato from the other pathovars of P. syringae that were tested. [TOP OF PAGE]

  21. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NEW DONOR SPECIFIC BACTERIO PHAGE. DARSAVELIDZE, M.A., KAPANADZE, Z.H.S., Chanishvili, T.G. (1983). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR Seriya Biologicheskaya 9:120-125. Biological characterization of the new donor-specific bacteriophage.The biological properties of bacteriophage Ri-3, isolated from sewage in 1981, were investigated. On the basis of the phage activity in the cell lines F+ and Hfr of Escherichia coli strain K12, the characteristics of negative colonies, the ultrastructure of virion and its sizes, the adsorption to the host cell pilus, the latent period and the amount of the harvest from 1 infected cell, the clone, is attributed to small spherical bacteriophages (RNA phages). [TOP OF PAGE]

  22. Cyanophage: Histroy and likelihood as a control. Desjardins, P.R. (1983). p. 242-??? AnonymousLake Restoration, Protection, and Management. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. [TOP OF PAGE]

  23. Viral Control of Nuisance Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae). II. Cyanophage Strains, Stability on Phages and Hosts, and Effects of Environmental Factors on Phage-Host Interactions. Desjardins, P.R., Olson, G.B. (1983). California Water Resourse Center, University of California, Davis, CA.[TOP OF PAGE]

  24. New viruses of eukaryotic algae and protozoa. Dodds, J.A. (1983). pp. 177-188. In In Mathews, R.E.F. (ed.), A Critical Appraisal of Viral Taxonomy. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. [TOP OF PAGE]

  25. Bacteriophage concentration from water by filter chromatography. Farber, F.E., Gradwohl, S.E., Sanford, P.B., Tobin, M.J., Lee, K.J., Gerba, C.P. (1983). J. Virol. Methods 7:297-304. [TOP OF PAGE]

  26. Bacteriophages as Indicators of Human Enteric Viruses in Activated Sludge Waterwater Treatment. Funderburg, S.W., Sorber, C.A. (1983). Center for Research in Water Resources, U. of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.The use of indigenous bacteriophage as indicators of human enteric viruses (HEV) during activated sludge treatment of domesticated wastewater was examined. Enteric viruses, bacteriophages attaching [SIC?] one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and three strains of Escherichia coli and a number of wastewater parameters were monitored in the primary effluent, secondary effluent, and secondary sludge of the Walnut Creek Wastewater Treatment plant (Austin, Texas) during June, 1982. Concentrations of coliphage, Pseudomonas phage and HEV in primary effluent averaged approximately 106, 105 and 101 plaque forming units per liter, respectively. There was over 90 percent removal of all of these influent viruses between the primary and secondary effluents. Removal of viruses during secondary treatment appeared to be the result of rapid adsorption of influent virions to mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). Adsorption was followed by inactivation of the viruses during aeration of the mixed liquor. A larger proportion of influent enteric viruses than bacteriophage was recovered from the secondary sludge. This suggests that activated sludge treatment was less antagonistic towards EEV than towards the bacterial viruses. Coliphage plaques of less than or equal to 1mm in diameter were composed of large viruses (approximately 100 &#181 in diameter). Plaques greater than 3mm in diameter appeared to be the result of host infection by a much smaller virus (approximately 45 &#181 in diameter). Plaques between 1 and 3mm in diameter were compsed of both small and large coliphage. In the primary effluent only the concentration of Pseudomonas phage could be signficantly correlated with human enteric virus levels. However, this result was probably spurious as P. aeruginosa is a ubiquitous species in the environment, and only a small portion of the wastewater concentration of the [SIC] this bacteria would be of sewage origin. In the secondary effluent, neither Pseudomonas phage nor total coliphage could be correlated with HEV concentrations. However, it was found that coliphage giving rise to plaques greater than 3mm in diameter were positively related with HEV in the secondary effluent. This result suggests that only this group of coliphage may serve as an indicator of the efficacy of activated sludge treatment of enteric viruses. [TOP OF PAGE]

  27. Bacteriophage distribution in human faeces: Continuous survey of healthy subjects and patients with internal and leukaemic diseases. Furuse, K., Osawa, S., Kawashiro, J., Tanaka, R., Ozawa, A., Sawamura, S., Yanagawa, Y., Nagao, T., Watanabe, I. (1983). J. Gen. Virol. 64:2039-2043. In order to elucidate the ecological role of bacteriophages in the human intestine, we analyzed the numbers of coliphages and of coliphage strains present in faecal samples collected from healthy individuals and from patients with certain intestinal diseases. The isolated phages were grouped according to their serological properties. The samples with low pahge titres, observed in both healthy subjects and patients, contained mainly temperate phages (many were related to phi-80 and lambda), and those with higher titres, observed in patients, contained virulent phages. From successived surveys of coliphages and their host, Escherichia coli, in faecal samples of each subject, it was concluded that temperate phages are maintained in the human intestine through spontaneous induction of lysogenic bacteria. Qualitative and quantitative differences existed between phages isolated from faecal samples from healthy subjects and from patients. Simultaneous changes in the distribution patterns of coliphages and of the clinical symptoms were observed in a continuous survey of a leukaemic patient in a protective environmental ward. [TOP OF PAGE]

  28. Distribution of RNA coliphages in Senegal, Ghana, and Madagascar. Furuse, K., Sakurai, T., Inokuchi, Y., Inoko, H., Ando, A., Watanabe, I. (1983). Microbiology and Immunology 27:347-358. [TOP OF PAGE]

  29. Reduced set of phages for typing salmonellae. Gershman, M., Markowsky, G. (1983). Journal of Clinical Microbiology 17:240-244. [TOP OF PAGE]

  30. RELATION BETWEEN WALL TEICHOIC-ACID CONTENT OF BACILLUS-SUBTILIS AND EFFICIENCY OF ADSORPTION OF BACTERIO PHAGE SP-50 AND BACTERIO PHAGE PHI-25. GIVAN, A.L., GLASSEY, K., GREEN, R.S., LANG, W.K., ANDERSON, A.J., ARCHIBALD, A.R. (1983). Archives of Microbiology 133:318-322. Relation between wall teichoic acid content of Bacillus subtilis and efficiency of adsorption of bacteriophage SP50 and bacteriophage .vphi. 25.Efficient adsorption of bacteriophages SP50 and .PHI.25 occurred only to bacilli that contained wall teichoic acid; neither phage bound to phosphate-limited bacilli that contained teichuronic acid instead of teichoic acid. Though both phages required the presence of teichoic acid, their receptors are not identical. Efficient binding of phage .PHI.25 required the presence of greater proportions of teichoic acid in the wall and the receptorfor this phage was destroyed when bacteria or isolated walls were heated at pH 4; the ability of these samples to bind phage SP50 was unaffected by such treatment. Efficient binding of phage SP50 was not highly dependent on the presence of glucosyl substituents on the teichoic acid. Such substituents were required for phage .PHI.25 binding, though their anomeric configuration appeared to be unimportant since the phages bound well to strains W23 and 168, the wall teichoic acids of which carry glucosyl substituents of opposite anomeric configuration. The differences in the nature of the receptors may be of value in the use of the phages as probes for the location and distribution of teichoic acid in the wall. [TOP OF PAGE]

  31. KINETICS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BACTERIO PHAGES T-2 AND MS-2 AND MONTMORILLONITE. GLOBA, L., I, NIKOVSKAYA, G.N., ROTMISTROV, M.N. (1983). Doklady Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR Seriya B Geologicheskie Khimicheskie i Biologicheskie Nauki 52-54. Kinetics of the interaction between bacteriophages T2 and MS2 and montmorillonite.Sorption of phages T2 and MS2 by natural Cherkassy montmorillonite was studied depending on the time of stirring. Phage T2 is absorbed by montmorillonite more rapidly and more effectively than the smaller phage MS2. A considerable part both of large and small virus is adsorbed by the mineral during the first minutes of the interaction. The time necessary for reaching the sorption equilibrium in the virus-montmorillonite system depends on properties of the disperse medium, virus sizes and initial concentration and under optimal conditions (stirring in an acid medium with multivalent cations available) is not more than 30 min. Results of the studies may be used in virology, immunology and biotechnology for improving processes of virus extraction from disperse media. [TOP OF PAGE]

  32. Some properties of mycoplasma virus Br 1. Gourlay, R.N., Wyld, S.G., Garwes, D.J. (1983). Archives of Virology 75:1-15. Morphologically mycoplasma virus Br 1 is a typical contractile-tailed bacteriophage with a head 77 nm in diameter and a tail 104 nm long. Its type of nucleic acid was not determined. Br 1 was closely associated with its host cell and assays reflected infectious centres. During growth of Br 1 in mycoplasma cultures at multiplicities of infection (MOI) greater than 0.001, there was a lag period: this was up to 23 hours at an MOI of 35. The mean generation time of a mycoplasma culture infected at MOI up to 235 was 2 hours, compared with 1 hour for an uninfected culture. However in these infected cultures there were viable mycoplasmas all of which appeared to be fully susceptible to Br 1 infection and did not seem to be carrying the virus. Br 1 formed plaques on M. bovirhinis but failed to produce plaques on strains of 8 Mycoplasma, 2 Acholeplasma and 4 bacterial species. [TOP OF PAGE]

  33. Indicators of viruses. Goyal, S.M. (1983). pp. 211-230. In In Berg, G. (ed.), Viral Pollution of the Environment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. [TOP OF PAGE]

  34. Inactivation of hepatitis A virus and indicator organisms in water by free chlorine residuals. Grabow, W.O., Gauss-Muller, V., Prozesky, O.W., Deinhardt, F. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:619-624. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and selected indicator organisms were mixed together in chlorine-demand-free buffers at pH 6, 8, or 10 and exposed to free chlorine residuals, and the survival kinetics of individual organisms were compared. HAV was enumerated by a most-probable-number dilution assay, using PLC/PRF/5 liver cells for propagation of the virus and radioimmunoassay for its detection. At all pH levels, HAV was more sensitive than Mycobacterium fortuitum, coliphage V1 (representing a type of phage common in some sewage-polluted waters), and poliovirus type 2. Under certain conditions, HAV was more resistant than Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, coliphage MS2, and reovirus type 3. It was always more resistant than SA-11 rotavirus. Evidence is presented that conditions generally specified for the chlorine disinfection of drinking-water supplies will also successfully inactivate HAV and that HAV inactivation by free chlorine residuals can reliably be monitored by practical indicator systems consisting of appropriate combinations of suitable indicators such as coliform and acid-fast bacteria, coliphages, the standard plate count, and fecal streptococci. [TOP OF PAGE]

  35. Psychrotropic Brochothrix thermosphacta bacteriophages isolated from beef. Greer, G.G. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:245-251. [TOP OF PAGE]

  36. PSYCHROTROPHIC BACTERIO PHAGES FOR BEEF SPOILAGE PSEUDOMONADS. Greer, G.G. (1983). Journal of Food Protection 45:1318-1325. Psychrotrophic bacteriophages for beef spoilage pseudomonads.A total of 40 beef spoilage pseudomonads was used as bacterial hosts for the isolation of psychrotrophic bacteriophages (phages) from spoiled rib steaks. Thirty-eight homologous phages, lytic for 25 of these hosts, were isolated and purified. An additional 12 bacterial isolates were susceptible to heterologous phage lysis and only 3 of the bacteria examined were resistant to lysis by any of the phage tested. On the basis of heterologous cross-sensitivity to phages, the meat-borne Pseudomonas strains and 4 identified ATCC Pseudomonas hosts were differentiated into 37 distinct phage lysotypes. Pseudomonas phages inhibit bacterial growth in tryptic soy broth by significantly extending the lag phase under psychrotrophic conditions (7.degree. C). The incubation of bacteria with phages resulted in the selection of phage resistant bacterial mutants. [TOP OF PAGE]

  37. Cyanophages. Gromov, B.V. (1983). Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur) 134B:43-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  38. Factors affecting the enumeration of coliphages in sewage and sewage-polluted waters. Havelaar, A.H., Hogeboom, W.M. (1983). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. 49:387-397. [TOP OF PAGE]

  39. Bacteriophage in the Ixodes dammini spirochete, etiological agent of Lyme disease. Hayes, S.F., Burgdorfer, W., Barbour, A.G. (1983). J. Bacteriol. 154:1436-1439. [TOP OF PAGE]

  40. Temperate bacteriophages of Selenomonas ruminantium and a Fusobacterium sp. isolated from the ovine rumen. Hazlewood, G.P., Munn, E.A., Orpin, C.G. (1983). p. 76-??? AnonymousProceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for Microbiology. Winnipeg. [TOP OF PAGE]

  41. Effect of incubation temperature and mineral environment on the propagation of marine bacteriophages (Kaiyo bacteriophages no zoshoku ni oyobosu baiyo ondo to baichichu mukien no eikyo). Hidaka, T. (1983). Mem. Fac. Fish. Kagoshima Univ. /Kagoshima-Dai Suisangakubu Kiyo. 32:133-146. The effects of culture conditions, temperature and mineral composition, on the propagation of five bacteriophage systems isolated from sea water were investigated. For the test a one-step growth experiment method was used. One cycle of phage propagation was observed, i. e. adsorption, multiplication, and burst, and the results were as follows: The host bacteria grew within the temperature range of 17 degree to 35 degree C with optimum at 32 degree C, but the phages propagated only between 25 degree and 28 degree C with optimum at 25 degree C. The host bacteria showed different behaviour regarding the mineral requirement for growth. Two of them required media supplemented by 3% NaCl for growth, and the other three required K-, Mg-, and Ca-salt as well as NaCl. All of the tested phages propagated only in the same mineral conditions as sea water. These results demonstrate that temperature and mineral conditions for the phage propagation in the host cell are more restrictive than those for the growth of the host bacterium alone. The properties of the tested phages, psychrophilic and specific mineral requirements for propagation, defined them as marine phages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  42. Co-evolution of a filamentous bacteriophage and its defective interfering particles. Horiuchi, K. (1983). J. Mol. Biol. 169:389-407. Serial passage of bacteriophage f1 at high multiplicities of infection results in the appearance of defective deletion mutants (miniphage) that harbor a tandem reiteration of regions of the f1 genome near the origin of DNA replication. These miniphage interfere with the growth of wild-type f1, and cause a sharp decrease of the viable phage titer. Upon further passage, however, the titer increases again. Viable phage variants (maxiphage) appear which harbor the same tandem reiteration of DNA as the miniphage. The maxiphage are more resistant than the wild type to interference by the miniphage. In the absence of miniphage the maxiphage grow at the same rate as the wild type. The structure of the DNA reiteration gradually changes during further passage. Miniphage and maxiphage follow, in parallel, a similar course of changes in the pattern of reiteration. In miniphage the reiterations change while the deletions are conserved. Serial passage of maxiphage quickly yields miniphage, which harbor a reiteration identical to that of the parental maxiphage. Both reiteration and deletion are relevant to the mechanism of interference by miniphage. Thus serial passage of the filamentous phage affords an experimental system to study evolution of a DNA genome in test tubes. Possible mechanisms of the interference by miniphage are discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  43. BACTERIO PHAGES MORE ACTIVE AGAINST CHEDDAR CHEESE STARTERS IN UNHEATED MILK. Hull, R.R., Brooke, A.R. (1983). Australian Journal of Dairy Technology 37:143-146. Bacteriophages more active against cheddar cheese starters in unheated milk.Some phages isolated from Cheddar cheese factories multiplied more rapidly on starter cultures in raw milk than in heat treated milk. Phage titers were reduced 102-103-fold depending on the severity of the heat treatment. Three such phages showed highest multiplication rates at temperatures of .apprx. 35.degree. C. These findings have significance for methods of detecting disturbing phage and also for methods of selecting phage-resistant starter cultures. [TOP OF PAGE]

  44. Biological properties of a plaque-inducing agent obtained from Acholeplasma oculi. Ichimaru, H., Nakamura, M. (1983). YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 56:761-763. A plaque-forming agent arose spontaneously during cloning of Acholeplasma oculi 19L. The agent produced plaques on A. oculi 19L and A. oculi-i, but not on A. laidlawii, A. modicum, or wild isolates of A. oculi. The agent required horse serum for plaque formation as well as for adsorption to the indicator lawn; however, it was extremely sensitive to an inhibitor in some horse sera. The agent retained infectivity after passage through a 50 nm filter and was heat-, Nonidet P-40-, and chloroform-labile, but relatively ether-stable. It was not determined whether the agent is a virus or a bacteriocin-like substance. [TOP OF PAGE]

  45. A simplified method for coliphage detection in natural waters. Isbister, J.D., Simmons, J.A., Scott, W.M., Kitchens, J.F. (1983). Acta Microbiol. 32:197-206. [TOP OF PAGE]

  46. Isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage factor that confers competence for genetic transformation to an exfoliative toxin-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Jackson, M.P., DeSena, J., Lednicky, J., McPherson, B., Haile, R., Garrison, R.G., Rogolsky, M. (1983). Infect. Immun. 39:939-947. Competence for genetic transformation in an exfoliative toxin-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus was shown to be dependent on a virion factor that was isolated from a crude bacteriophage 80 alpha lysate. This competence-conferring factor was completely separated from infectious virus particles after either centrifugation through a neutral sucrose velocity gradient or fractionation on a Sepharose 2B gel. Since the competence-conferring factor tends to aggregate, optimal separation was obtained after treatment of the phage factor with the detergent Nonidet P-40. The competence-conferring factor had a molecular weight between 3 X 10(6) and 20 X 10(6) and an approximate sedimentation coefficient of 252. The factor was neutralized after interaction with antiserum prepared against isolated infectious 80 alpha virions. Electron microscopy of transforming cells that were exposed to isolated competence-conferring factor revealed a significant number of abnormally long and aggregated phage tail-like structures attached to the surface of recipient cells. This phenomenon was only observed in the presence of donor DNA, indicating that a phage tail-DNA-surface receptor complex might be one of the early steps in DNA-mediated transformation of S. aureus. [TOP OF PAGE]

  47. TTV!, TTV2 and TTV3, a family of viruses of the extremely thermophilic, anaerobic, sulfur reducing archaebacterium, Thermoproteus tenax. Janekovic, D., Wunderl, S., Holz, I., Zillig, W., Gierl, A., Neumann, H. (1983). Mol. Gen. Genet. 192:39-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  48. EFFECT OF INFECTION WITH FILAMENTOUS PHAGE XF ON THE GROWTH ULTRASTRUCTURE AND VIRULENCE OF XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS-VAR-ORYZAE N-5850. Kamiunten, H., WAKIMOTO, S. (1983). Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 48:642-647. Effect of infection with filamentous phage Xf on the growth, ultrastructure and virulence of Xanthomonas campestris var. oryzae N5850.The growth of Xf-infected bacteria was considerably retarded at 30.degree. C as compared with that of uninfected bacteria. The Xf-infected bacteria, however, rapidly multiplied from 36 h after infection to almost the same level of concentration as reached by uninfected cells after 72 h of incubation. The infected bacteria could grow even at 35.degree. C to some extent, while uninfected bacteria could not. EM observation of the ultrathin sectioned Xf-infected bacteria grown at 30, 33.8 and 35.degree. C revealed that a number of vesicles exist on the cell surface. Some remarkable changes in the intracellular structures, i.e., lack of uniformity in distribution of both ribosomes and fibrils in nucleoid area were observed in the Xf-infected bacteria. Xf-infection caused the bacteria to produce a greater amount of extracellular polysaccharide and to increase virulence [rice]. [TOP OF PAGE]

  49. Frequencies of bacteriophage-resistant and slow acid-producing variants of Streptococcus cremoris. King, W.R., Collins, E.B., Barrett, E.L. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1481-1485. [TOP OF PAGE]

  50. Bacteriophage survival: multiple mechanisms for avoiding deoxyrigbonucleic acid restriction sytsems of their hosts. Kruger, D.H., Bickle, T.A. (1983). Microbiol. Rev. 47:345-360. [TOP OF PAGE]

  51. Bacteriophage survival: Multiple mechanisms for avoiding deoxyribonucleic acid restriction sytems of their hosts. Krüger, D.H., Bickle, T.A. (1983). Microbiol. Rev. 47:345-360. [TOP OF PAGE]

  52. Isolation and characterization of a new bacteriophage, KF1, immunologically cross-reactive with F-type pyocins. Kuroda, K., Kageyama, R., Kageyama, M. (1983). J. Biochem. 93:61-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  53. Biochemical relationship among three F-type pyocins, pyocin F1, F2, and F3, and phage KF1. Kuroda, K.K.R. (1983). J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 93:61-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  54. Coevolution in bacteria and their viruses and plasmids. Levin, B.R., Lenski, R.E. (1983). pp. 99-127. In In Futuyama, D.J. and Slatkin, M. (eds.), Coevolution. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts. [no abstract]. [TOP OF PAGE]

  55. Characterization of the genome of the Streptococcus lactis "subsp. discetylactis" bacteriophage P008 wide-spread in German cheese factories. Loof, M., Lembke, J., Teuber, M. (1983). System. Appl. Microbiol. 4:413-423. [TOP OF PAGE]

  56. UC-1, a new bacteriophage that uses the tonA polypeptide as its receptor. Lundrigan, M.D., Lancaster, J.H., Earhart, C.F. (1983). J. Virol. 45:700-707. We characterized UC-1, a previously undescribed Escherichia coli phage. UC-1 was observed to have an icosahedral head and a long, flexible, noncontractile tail: its genome consisted of linear double-stranded DNA having a molecular weight of 34 X 10(6). The product of the tonA gene served as at least part of the receptor for UC-1. E. coli tonA strains neither plated nor adsorbed UC-1 well, tonA mutants were selected on the basis of UC-1 resistance, and ferrichrome, a siderophore which utilizes TonA as its receptor, blocked infection. Restriction analyses, DNA-DNA hybridization experiments, and guanine-plus-cytosine determinations demonstrated that UC-1 DNA was unrelated to that of other phages (T1, T5, and phi 80) which employ TonA as a receptor. Also, mutants specifically resistant to UC-1 were isolated. UC-1 may be useful as a probe for investigating TonA, which functions as a receptor for more ligands than any other membrane protein. Study of the resistant mutants may improve our understanding of how phage DNA penetrates the cell envelope. [TOP OF PAGE]

  57. Alternative prey: a mechanism for elimination of bacterial species by protozoa. Mallory, L.M., Yuk, C.S., Liang, L.N., Alexander, M. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:1073-1079. Antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae died readily after their addition to raw sewage, but they grew in sterilized sewage. The decline was not a result of abiotic stresses, and because the bacteria were able to survive in large numbers for at least 15 days in solutions containing no organic nutrients, it was not a result of competition. Toxin production, bacteriophages, and Bdellovibrio sp. did not cause the disappearance of the two bacterial species. A decline was also evident if the sewage was first passed through a 3-micron (pore size) filter or treated with cycloheximide or cycloheximide plus nystatin, but protozoa developed under these conditions. Little or no decline occurred if the sewage was filtered and treated with the eucaryotic inhibitors before the addition of S. typhimurium or K. pneumoniae, and protozoa were not detected. S. typhimurium increased in abundance if cycloheximide, streptomycin, and erythromycin or large amounts of glucose were added to sewage. Tetrahymena thermophilus did not significantly reduce the population of S. typhimurium in buffer when the density of the bacterium was about 10(4)/ml. However, when more than 10(8) Enterobacter agglomerans cells per ml were added to the buffer, T. thermophilus reduced the abundance of E. agglomerans and S. typhimurium to 10(6) and 10/ml, respectively. The density of S. typhimurium was further decreased by a second increment of E. agglomerans cells. The disappearance of S. typhimurium and K. pneumoniae from sewage thus is the result of predation by protozoa. [TOP OF PAGE]

  58. Bacteriophage T4. Mathews, C.K., Kutter, E.M., Mosig, G., Berget, P.B. (1983). American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.[TOP OF PAGE]

  59. Parasite-host coevolution. May, R.M., Anderson, R.M. (1983). pp. 186-206. In In Futuyama, D.J., and Slatkin, M. (eds.), Coevolution. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts. [TOP OF PAGE]

  60. Epidemiology and genetics in the coevolution of parasites and hosts. May, R.M., Anderson, R.M. (1983). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 219:281-313. [TOP OF PAGE]

  61. SENSITIVITY TO BACTERIOPHAGES AND BACTERIOCINS AMONG EPIPHYTIC FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS. MESQUITA, M.M.F., SOUTO, M.M.L.A., MARTINS, J.M.S. (1983). Revista de Biologia (Lisbon) 12:529-538. Sensitivity to bacteriophages and bacteriocins among epiphytic fluorescent pseudomonads.The sensitivity to bacteriophages and bacteriocins, and bacteriocin production, were studied in a collection of fluorescent pseudomonads including a large number of strains of Pseudomonas syringae van Hall, and some cultures of P. viridiflava (Burkholder) Dowson and P. fluorescens (Migula) isolated from the leaf surfaces of cherry and apricot trees planted at Alcobaca (Portugal). Bacteriophages and bacteriocins, either individually or in groups, were not found to be specifically active against bacteria with the same characteristics or the same host species, but the frequency of occurrence of sensitivity was not equally distributed among the studied strains. The relevance of these observations is discussed in relation to the development of the disease induced by P. syringae on stone fruit trees. [TOP OF PAGE]

  62. [Comparative study of the chemical composition and properties of the capsule polysaccharides in M-, S- and R-variants of Mycobacterium lacticolum]. Mil'ko, E.S., Botvinko, I.V., Stepanova, R.A., Egorov, N.S. (1983). Mikrobiologiia 52:388-391. Polysaccharides from the capsules of Mycobacterium lacticolum M, S and R variants were comparatively studied for the first time. The polysaccharides from M and S cells contained galactose, glucose and mannose; however, the polysaccharides must be different since they vary in specific rotation. The capsule polysaccharide from R cells contained also arabinose. Its specific rotation differed considerably from those of M and S cells. The polysaccharides are involved in phage adsorption on mycobacterial cells, and the three variants show differences in this respect. The free exopolysaccharides of M, S and R variants are identical with the corresponding capsule exoglycans, and their proportions differ among the variants. [TOP OF PAGE]

  63. Microbial antifreeze: gene splicing takes to the field. Miller, J.A. (1983). Science News 124:132-132. [TOP OF PAGE]

  64. Lytic and inhibition responses to bacteriophages among marine bacteria, with special reference to the origin of pahge-host systems. Moebus, K. (1983). Helgol. Meeresunters. 36:375-391. [TOP OF PAGE]

  65. Taxonomic investigations of bacteriophage sensitive bacteria isolated from marine waters. Moebus, K., Nattkemper, H. (1983). Helgol. Meeresunters. 36:357-373. Based on 28 criteria the taxonomy of 366 phage sensitive bacterial strains isolated from marine waters (Atlantic between European continental shelf and Sargasso Sea, Bay of Biscay, North Sea near Helgoland) was investigated. Seventy-eight phage-intensity strains derived from the same Atlantic Ocean regions as the sensitive ones were tested for comparison. While in the latter considerable diversity was observed, the results obtained with the phage-sensitive bacteria are characterized by stupendous uniformity. 362 of the 366 strains are assigned to the family Vibrionaceae, some 280 of which belong to the genus Vibrio. [TOP OF PAGE]

  66. Altered colonizing ability for mouse large intestine of a surface mutant of a human faecal isolate of Escherichia coli. Myhal, M.L., Cohen, P.S., Laux, D.C. (1983). J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:1549-1558. Escherichia coli F-17 Sr, a human faecal isolate, is resistant to the T-series of bacteriophages (i.e. T2 to T7). A T2-sensitive mutant of E. coli F-17 S4 was isolated following acriflavin treatment. This mutant, E. coli F-17 Sr Ts was found to be sensitive to the entire T-series of phages. E. coli F-17 Sr and E. coli F-17 Sr Ts was devoid of O-side chains. This accounted for the sensitivity fo this strain to bacteriophages T3, T4, and T7. In addition, E. coli F-17 Sr Ts contained only about half the amount of capsular material contained by E. coli F-17 Sr accounting for the sensitivity of the mutant to bacteriophages T2, T5, and T6. Although the two strains colonized equally well when fed individually to streptomycin-treated mice, when fed simultaneously to streptomycin-treated mice, E. coli F-17 Sr Ts colonized at a level of about 1 x 108 cells (g faeces)-1, whereas E. coli F-17 Sr colonized at only 1 x 104 cells (g faeces)-1. These studies suggest that bacterial cell surface components modulate the large intestine colonizing ability of E. coli F-17 Sr in the mouse large intestine. [TOP OF PAGE]

  67. GENERALIZED TRANSDUCTION IN THE PHYTO PATHOGEN PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE. Nordeen, R.O., Currier, T.C. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1884-1889. Generalized transduction in the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae.Bacteriophages isolated from culture supernatants of P. syringae pathovar syringae and from sewage transferred various chromosomal genes to P. syringae PS224. Linkage between arginine and tryptophan loci was demonstrated. The number of transductants recovered per milliliter was not altered appreciably by UV irradiation of selected phage isolates. The presence of the IncP2 plasmid R38 in a P. syringae PS224 arginine auxotroph did not increase the transduction frequency as it does in P. aeruginosa. Increasing the multiplicity of infection of transducing phage Pssy15 from 1 to 10 resulted in up to a 10-fold increase in the number of transductants recovered, although the actual transductional frequency remained about the same. Treatment of transduction mixtures with DNase did not affect transductional frequency. [TOP OF PAGE]

  68. Isolation and partial characterisation of bacteriophages of the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Nordeen, R.O., Morgan, M.K., Currier, T.C. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1890-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  69. Phage taillike particles of Streptovercicillium albireticuli and Streptoverticilium netropsis. Ogata, S., Suenaga, H., Hayashida, S., Seino, A. (1983). J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 29:239-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  70. [Activity of the ciliate Onychodromus acuminatus against vaccinia virus added to the medium of the protozoan]. Perez-Prieto, S., Jareno, M.A., Garcia-Gancedo, A. (1983). MICROBIOLOGIA ESPANOLA 36:83-91. [TOP OF PAGE]

  71. Localization of emulsan-like polymers associated with the cell surface of acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Pines, O., Bayer, E.A., Gutnick, D.L. (1983). J. Bacteriol. 154:893-905. Various immunochemical techniques were employed to probe the relationship between the extracellular emulsifying agent (emulsan) and the cell-associated form of the polymer in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1. Using an emulsan-specific antibody preparation, immunocytochemical labeling revealed that an emulsan-like antigen is a major component of the 125-nm minicapsule which envelopes the exponential-phase cell of the parent strain. The marked reduction of this capsule in stationary-phase cells was correlated with the production of extracellular emulsifying activity. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis techniques demonstrated that the major antigenic component (S1) of the culture supernatant fluid is immunochemically identical to purified emulsan, yet electrophoretically distinct. The characteristics of the parent strain were compared with those of two phage-resistant mutant strains which are defective in extracellular emulsan production. One of these mutants, termed TR3, lacked both the emulsan-like capsule on the cell surface and the extracellular S1 component. A second phage-resistant emulsan-defective mutant (TL4) was characterized by an antigenically altered and inactive form of extracellular emulsan. A relatively small amount of emulsan-like capsular material was consistently demonstrated on the cell surface of this mutant. The correlation between phage sensitivity and extracellular emulsan production was strengthened by the fact that emulsan-specific antibodies inhibited both emulsification activity and phage adsortion onto cells of the parent strain. [TOP OF PAGE]

  72. Some theoretical aspects of protein coevolution in the ecosystem of "phage-bacteria". I. The problem. Rodin, S.N., Ratner, V.A. (1983). J. Theor. Biol. 100:185-195. [TOP OF PAGE]

  73. Some theoretical aspects of protein coevolution in the ecosystem "phage-bacteria". II. The deterministic model of microevolution. Rodin, S.N., Ratner, V.A. (1983). J. Theor. Biol. 100:197-210. [TOP OF PAGE]

  74. Classification and nomenclature of viruses of cyanobacteria. Safferman, R.S., Cannon, R.E., Desjardins, P.R., Gromov, B.V., Haselkorn, R., Sherman, L.A., Shilo, M. (1983). Intervirology 19:61-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  75. Characterization of phage-sensitive mutants from a phage-insensitive strain of Streptococcus lactis: Evidence for a plasmid determinant that prevents phage adsorption. Sanders, M.E., Klaenhammer, T.R. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:1125-1133. [TOP OF PAGE]

  76. MECHANISMS AND PLASMID LINKAGE OF BACTERIOPHAGE RESISTANCE IN GROUP N STREPTOCOCCI. Sanders, M.E. (1983). North Carolina State University. The mechanisms and plasmid linkage of phage resistance expressed by a strain of Streptococcus cremoris, KH, and a phage-insensitive strain of Streptococcus lactis, ME2, were studied. c2 phage demonstrated reversible host-dependent replication on KH, supporting the presence of a restriction and modification system(s) in this strain. Mutants of KH deficient in the host-dependent replication function were isolated at 2 to 6.5% of the population, suggesting the involvement of plasmid DNA in genetically coding for this unstable restriction and modification system in KH. ME2 was also shown to be genetically unstable with respect to phage resistance. The efficiency of plating (EOP) of 018 on the frequency occurring mutants was 5 x 10('-7) as compared to < 10('-9) for 018 on ME2. Mutants efficiently adsorbed 018 at 99.8%, while ME2 adsorbed only 20 to 40% of 018. These results suggest that the increased phage susceptability of the mutants resulted from the loss of a genetically unstable mechanism that inhibits phage adsorption. Of 40 increased EOP mutants examined, all were missing a 30-megadalton plasmid, providing correlative evidence for a plasmid-coded mechanism that prevents phage adsorption. ME2 and a phage-sensitive adsorbing mutant, designated N1, were further examined to determine what factors, beyond the prevention of adsorption, were involved in the phage insensitivity expressed by ME2 and N1. The EOP of 018 on ME2 and N1 was increased from < 10('-9) to 5 x 10('-2), and from 8 x 10('-7) to 2 x 10('-2), respectively, when the host strains were subcultured, and the phage titer plates were incubated, at 40C instead of 30C. Cultures of ME2 grown at 40C showed increased ability to adsorb 018, indicating one temperature-induced change in the host. Host-dependent replication was demonstrated in N1 at 30C and in N1 and ME2 at 40C. This suggests that a temperature-sensitive restriction and modification system acts as a phage defense mechanism in ME2. Challenge of N1 with a 018 preparation that had been previously modified for growth on N1 indicated that at 40C, phage exhibited a shorter latent period and a larger burst size than at 30C, implicating the temperature sensitivity of a phage development process. Phage defense in the lactic streptococci appears to consist, therefore, of a variety of mechanisms that act cooperatively to hinder the successful emergence of phage. [TOP OF PAGE]

  77. PHAGE INDUCTION FROM LYSOGENIC STRAINS OF PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE PATHOVAR MORI BY THE EXTRACT FROM MULBERRY LEAVES. SATO, M. (1983). Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 49:259-261. [TOP OF PAGE]

  78. Concentration of coliphages from drinking water by Mg(OH)2 flocculation. Schulze, E., Lenk, J. (1983). Naturwissenschaften 70:612 [TOP OF PAGE]

  79. Vero cyototoxin production in strains of Escherichia coli is determined by genes carried on bacteriophage. Scotland, S., Smith, H.R., Willshaw, G.A., Rowe, B. (1983). Lancet ii:216 [TOP OF PAGE]

  80. Bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing scheme for Clostridium difficile. Sell, T.L., Schaberg, D.R., Fekety, F.R. (1983). Journal of Clinical Microbiology 17:1148-1152. The study of the epidemiology of infection with Clostridium difficile would be aided by a way to type individual bacterial isolates. We therefore sought bacteriophages for use in typing. With mitomycin C exposure (3 micrograms/ml), filtrates from 10 strains of C. difficile had plaque-forming lytic activity on other C. difficile strains. Individual phage were passaged and made into high-titer stock preparations for typing. Electron microscopy revealed tailed phage particles from one such preparation. In addition to phage, inhibitory activity without distinct plaque formation consistent with bacteriocins was observed for 20 strains. C. difficile isolates from 16 patients taken 1 to 14 days apart were similar in their phage sensitivity pattern, whereas isolates from separate geographic locations showed a great variety of patterns. We conclude that bacteriophage should be useful for typing strains of C. difficile. [TOP OF PAGE]

  81. Use of UV-irradiated bacteriophage T6 to kill extracellular bacteria in tissue culture infectivity assays. Shaw, D.R., Maurelli, A.T., Goguen, J.D., Straley, S.C., Curtiss, R.I. (1983). J. Immunol. Methods 56:75-83. We have utilized 'lysis from without' mediated by UV-inactivated bacteriophage T6 to eliminate extracellular bacteria in experiments measuring the internalization, intracellular survival and replication of Yersinia pestis within mouse peritoneal macrophages and of Shigella flexneri within a human intestinal epithelial cell line. The technique we describe has the following characteristics: (a) bacterial killing is complete within 15 min at 37 degrees C, with a greater than 10(3)-fold reduction in colony-forming units (CFU); (b) bacteria within cultured mammalian cells are protected from killing by UV-inactivated T6; (c) the mammalian cells are not observably affected by exposure to UV-inactivated T6. This technique has several advantages over the use of antibiotics to eliminate extracellular bacteria and is potentially widely applicable in studies of the interactions between pathogenic bacteria and host phagocytic cells as well as other target tissues. [TOP OF PAGE]

  82. [Dissociation and phagolytic characteristics of the Shigella isolated from patients with various clinical forms of dysentery]. Shibacheva, N.N., Voskun, S.E. (1983). Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii 34-37. The relationship between the severity of the disease and the phagolysis of the isolated cultures of S. flexneri and S. sonnei has been established. In the moderately severe form of the disease the duration of the latent period of the development of the phage has been found to increase in comparison with that in the mild form of the disease. [TOP OF PAGE]

  83. Prophage origin of a virulent phage appearing on fermentations of Lactobacillus casei S-1. Shimizu-Kadota, M., Sakurai, T., Tsuchida, N. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:669-674. [TOP OF PAGE]

  84. Some characteristics of Leuconostoc cremoris bacteriophage isolated from blue cheese. Shin, C. (1983). Jap. J. Zootech. Sci. 54:481-486. [TOP OF PAGE]

  85. Concentration of coliphage from water and sewage with charge-modified filter aid. Singh, S.N., Gerba, C.P. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:232-237. [TOP OF PAGE]

  86. Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections. II. Detailed evalulation of the results. Slopek, S., Durlakova, I., Weber-Dabrowska, B., Kucharewicz-Krukowska, A., Dabrowski, M., Bisikiewicz, R. (1983). Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 31:293-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  87. Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections. I. General evaluation of the results. Slopek, S., Durlakova, I., Weber-Dabrowska, B., Kucharewicz-Krukowska, A., Dabrowski, M., Bisikiewicz, R. (1983). Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 31:267-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  88. Effectiveness of phages in treating experimental Escherichia coli diarrhoea in calves, piglets and lambs. Smith, H.W., Huggins, M.B. (1983). J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:2659-2675. [TOP OF PAGE]

  89. Identification of the gene for DNA helicase II of Escherichia coli. Taucher-Scholz, G., Hoffmann-Berling, H. (1983). Eur. J. Biochem. 137:573-580. Using a modification of the solid-phase radioimmune assay of Broome and Gilbert [Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 2746 (1978)] to screen the plaques of lambda recombinant phages for the presence of an elevated level of helicase-II-specific antigen, we have identified the gene for helicase II in a library of Escherichia coli DNA. The DNA selected was subcloned from lambda into plasmid vectors; restriction analysis located the DNA region encoding helicase II in a PvuII fragment identical in size (2900 base pairs) and restriction pattern to that which contains the uvrD gene. Plasmids carrying this DNA fragment complemented the increased sensitivity to ultraviolet irradiation and the mutator phenotype of uvrD mutants. Furthermore, uvrD502 mutant cells were found to liberate no helicase II activity upon extraction. Following transformation with the cloned DNA, active helicase II was recovered from the mutant cells. These results support the view that helicase II is encoded by uvrD. [TOP OF PAGE]

  90. The bacteriophages of lactic acid bacteria with emphasis on genetic aspects of group N lactic streptococci. Teuber, M., Lembke, J. (1983). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. 49:471-478. [TOP OF PAGE]

  91. BACTERIO PHAGES FROM SEWAGE SPECIFIC FOR FLUORESCENT PHYTO PATHOGENIC PSEUDOMONADS. THOMAS, M.D., LEARY, J., V (1983). Phytopathology 73:403-406. Bacteriophages from sewage specific for fluorescent phytopathogenic pseudomonads.Fifty-six bacteriophages were isolated on Pseudomonas syringae pathovar glycinea from raw sewage obtained from 4 sources in Riverside and San Bernardino counties in California [USA]. Seven selected phages characterized further were specific for the fluorescent phytopathogenic pseudomonads, particularly for the P. syringae group. Not all pathovars of P. syringae were susceptible to these phages. One of these phages was specific to pathovar glycinea race 4. EM characterization of 6 of the 7 selected phages revealed 4 distinct morphologies. All of the phages examined contained double-stranded DNA. The phages were tested for generalized transducing ability of several different chromosomal genes. No stable recombinants were recovered regardless of the conditions used in transduction experiments. [TOP OF PAGE]

  92. LACTIC STREPTOCOCCI: THE USE OF DEFINED STRAINS AND BACTERIOPHAGE - INSENSITIVE MUTANTS IN COMMERCIAL MANUFACTURE OF CHEDDAR AND COTTAGE CHEESES. Thunell, R.K., Thunell (1983). Oregon State University. Phage-insensitive Streptococcus cremoris starter strains were selected by assaying cheese whey against potential starter strains. Six strains were selected and characterized for continual use in cheesemaking. Upon phage-infection, strains were removed from the blend. Cheesemaking continued with remaining strains. A phage-insensitive, fast-acid-producing mutant of the infected strain was isolated and characterized. This mutant, similar to the parent, was returned to the strain mixture. Multiple-blend starters were also used in cottage cheese and cultured buttermilk manufacture. Individual strains were used as antigens for a rapid detection test for lactic-streptococcal agglutinins in cheese milk. When sedimentation was encountered, agglutinin-sensitive strains were identified and replaced instead of an entire culture blend. Phage-insensitive mutants were compared to their respective parent strains. Traits examined included acid-producing activity, optimum temperature, generation time, proteolysis, phosphate and NaCl tolerance, phage adsorption, agglutination, morphology, and induction. Mutant strains showed variations in individual characteristics, but no general pattern of variation was observed. Bulk starters, prepared by growing then freezing individual strains in a commercial internal-pH-control medium (PHASE 4), were stored for 3 mo with and without glycerol. Strains varied in storage survival at -20 C. Glycerol enhanced cell viability and activity at -20 C. Storage in PHASE 4 at -40 C and -80 C preserved activity and viability without glycerol. Unfrozen PHASE 4 cultures retained original activity and viability after 1 mo refrigerated storage. Frozen and refrigerated PHASE 4 starters have been used in Cheddar and cottage cheese manufacture for more than 1 yr. Exclusive use of defined-strain cultures resulted in significant manufacturing and economic improvements including elimination of culture rotations and starter failure from phage infection, no ripening period, greater cheese uniformity, predictable starter activity, standardized manufacture, and improved cheese quality. Grade-A cheese production was increased by almost 10%. This technology enabled some factors to increase cheese yields by adding whey cream to cheese milk. The combined improvements, based on defined-strain technology, have enabled factories to increase production--some by nearly 50%. To date, more than 150 million lb of Cheddar cheese have been manufactured with defined-strain cultures. [TOP OF PAGE]

  93. Viruses of Spiroplasma citri and their possible effects on pathogenicity. Townsend, R. (1983). YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 56:771-776. Strains of Spiroplasma citri are persistently infected by viruses which have been separated into three groups on the basis of their morphology. The properties of each group are reviewed. Viruses normally only appear in spiroplasma cultures but recently all three types of particle have been identified in cells of a single strain of S. citri within an infected plant. Replication of a short-tailed polyhedral virus SP-V3 (ai) appears to be correlated with unusually mild symptom expression. Introduction of the virus with its host into plants already infected with a severe and potentially lethal strain of S. citri results in a marked suppression of symptoms and a reduction in the number of spiroplasmas. [TOP OF PAGE]

  94. Isolation and characterization of a Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriophage isolated from a meat starter culture. Trevors, K.E., Holley, R.A., Kempton, A.G. (1983). J. Appl. Bacteriol. 54:281-288. [TOP OF PAGE]

  95. Bacteriophages of mathanotrophs isolated from fish. Tyutikov, F.M., Yesipova, V.V., Rebentish, B.A., Bespalova, I.A., Alexandrushkina, N.I., Galchenko, V.V., Tikhonenko, A.S. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:917-924. [TOP OF PAGE]

  96. Virus infection of culturable Chlorella-like algae and development of a plaque assay. Van Etten, J.L., Burbank, D.E., Kuczmarski, D., Meints, R.H. (1983). Science 219:994-996. [TOP OF PAGE]

  97. Growth cycle of a virus, PBCV-1, that infects Chlorella-like algae. Van Etten, J.L., Burbank, D.E., Xia, Y., Meints, R.H. (1983). Virology 126:117-125. [TOP OF PAGE]

  98. [Effect of the development phase and growth rate of a Shigella sonnei population on the reproduction of homologous bacteriophage]. Voroshilova, N.N., Kazakova, T.B. (1983). Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii 42-45. This study showed that the minimum latent period (20 minutes) of the intracellular multiplication of dysentery bacteriophage S-9 in the population of S. sonnei substrate strain under the conditions of static heterogeneous surface batch cultivation was observed at the end of the lag phase and at the growth acceleration phase, in the first and second thirds of the exponential curve, while the maximum latent period (35-40 minutes) was observed at the stationary phase. The maximum yield of phage S-9 from one infected bacterial cell (628.3 +/- 116.8) was registered during the first third of the phase of the exponential growth of the bacterial population and the minimum yield (18.66 +/- 6.6), at the beginning of the lag phase. The significant direct correlation between the specific growth rate of the bacterial population and the yield of the phage from one infected bacterial cell at the end of the lag phase, at the growth acceleration and deceleration phases, as well as the significant inverse correlation between the yield of the phage and the time of the generation of the bacterial population at the growth acceleration phase were established. [TOP OF PAGE]

  99. Uptake of bacteriophage F-2 through plant roots. Ward, R.L., Mahler, R.J. (1983). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:1098-1103. Uptake of bacteriophage f2 through plant roots.[Food crops grown with sewage-derived fertilizers may present a public health hazard due to the presence pathogenic human or animal viruses in the waste-derived products.] A model system was designed to measure viral uptake through the roots of plants and translocation to distal plant parts. Uptake of bacteriophage f2 was measured in corn and bean plants growing in hydroponic solutions. Few phage were detected in plants with uncut roots. When roots of both plant types were cut just before exposure to very high concentrations of phage, the amount of phage uptake was several orders of magnitude greater than with uncut roots, but still was considerably less than that which was theoretically possible. Cut roots were rapidly repaired, thus inhibiting uptake, and the amount of uptake in plants with cut roots was proportional to phage exposure levels. Phage were transported to all plant parts examined, but their survival times within each portion of the plants appeared to be of limited duration. All of these factors tend to minimize the possible public health significance associated with viral uptake through the root systems of plants. [TOP OF PAGE]

  100. Protection of microorganisms against bacteriophage attacks. Wolf, E., Lembke, A., Deininger, R. (1983). (4,409,245). U.S. [TOP OF PAGE]

  101. Long tail fibers: Genes, proteins, assembly, and structure. Wood, W.B., Crowther, R.A. (1983). pp. 259-269. In In Mathews, C.K., Kutter, E.M., Mosig, G., and Berget, P.B. (eds.), Bacteriophage T4. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC. "Factors that promote retraction (of long tail fibers) and therefore lower infectivity are low pH, low temperature, low ionic strength, and in some strains absence of tryptophan (Conley and Wood, 1975; Kellenberber et al., 1965). These effects probably are biologically significant in that they inhibit infection under environmental conditions that are unfavorable for phage multiplication." [p. 259]. [TOP OF PAGE]

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