Bacteriophage Ecology Group
Reference Abstracts (1982)
Dedicated to the ecology and evolutionary biology of the parasites of unicellular organisms (UOPs)
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© Phage et al. last updated on Wednesday, December 26, 2001
  1. Félix d'Herelle: His life and work and the foundation of a bacteriophage reference center. Ackermann, H.-W., Martin, M., Vieu, J.-F., Nicolle, P. (1982). ASM News 48:346-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  2. CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF EXPERIMENTALLY OBTAINED LYSOGENIC RHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM CULTURES. ANDREEVA, I.N., Moskalenko, L.N. (1982). Mikrobiologiya 51:832-837. Certain properties of experimentally obtained lysogenic Rhizobium japonicum cultures.Stable lysogenic variants of R. japonicum were experimentally obtained using specific bacteriophages isolated from soil. The lysogenic variants of 3 R. japonicum strains obtained using 6 phages were subdivided into 2 groups. The 1st group always produced mature particles of their temperate phages either spontaneously or upon UV induction. The 2nd group did not spontaneously or with UV induction. The lytic spectrum of phages released by the lysogenic cultures occasionally differed from that of the original lysogenizing phages. A virulent mutant which lysed the host culture was spontaneously produced in a variant of R. japonicum 623a lysogenized with a morphological type IV phage. Other variants of this culture lysogenized with morphological type III phages possessed cross phage resistance, indicating that the phages causing their lysis are related. [TOP OF PAGE]

  3. NEW BACTERIO PHAGE TYPING SYSTEM FOR YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA YERSINIA-KRISTENSENII YERSINIA-FREDERIKSENII AND YERSINIA-INTERMEDIA CORRELATION WITH SEROTYPING BIOTYPING AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY. BAKER, P.M., FARMER, J.J., III (1982). Journal of Clinical Microbiology 15:491-502. New bacteriophage typing system for Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia kristensenii, Yersinia frederiksenii, and Yersinia intermedia: Correlation with serotyping, biotyping and antibiotic susceptibility.Y. enterocolitica is listed as a single species in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, but has recently been split into true Y. enterocolitica, Y. kristensenii, Y. intermedia and Y. frederiksenii. From 48 bacteriophages isolated from raw sewage, 24 were chosen as being the most useful for differentiating strains within the 4 Yersinia spp. The composite set of 24 phages typed 92% of 236 Y. enterocolitica strains, 100% of 16 Y. kristensenii strains, 97% of 29 Y. frederiksenii strains and 90% of 20 Y. intermedia strains. The most common phage type in any of the groups contained 22% of the strains tested, but most of the phage types contained < 5% of the strains. The new typing schema was tested in 3 outbreaks (in humans) of Y. enterocolitica: the results agreed well with serotyping and epidemiological findings. In the same outbreaks, biotyping (API 20E profiles) and antibiograms were less reliable markers and probably should be used only in conjunction with serotyping or phage typing or both. Caution should be used in identifying cultures of Y. frederiksenii and Y. intermedia with the API 20E system, since the tests at 37.degree. C for L-rhamnose and melibiose fermentation are often delayed past 24 h, which is the cut-off point for the final reading in the API system. There were distinct differences in the susceptibilities of Y. enterocolitica and Y. kristensenii to ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephalothin, which adds further support for classifying the latter as a separate species. [TOP OF PAGE]

  4. ROLE OF TEST CULTURES REVEALING BACTERIO PHAGES IN THE PRODUCTION OF SOUR MILK PRODUCTS. BANNIKOVA, L.A., MYTNIK, L.G., ZADOYANA, S.B. (1982). Molochnaya Promyshlennost 14-17. Role of test-cultures revealing bacteriophages in the production of sour milk products.The use of test cultures of Streptococcus lactis 220 made it possible to select 31 nonlysogenic and 112 phage-resistant ferments for production of sour milk products in 1977-1979. Use of the test culture made it possible to detect a disturbance of lactic acid fermentation caused by bacteriophage and to select resistant and nonlysogenic ferments, i.e., to normalize the technological process. Use of these test cultures was considered promising. [TOP OF PAGE]

  5. Comparison of coliphage and bacterial aerosols at a wastewater spray irrigation site. Bausum, H.T., Schaub, S.A., Kenyon, K.F., Small, M.J. (1982). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:28-38. Microbiological aerosols were measured on a spray irrigation site at Fort Huachuca, Ariz. Indigenous bacteria and tracer bacteriophage were sampled from sprays of chlorinated and unchlorinated secondary-treatment wastewaters during day and night periods. Aerosol dispersal and downwind migration were determined. Bacterial and coliphage f2 aerosols were sampled by using Andersen viable type stacked-sieve and high-volume electrostatic precipitator samplers. Bacterial standard plate counts averaged 2.4 x 10(5) colony-forming units per ml in unchlorinated effluents. Bacterial aerosols reached 500 bacteria per m3 at 152 m downwind and 10,500 bacteria per m3 at 46m. Seeded coliphage f2 averaged 4.0 x 10(5) plaque-forming units per ml in the effluent and were detected 563 m downwind. Downwind microbial aerosol levels were somewhat enhanced by nighttime conditions. The median aerodynamic particle size of the microbial aerosols was approximately 5.0 micrometer. Chlorination reduced wastewater bacterial levels 99.97% and reduced aerosol concentrations to near background levels; coliphage f2 was reduced only 95.4% in the chlorinated effluent and was readily measured 137 m downwind. Microbiological source strength an meteorological data were used in conjunction with a dispersion model to generate mathematical predictions of aerosol strength at various sampler locations. The mean calculated survival of aerosolized bacteria (standard plate count) in the range 46 to 76 m downwind was 5.2%, and that of coliphage f2 was 4.3 %. [TOP OF PAGE]

  6. STUDIES ON A BACTERIO PHAGE ISOLATED FROM XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS 3. DETECTION OF XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS ON CABBAGE SEEDS THROUGH PHAGES. BERGAMIN, F.I.L.H., KIMATI, H. (1982). Summa Phytopathologica 7:26-33. Studies on a bacteriophage isolated from Xanthomonas campestris: 3. Detection of Xanthomonas campestris on cabbage seeds through phages.A method was developed for detecting X. campestris, the causative agent of black rot of cruciferous crops in cabbage seeds. The technique consisted of adding a host-specific bacteriophage. A rise in the phage-plaque count in the suspension would indicate the presence of X. campestris in the seed studied. The effects of variations in the seed sample size, the time of incubation, and the effect of using a long period of incubation with a short sample are presented. [TOP OF PAGE]

  7. Phages C-2 and J: IncC and IncJ plasmid-dependent phages, respectively. Bradley, D.E., Sirgel, F.A., Coetzee, J.N., Hedges, R.W., Coetzee, W.F. (1982). Journal of General Microbiology 128 (Pt 10):2485-2498. Phages C-2 and J were isolated from sewage. Phage C-2 was filamentous and formed plaques on Salmonella typhimurium strains carrying various C plasmids. It also plated on Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens strains carrying particular C plasmids, but failed to form plaques on lines of Escherichia coli K12 strains harbouring most of these plasmids, although in all cases, phage multiplication on the strains was demonstrated. No phage increase occurred in any strain which lacked a C plasmid or contained plasmids of other incompatibility groups. The phage was sensitive to chloroform and, unlike other filamentous bacterial viruses, adsorbed to shafts of conjugative pili. It had a disc-like structure at the end which attached to the pilus. Phage C-2 had a buoyant density of 1 . 30 g cm-3 and a single-stranded circular DNA genome of 3 . 0 MDal. Phage J had an hexagonal head with an inter-apical distance of 40 nm and a short noncontractile tail. It was resistant to chloroform and diethyl ether. The phage formed plaques or propagated on E. coli strains harbouring some IncC plasmids and all IncJ and IncD plasmids tested. The phage did not form plaques but propagated on P. mirabilis and Ser. marcescens strains carrying these plasmids. It did not plate or propagate on S. typhimurium strains harbouring the plasmids. The plaques were very hazy and variable in size. The phage attached sparsely, at a site which appeared to be located at the base of the tail, to sides of conjugative pili. [TOP OF PAGE]

  8. [Genetic characteristics of a new phage resistance trait in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)]. [Russian]. Chinenova, T.A., Mkrtumian, N.M., Lomovskaia, N.D. (1982). Genetika 18:1945-1952. Phage resistance was investigated in the system of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and phi C31 actinophage. Resistance of A3(2) strain to phi C31 was shown to involve a novel mechanism responsible for the arrest of phage intracellular growth in the whole cell population. The phage resistance character designated Pgl+ (for "phage growth limiting") is determined by a gene located on the A3(2) chromosome. The gene (pgl) controls phage "modification" which results in an inability of phage to lyse lysogenize Pgl+ host. Instability of the Pgl+ character was revealed. Pgl+ strains segregate Pgl variants at a high frequency, the majority of Pgl strains reverting to the initial Pgl+ phenotype with the same high frequency. Reversible Pgl+ in equilibrium Pgl transitions are a common feature of A3(2) cell population. [TOP OF PAGE]

  9. Selective medium for Xanthomonas campestris pruni. Civerolo, E.L., Sasser, M., Helkie, C., Burbage, D. (1982). Plant Disease 66:39-43. Selective medium for Xanthomonas campestris pruni.A simple selective medium (XPSM) was developed for the detection and isolation of X. campestris pv. (pathovar) pruni. The selectivity and sensitivity of X. campestris pv. pruni selective medium (XPSM) were evaluated using 9 X. campestris pv. pruni strains, 14 strains of 8 other Xanthomonas spp., and 1 strain each of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Corynebacterium michiganense, Erwinia stewartii and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes ssp. citrulli. The plating efficiencies of all X. campestris pv. pruni strains were the same or higher on XPSM than on nutrient agar supplemented with glucose. Two strains of X. campestris pv. begoniae and 1 strain of X. campestris pv. pelargonii grew on XPSM. However, the plating efficiencies of these strains on XPSM were generally low, and the colony appearance of these strains was clearly distinct from that of X. campestris pv. pruni. Colonies of 2 strains each of X. campestris pv. phaseoli, X. campestris pv. manihotis, X. campestris pv. vesicatoria and 1 strain of P. pseudoalcaligenes spp. citrulli appeared on XPSM, but growth was suppressed. No colonies of any of the other strains developed on XPSM. X. campestris pv. pruni virulence, sensitivity to lysis by 2 phages, and ability to produce characteristic yellow, mucoid colonies on nutrient agar supplemented with glucose were not detectably altered after growth on XPSM. Added X. campestris pv. pruni was quantitatively recovered from soil containing .apprx. 102-103 colony-forming units/g and was recovered from leaf extracts containing < 102-103 colony-forming units/ml. X. campestris pv. pruni was also readily detected in and isolated from extracts of lesions on naturally infected apricot leaves. Soil and leaf bacteria were generally suppressed on XPSM, and only an occasional fungal colony developed from soil samples on this medium. [TOP OF PAGE]

  10. Phages I alpha and I2-2: IncI plasmid-dependent bacteriophages. Coetzee, J.N., Bradley, D.E., Hedges, R.W. (1982). Journal of General Microbiology 128 (Pt 11):2797-2804. Phage I alpha was isolated from sewage from Windhoek, South West Africa. It formed relatively clear plaques about 2 mm in diameter, on sensitive strains of Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2. The phage had an hexagonal outline with a diameter of about 24 nm, contained RNA and was resistant to chloroform. Phage I alpha formed plaques or propagated only on organisms carrying I1 plasmids or the I gamma plasmid R621a. The efficiency of plating was higher on E. coli than on S. typhimurium hosts. The phage adsorbed along the length of shafts of I1 pili. Phage I2-2 was isolated from Pretoria sewage. It was a filamentous virus and individual virions varied considerably in length. Phage I2-2 formed turbid plaques which varied from pin point to about 1 mm in diameter on all hosts. It was resistant to RNAase and sensitive to chloroform. Phage I2-2 had a spectrum of activity limited to strains harbouring I2 plasmids but the adsorption site could not be demonstrated. The phage was not related serologically to phages Ifl or PR64FS. [TOP OF PAGE]

  11. Collapsing Aphanizomenon flos aquae blooms: Possible contributions of photo-oxidation, oxygen toxicity and cyanophages. Coulombe, A.M., Robinson, G.G.C. (1982). Canadian Journal of Botany 59:1277-1284. Triggering mechanisms for collapse of A. flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs blooms in 3 shallow eutrophic pothole lakes (L 885, L 958 and L 522), located within an aquaculture project study area in southwestern Manitoba, Canada, were examined. Three of the collapses observed (L 885, mid-July 1979; L 958, mid-Aug. 1979; and L 522, mid-July 1979) were initiated during periods of lake thermal stability when conditions conducive to photo-oxidation and/or death due to O2 toxicity were operable. A 4th collapse (L 958, mid-Aug. 1973) was initiated during a period of lake thermal instability when photo-oxidation and O2 toxicity could be dismissed as triggering mechanisms. The possibility of cyanophage-induced algal lysis causing bloom collapse was considered and morphological evidence for the occurrence of viruslike particles (vlps) within Aphanizomenon cells from L 885 (1979) and L 958 (1978, 1979) are presented. Since transmission and isolation of the vlps was not substantiated, the verification of a virus infection of the Aphanizomenon populations studied is not yet possible. No single triggering mechanism can account for all of the algal collapses described. [TOP OF PAGE]

  12. ISOLATION OF BACTERIO PHAGES USEFUL IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE PATHOVAR TOMATO. Cuppels, D.A. (1982). 13857/INTERNATIONAL UNION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL SOCIETIES. 13TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MICROBIOLOGY; BOSTON, MASS. , USA, AUG. 8-13, 1982. XIV+182P. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY: WASHINGTON, D. C. , USA. PAPER. ISBN 0-914826-44-1. 104 [TOP OF PAGE]

  13. ADSORPTION OF MYCOBACTERIO PHAGES ON MYCOBACTERIUM-LEPRAE TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE. David, H.L., Clavel, S., Clement, F. (1982). Annales de Microbiologie (Paris) 133:93-98. Adsorption of mycobacteriophages on Mycobacterium leprae: Taxonomic significance.The following bacteriophages were shown to adsorb on M. leprae: BK1, Clark, Sedge, Baits, Watson and D29. Bacteriophages that did not adsorb on the leprosy bacilli were Bg1, Legendre, Marshall, Panetti, Leo and Wiseman. The taxonomic significance of these findings and some prospective consequences of these investigations are discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  14. AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS MUTANTS AFFECTED IN ATTACHMENT TO PLANT CELLS. DOUGLAS, C.J., HALPERIN, W., Nester, E.W. (1982). J. Bacteriol. 152:1265-1275. Agrobacterium tumefaciens mutants affected in attachment to plant cells.An analysis of A. tumefaciens mutants with transposon Tn5 insertions in chromosomal DNA showed that the chromosome of A. tumefaciens codes for a specific ability of this bacterium to attach to plant cells. This ability is associated with tumorigenesis by A. tumefaciens, the ability of avirulent A. tumefaciens to inhibit tumorigenesis, and the ability to adsorb certain phages. A 2nd class of chromosomal mutations affects tumorigenesis without altering the ability to attach to plant cells. The attachment of A. tumefaciens to plant cells was assayed by mixing radiolabeled bacteria with suspensions of tobacco tissue culture cells or freshly isolated Zinnia elegans leaf mesophyll cells. Under the conditions of this assay, an avirulent Ti plasmid-cured strain attached to the same extent as the same strain containing pTiB6806. Of 8 avirulent mutants with Tn5 insertions in chromosomal DNA, 6 showed defective attachment, whereas 2 retained wild-type attachment ability. In contrast to the strains showing wild-type attachment, the attachment-defective mutants failed to inhibit tumorigenesis when inoculated onto Jerusalem artichoke slices before inoculation of a virulent strain and also showed a loss of sensitivity to 2 Agrobacterium phages. The loss of phage sensitivity appeared to be due to a loss of ability to adsorb the phages. Staining with Calcofluor indicated that the mutants retained the ability to synthesize cellulose fibrils, which have been implicated in the attachment process. Southern filter hybridizations demonstrated that each mutant contained a single Tn5 insertion, and genetic linkage between the Tn5 insertion in 1 mutant and the attachment phenotype was also demonstrated. [TOP OF PAGE]

  15. Applications of a Serratia marcescens bacteriophage as a new microbial tracer of aqueous environments. Drury, D.F., Wheeler, D.C. (1982). J. Appl. Bacteriol. 53:137-142. A bacteriophage of S. marcescens was evaluated as a tracer in three appropriate aqueous environments and compared with an accepted tracer in two cases. The phage compared favourably with lithium chloride in demonstrating flow characteristics and retention times of various stages in the sewage treatment process. The phage exhibited virtually identical distribution in a marine harbour to spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger (B. globigii ) 36-48 h after their addition to a sewage works' final effluent which entered an adjacent bay. Transit times of river water were accurately measured between two points under various flow conditions. [TOP OF PAGE]

  16. BACTERIO PHAGE TYPING OF XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS-VAR-PRUNI ISOLATES FROM DIFFERENT STONE FRUIT SPECIES. DU, P.L.E.S., LOOS, M.A., MATTHEE, F.N. (1982). Phytophylactica 13:57-62. Bacteriophage typing of Xanthomonas campestris var. pruni isolates from different stone fruit species.Three bacteriophages of X. campestris pv. [pathovar] pruni isolated from soil beneath diseased plum trees were used to type 6 South African and 4 other X. campestris pv. pruni isolates wich were previously shown to be closely related serologically. According to patterns of lysis and efficiency of plaque formation by the phages, the bacterial isolates comprised 3 distinct groups. Isolates from South Africa, the USA and Argentina were lysed by the 3 phages with a high degree of efficiency, whereas the 2 isolates from New Zealand showed no lysis and lysis with a low degree of efficiency, respectively. Both New Zealand isolates were lysogenic, liberating phages spontaneously or following UV irradiation. Phage typing provided no evidence that peach, apricot and plum trees in South Africa were infected by different strains of X. campestris pv. pruni, but indicated that phage typing may be more useful than serological typing for the recognition of different strains of this pathovar. [TOP OF PAGE]

  17. There are at least two yeast viral dsRNAs of the same size: An explanation for viral exclusion. Field, L.J., Bobek, L., Brennan, V., Reilly, J.D., Bruenn, J. (1982). Cell 31:193-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  18. Phylogenetic studies on RNA coliphages. Furuse, K. (1982). J. Keio Med. Soc. 59:265-274. [TOP OF PAGE]

  19. Origin and diversification of RNA phages. Furuse, K., Hirashima, A. (1982). pp. 1-25. In In Okada, Y. and Ishihama, A. (eds.), RNA as genetic material. Kodansha Scientific, Tokyo. [TOP OF PAGE]

  20. Concentration of viruses from water by membrane filters. Goyal, S.M., Gerba, C.P. (1982). pp. 59-116. In In Gerba, C.P. and Goyal, S.M. (eds.), Methods in Environmental Virology. Dekker, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  21. Psychotrophic bacteriophages for beef spoilage pseudomonads. Greer, G.G. (1982). J. Food Prot. 45:1318-1325. [TOP OF PAGE]

  22. Alteration of bacteriophage attachment capacity by near-UV irradiation. Hartman, P.S., Eisenstark, A. (1982). J. Virol. 43:529-532. [TOP OF PAGE]

  23. FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES ON THE BACTERIO PHAGES FOR TYPING PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA AND THEIR PROPAGATING STRAINS. Hayashi, T. (1982). Tropical Medicine 23:119-134. Fundamental studies on the bacteriophages for typing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their propagating strains.A variety of bacteriophages and their propagating [P. aeruginosa] strains were studied. The phages studied include phage 119x, phage 21, phage 44, phage 1214, phage 7, phage 352, phage M4, phage E79, phage C11, phage F8 and phage C188. Cross-resistance between pairs of these phages were determined and the lytic spectrum of each phage was determined. The lysogenicities of the strains, the sensitivities of the strains to the phages and the sensitivities of the phage-resistant mutants to phages were studied to clarify the specificities of the phages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  24. NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF BACTERIO PHAGE F-1 DNA. Hill, D.F., Petersen, G.B. (1982). J. Virol. 44:32-46. Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage f1 DNA.The nucleotide sequence of the DNA of the filamentous coliphage f1 was determined. In agreement with earlier conclusions, the genome was found to comprise 6407 nucleotides, 1 less than that of the related phage fd. Phage f1 DNA differs from that of phage M13 by 52 nucleotide changes, which lead to 5 amino acid substitutions in the corresponding proteins of the 2 phages, and from phage fd DNA by 186 nucleotide changes (including the single-nucleotide deletion), which lead to 12 amino acid differences between the proteins of phages f1 and fd. Of the nucleotide changes in each case, > 1/2 are found in the sequence of 1786 nucleotides comprising gene IV and the major intergenic region between gene IV and gene II. The sequence of this intergenic region (nucleotides 5501 to 6005) of phage f1 differs from the sequence reported by others through the inclusion of additional single nucleotides in 8 positions and of a run of 13 nucleotides between positions 5885 and 5897, a point of uncertainty in the earlier published sequence. The differences between the sequence of bacteriophage f1 DNA now presented a complete sequence for the DNA previously published by others are discussed, and the f1 DNA sequence is compared with those of bacteriophages M13 and fd. [TOP OF PAGE]

  25. Bacteriophages more active against cheddar cheese starters in unheated milk. Hull, R.R., Brooke, A.R. (1982). Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 37:143-146. [TOP OF PAGE]

  26. Bacteriophages of Streptococcus cremoris: Phage development at various temperatures. Hunter, G.J.E. (1982). Journal of Dairy Research 13:136-145. [TOP OF PAGE]

  27. A continuous culture system of a bacteriophage for the study of the mutation rate and selection process at the DNA level. Husimi, Y., Nishigaki, K., Kinoshita, Y., Tanaka, T. (1982). Review of Scientific Instruments 53:517-522. [TOP OF PAGE]

  28. In vitro phage-inactivating action of D-glucosamine on Lactobacillus phage PL-1. Ishibashi, K., Sasaki, T., Takesue, S., Watanabe, K. (1982). Agric. Biol. Chem. 46:1961-1962. [TOP OF PAGE]

  29. MB78, a virulent bacteriophage of Salmonella typhimurium. Joshi, A., Siddiqi, J.Z., Rao, G.R., Chakravorty, M. (1982). J. Virol. 41:1038-1043. The isolation and some properties of a virulent bacteriophage of Salmonella typhimurium, MB78, which is morphologically, serologically, and physiologically unrelated to P22, are reported. The phage has a noncontractile long tail with partite ends. It cannot multiply in minimal medium in the presence of citrate. MB78-infected cells are, however, killed in such medium. This phage cannot grow in rifampin-resistant mutants of the host. The latent period of growth of this phage is much shorter than that of P22. Both sieA and sieB genes of the resident P22 prophage are required to exclude the superinfecting MB78 phage, whereas all temperate phages related to P22 are excluded by either one or both of the genes individually. Restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of P22 and MB78 are distinctly different. The absence of homology between the two phages P22 and MB78 suggests that MB78 is not related to phage P22. [TOP OF PAGE]

  30. EFFECT OF THE INFECTION WITH FILAMENTOUS PHAGE XF-2 ON THE PROPERTIES OF XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS-VAR-ORYZAE. Kamiunten, H., WAKIMOTO, S. (1982). Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 47:627-636. Effect of the infection with filamentous phage Xf2 on the properties of Xanthomonas campestris var oryzae.The effects of the infection with filamentous phage Xf 2 on the properties of X. campestris pv. [pathovar] oryzae N 5850 were investigated. The bacteria infected with Xf 2 released the phage into medium to reach the maximum concentration of .apprx. 1 .times. 1011 PFU/ml after 48 h of shaking culture. The multiplication of bacteria was considerably retarded by infection with Xf 2 at temperatures lower than 33.5.degree. C. The infected bacteria, however, reached the same or higher level as compared with uninfected control later on. The infected cells grew even at 35.degree. C to some extent, while the uninfected cells did not. The Xf 2-infected bacteria grown at different temperatures of 30, 33.5 and 35.degree. C for 72 h were ultrathin sectioned and their structural change was investigated with EM. Although no remarkable difference was observed between Xf 2-infected and uninfected cells in cytoplasmic structures, the cell wall of the former was vesiculated, denatured or partially stripped from the cells. The Xf 2-infected bacteria multiplied in the inoculated rice leaves more slowly than uninfected bacteria during the first few days after inoculation. The former's population, however, exceeded the latter later on. The Xf 2-infected bacteria incited symptoms on rice leaves earlier than uninfected bacteria. No difference was observed between Xf 2-infected and uninfected bacteria in activities of xylanase, cellulase and lipase in culture filtrates. The amount of extracellular polysaccharide produced by Xf 2-infected bacteria was higher than that produced by uninfected bacteria, suggesting some correlation with virulence. [TOP OF PAGE]

  31. Sunlight induced mortality of viruses and Escherichia coli in coastal seawater. Kapuscinski, R.B., Mitchell, R. (1982). Environ. Sci. Technol. 17:1-6. [TOP OF PAGE]

  32. PLEIOTROPIC BEHAVIOR OF A CYANO PHAGE AS-1 RESISTANT MUTANT OF ANACYSTIS-NIDULANS. Kashyap, A.K., GUPTA, S.L. (1982). Molecular & General Genetics 185:365-366. Pleiotropic behavior of a cyanophage AS-1-resistant mutant of Anacystis nidulans.A cyanophage AS-1 resistant mutant strain of A. nidulans exhibited a slow rate of nutrient uptake compared to the wild type. The increased Ca2+ sensitivity of the mutant could be correlated with higher rates of Cu2+ uptake. The results are discussed in the light of alterations in the proteins involved in permeability of the outer membrane. [TOP OF PAGE]

  33. ISOLATION OF BACTERIO PHAGES FOR TYPING STAPHYLOCOCCUS-INTERMEDIUS ISOLATED FROM PIGEONS. KAWANO, J., Shimizu, A., Kimura, S. (1982). Zentralblatt fuer Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene 1 Abt Originale A 251:487-493. Isolation of bacteriophages for typing Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from pigeons.Attempts to isolate phages for typing S. intermedius isolated from pigeons were made. Five phages were isolated (3 from lysogenic strains and 2 from pigeon nostril isolates) and were used for typing strains isolated from pigeons in Japan, Belgium and Czechoslovakia. Of these 50 strains, 31 (62.0%) were typed at either routine test dilution (RTD) or 100 .times. RTD into 8 phage patterns. A total of 122 strains of S. intermedius isolated from dogs, horses, mink and foxes were subjected to phage typing with pigeon phages; 10 (8.2%) of the 122 strains were typable. S. aureus and S. epidermidis, 59 and 58 strains, respectively, were resistant to lysis due to the pigeon phages. The experimental phages were considerably specific for S. intermedius isolated from pigeons. [TOP OF PAGE]

  34. CHARACTERISTICS OF YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA BACTERIO PHAGES. KAWAOKA, Y., OTSUKI, K., TSUBOKURA, M. (1982). Zentralblatt fuer Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene 1 Abt Originale A 253:102-109. Characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica bacteriophages.The characteristics of Y. enterocolitica bacteriophages were revealed. Phages I, IV and VIII belonged to Bradley's morphological group A. The bacteriophages adsorbed to cells grown at 25.degree. C but not to those grown at 37.degree. C. Phages I, IV and VIII required 50, 80 and 100 times as much amount of the cell wall prepared from the cells grown at 37.degree. C as that from the cells grown at 25.degree. C for the same inactivation. Phage VIII was stable over the range of pH 6-11 and temperatures 45.degree. C; phages I and IV were extremely labile at higher temperatures (37.degree. C) and in basic medium. [TOP OF PAGE]

  35. SOME PROPERTIES OF XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS-VAR-ORYZAE AND ITS PHAGES FROM VIETNAM. KIM, P., V, WAKIMOTO, S. (1982). Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 48:64-67. [TOP OF PAGE]

  36. Morphological varieties and host range of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteriophages isolated from seawater. Koga, T., Toyoshima, S., Kawata, T. (1982). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:466-470. [TOP OF PAGE]

  37. PECULIARITIES OF A NEW CYANO PHAGE SPECIFIC FOR THE CYANOBACTERIUM SYNECHOCOCCUS-SCHMIDLEA. KOZ'YAKOV, S.Y. (1982). Microbiology (New York) 50:395-401. [TOP OF PAGE]

  38. Endo-N-acetylneuraminidase associated with bacteriophage particles. Kwiatkowski, B., Boschek, B., Thiele, H., Stirm, S. (1982). J. Virol. 43:697-704. A bacteriophage (phi 1.2) has been isolated for Escherichia coli K235 (O1:K1:H-). phi 1.2 is specific for the host capsular polysaccharide (colominic acid). The phage forms plaques with acapsular halos and thus carries a glycanase activity for colominic acid, a homopolymer of alpha (2 leads to 8)-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) residues. Upon incubation with purified phi 1.2 particles, a solution of K1 polysaccharide loses viscosity and consumes increasing amounts of periodate. Also, by gel filtration, the production of colominic oligosaccharides (down to a size of two to three NeuNAc residues) can be demonstrated. No NeuNAc monomers, however, are formed. The capsules of E. coli strains with the K92 antigen, which consists of NeuNAc residues linked by alternating alpha (2 leads to 8) and alpha (2 leads to 9) bonds, are also depolymerized by the phi 1.2 enzyme. Under the electron microscope, phage phi 1.2 is seen to belong to Bradley's morphology group C (D. E. Bradley, Bacteriol. Rev. 31:230-314, 1967); it has an isometric head, carrying a baseplate with six spikes. By analogy to other virus particles with host capsule depolymerase activity, it is probable that the phi 1.2 endo-N-acetylneuraminidase activity is associated with these spikes. [TOP OF PAGE]

  39. Investigation into the protective effect of estuarine sediment on virus survival. LaBelle, R., Gerba, C.P. (1982). Water Res. 16:469-478. [TOP OF PAGE]

  40. ??? Lance, J.C., Gerba, C.P., Wang, D.-S. (1982). J. Environ. Qual. 11:347-351. [TOP OF PAGE]

  41. Methods for the direct isolation and enumeration of actinophages in soil. Lanning, S., Williams, S.T. (1982). J. Gen. Microbiol. 128:2063-2071. [TOP OF PAGE]

  42. A BACTERIO PHAGE TYPING SYSTEM FOR RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI. Lesley, S.M. (1982). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 28:180-189. A bacteriophage typing system for Rhizobium meliloti.Fifteen specific bacteriophages, each active on particular strains of R. meliloti, were selected from those isolated by enrichment of local soils. Variables affecting phage-host interaction were examined and standardized. The differential susceptibility of individual R. meliloti strains to each phage produces a distinctive pattern of response which allows the segregation of each strain into 1 of 80 different groups identified to date. Discrimination between strains with this typing system is reproducible with no change in phage type following extended subculture or plant infection and reisolation of strains from root nodules of alfalfa. The large number of different strains recognized by the system should make it very useful in experimentally controlledd tests of selected strains in the nodulation of alfalfa plants. [TOP OF PAGE]

  43. Evolution of parasites and hosts: group report. Levin, B.R., Allison, A.C., Bremermann, H.J., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., Clarke, B.C., Frentzel-Beyme, R., Hamilton, W.D., Levin, S.A., May, R.M., Thieme, H.R. (1982). pp. 213-243. In In Anderson, R.M. and May, R.M. (eds.), Population Biology of Infectious Diseases. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. [TOP OF PAGE]

  44. A portable devise for the rapid concentration of viruses from large volumes of natural fresh water. Logan, K.B., Scott, G.E., Seeley, N.D., Primrose, S.B. (1982). J. Virol. Methods 3:241-249. [TOP OF PAGE]

  45. Disinfection efficiencies of chlorine and chlorine dioxide in a gravity flow contactor. Longley, K.E., Moore, B.E., Sorber, C.A. (1982). Journal / Water Pollution Control Federation 52:2098-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  46. The localization of SPO1 phage resistance in the genome of Bacillus subtilis as revealed by fusion of protoplasts. Mach, F., Jatzwauk, L. (1982). Zeitschrift fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 22:255-260. We localized the gene for resistance to phage SPO1 relatively to the markers pur B 34 and ura by means of the polyethylene-glycol induced fusion of bacterial protoplasts of three-fold auxotrophic Bacillus subtilis strains S3 and S13. By this same method, the site of some auxotrophic markers was tentatively determined. The application of the protoplast fusion technique to exact genetic analysis will not be possible until the exo- and endogenous factors influencing cell wall regeneration are standardized. Fluctuations of this kind are very significant for the determination of genetic segregation. [TOP OF PAGE]

  47. Mycoplasma viruses. Maniloff, J., Haberer, K., Gourlay, R.N., Das, J., Cole, R. (1982). Intervirology 18:177-188. [TOP OF PAGE]

  48. [Comparative evaluation of methods of obtaining phagolysates modelled on d'Herelle's plague microbe phage]. Marchenkov, V.I., Alutin, I.M., Suichmezova, A.V. (1982). Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii 64-67. Various methods for phage multiplication have been tested: the method of cellophane membranes, the method of combined media, the method of forced aeration of a liquid medium, growth at suboptimal temperature and growth at optimal temperature under stationary conditions. The phage in a high concentration (n X 10(10) plaque-forming units per ml) can be obtained by any of these methods with the exception of the last one yielding lower (by 1 or 2 orders) effectiveness of multiplication. The main factors which determine the titer of the phage in lysate are concentration of live cells in the suspension and temperature of growth. [TOP OF PAGE]

  49. [Conversion of Bordetella parapertussis serovar through lysogeny produced by pertussis phages]. Mebel, S., Lapaeva, I. (1982). ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE UND HYGIENE. 1. ABT. 252:547-556. Bacteriophages from Bordetella pertussis were titrated on the indicator strain B. parapertussis 17903 by using standard soft agar techniques. Secondary growth, occasionally observed in some phage plaques, was isolated and transferred onto selective media. Judging from growth on these special media and microscopic examination the isolated clones consisted entirely of Bordetellae. Determination of the agglutinogen pattern of 160 of these clones revealed that 88% contained agglutinogen 1; 87.5% agglutinogen 14, and 80.1% agglutinogen 12 (Table 3). However, none of the strains expressed the agglutinogen pattern of either the phage donor or the recipient strain. The isolated clones were lysogenic as demonstrated by phage production and immunity against superinfection (95% of the clones).--Absorption of the monospecific antisera with whole cells from lysogenic strains resulted in a drastic decrease or even complete loss of specific antibodies towards those antigens identified by slide agglutination reactions (Table 4). Cross absorption experiments with antisera against B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and strain 73 1/7 and various strains of the genus Bordetella and with a number of lysogenic strains showing various agglutination patterns allowed the conclusion that the latter ones were serologically related to B. pertussis. The lysogenic strains completely absorbed antibodies against B. bronchiseptica, and those strains that carried the agglutinogen 14 also absorbed antibodies against, B. parapertussis (Table 5). In conclusion, these results support the necessity to revise the subdivision of the genus Bordetella into three species. A change of B. parapertussis to B. pertussis within the epidemiological processes is considered. [TOP OF PAGE]

  50. Teh efficacy of staphylococcal bacteriophage in treatment of purulent diseases of lungs and pleura. Meladze, G.D., Mebuke, M.G., Chkhetia, N.S., Kiknadze, N.I., Koguashvili, G.G., Timoshuk, I.I., Larionova, N.G., Vasadze, G.K. (1982). Grudnaia Khirurgiia 1:53-56. [TOP OF PAGE]

  51. Coliphage BA14: a new relative of phage T7. Mertens, H., Hausmann, R. (1982). J. Gen. Virol. 62 (Pt 2):331-341. Coliphage BA14 was isolated from sewage and shown to be related to phages T7 and T3. It is similar to T3 in that it directs the synthesis of an S-adenosyl-methionine-cleaving enzyme (SAMase) early upon infection. However, it differs from all other known T7-related coliphages by the inability of its RNA polymerase (gene 1 product) to transcribe T7 DNA or T3 DNA. BA14, T7 and T3 also show marked differences in autoradiographic patterns of their gel-electrophoretically separated 35S-labelled intracellular phage proteins, restriction endonuclease HpaI cleavage patterns of their DNAs, and serological specificities of their infectious particles. Other distinctive features became apparent upon simultaneous mixed infection with BA14 and T7 or T3: inability of BA14 to produce genetic recombinants with either T7 or T3; lack of functional complementation between amber mutants of BA14 and T7 or T3; mutual exclusion and depression of the burst size of the mixedly infected cells. [TOP OF PAGE]

  52. Electron microscopy of Streptococcus lactis phage plaque margins. Moussavi-Jahed, Z., Douglas, J. (1982). J. Gen. Virol. 60:147-151. Ultrathin sections of plaques produced by Streptococcus lactis phages O712 and m13 were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The clear central area of the plaque was found to contain hardly any cellular material but the turbid margin contained abundant plasma membranes and some partially lysed cells whose appearance suggests a novel mechanism for the termination of plaque growth. [TOP OF PAGE]

  53. Phage influence on the synthesis of extracellular toxins in Group A Streptococci. Nida, S.K., Ferretti, J.J. (1982). Infect. Immun. 36:745-750. The principle of phage-directed toxigenic conversion of Streptococcus pyogenes has been widely accepted since a 1964 report of conversion of one non-producer of 'erythrogenic toxin' by lysogenization with either of two serologically related phages. The present research examined the scope of toxigenic conversion in S. pyogenes using thirty-one S. pyogenes strains, of which nine were laboratory strains and twenty-two were isolated from cases of scarlet fever. Phage conversion of S. pyogenes was demonstrated in eighteen constructed lysogens and in one laboratory-created pseudolysogen, employing five phage recipient cultures and ten phages. Nine of the converting phages were newly identified by this research and four of the converted phage-recipients were never previously converted. Possible generality of toxigenic conversion may be inferred from these newly identified conversions which broaden the range of documented conversions, irrespective of M type. Three converted recipient strains had no history of uv irradiation, removing the possibility that a phage-associated change in phenotype might be attributed to a mutation in the host culture. Monitored lysogens proved stable for three months; after four months, 75% of the clones no longer produced phage. Conversions were consistent and repeatable, effecting exotoxin types A and B production phenotypes. Toxin was not produced in the absence of phage. Loss of the recently-introduced phage was accompanied by loss of newly acquired toxin-productivity. Conversion endowed productivity of additional exotoxin type or types and never effected loss of existing toxin synthesis. Toxin type produced by the converted strain was determined by the phage introduced. Conversion was accomplished by a positive conversion effector, which was a phage characteristic expressed by the prophage and vegetatively reproducing phage. Converting phages were related morphologically and by genome size, but each was unique. The phages comprised at least two serological types and two host-range types. Phage-directed toxigenic conversion of S. pyogenes was shown to be comparable to the model conversions of Salmonella typhimurium by phage P22 and of Corynebacterium diphtheriae by specific corynebacteriophages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  54. THE EFFECT OF LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE ON THE GENERATION TIME ADSORPTION AND YIELD OF THE CYANO PHAGE AS-1. Olson, G.B., Desjardins, P.R. (1982). Phytopathology 72:937 [TOP OF PAGE]

  55. Bacteriophages of Halobacterium halobium: isolated from fermented fish sauce and primary characterization. Pauling, C. (1982). Can. J. Microbiol. 28:916-921. Bacteriophages infecting extremely halophilic bacteria of the genus Halobacterium have been isolated from fermented anchovy sauce. Two distinct phages, designated Hh-1 and Hh-3, have been characterized. Both Hh-1 and Hh-3 are more tolerant of suspension in solutions of low ionic strength than their host bacteria. Both Hh-1 and Hh-3 have the ability to establish a carrier state upon infection of sensitive cells of H. halobium. Bacterial cells infected with phage in the carrier state are viable, produce phages, are immune to superinfection with homologous phages, yet remain fully capable of supporting heterologous phages. These properties suggest that the halophages are well adapted to survival in environments in which the salinity is subject to rapid changes of considerable magnitude. [TOP OF PAGE]

  56. SEROLOGIC STUDIES OF PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA BACTERIO PHAGES. PETKOV, A. (1982). Veterinarno Meditsinski Nauki 18:48-51. Serologic studies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages.Eleven phages isolated from lysogenic strains of P. aeruginosa were investigated. Based on the results of the neutralization test, the phages were divided into 3 clearly distinguishable groups. The 1st group included phages P28 and C18; the 2nd group, phages 5118, 05, 14 and 141; and the 3rd group, phages 159 and 32. Bacteriophages 10, 12 and 149 produced slight (23-43%) neutralization with P28 and 5118 sera. High titer and specific anti-phage sera were obtained. [TOP OF PAGE]

  57. Genetic diversity and stability in parasite-host systems. Pimentel, D. (1982). manuscript ???:???-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  58. Methods for studying aquatic bacteriophage. Primrose, S.B., Seeley, N.D., Logan, K.B., Nicolson, J.W. (1982). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:694-701. Methods are described for enumerating the different kinds of bacteriophage present in virus concentrates prepared from 120 liters of water. Although developed specifically for use with coliphages, they should be applicable to viruses infecting other hosts. These methods involve mixing indicators, equilibrium buoyant-density centrifugation, use of enzymes or inhibitors or both, and specific hybridization probes, either alone or in combination. With these methods, it ws possible to specifically enumerate filamentous and isometric male-specific (F-specific) phages, the different classes of P-group plasmid-specific phages, phi-X174-like phages, and lambda-like phages. Some applications of these methods, including measurement of virus inactivation in the environment and the extent of fecal pollution, are discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  59. A genetic switch in a bacteria virus. Ptashne, M., Johnson, A.D., Pabo, C.O. (1982). Scientific American 247(5), 128-140. [TOP OF PAGE]

  60. Comparative biology and evolution of bacteriophages. Reanney, D.C., Ackermann, H.-W. (1982). Adv. Virus Res. 27:205-280. [TOP OF PAGE]

  61. Lysogenic strains of lactic acid bacteria and lytic spectra of their temperate bacteriophages. Reyrolle, J., Chopin, M.C., Letellier, F., Novel, G. (1982). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:349-356. [TOP OF PAGE]

  62. Rapid inactivation of bacteriophage T7 by ascorbic acid is repairable. Richter, H.E., Loewen, P.C. (1982). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 697:25-30. Treatment of bacteriophage T7 with ascorbic acid resulted in the rapid accumulation of single-strand breaks in the DNA with double-strand breaks appearing only after incubation times of 20 min or longer. The single-strand breaks were responsible for a rapid inactivation of the phage as assayed by immediate plating of the phage-bacteria mixture on nutrient agar. Incubation of the phage-bacteria mixture in liquid medium prior to plating allowed a host cell reactivation process to repair the nicks and reactivate the phage. Non-reversible inactivation of the phage was a slower process which could be correlated with the appearance of double-strand breaks in the phage DNA. Host cell reactivation of the phage was also manifested in the phenomena of delayed lysis and delayed appearance of the concatemeric DNA replication intermediate. [TOP OF PAGE]

  63. ISOLATION OF BACTERIO PHAGES FROM LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES SEROVAR 5 AND LISTERIA-INNOCUA. Rocourt, J., SCHRETTENBRUNNER, A., SEELIGER, H.P.R. (1982). Zentralblatt fuer Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene 1 Abt Originale A 251:505-511. Isolation of bacteriophages from Listeria monocytogenes serovar 5 and Listeria innocua.Eleven new bacteriophages, 3 from L. monocytogenes serovar 5 and 8 from L. innocua, were isolated from lysogenic strains without induction. Phagovar determinations were carried out with these phages and 12 others isolated from L. monocytogenes serovars 1/2 and 4b. Of the 142 strains from different serovars tested, 76% gave a lytic pattern. The new phage set increased the percentage of determinable L. innocua strains to 61.7%. Different phage patterns underline the distinction between L. monocytogenes and L. innocua. L. monocytogenes serovar 5 is characterized by its greater sensitivity to many phages from lysogenic strains of various serovars. [TOP OF PAGE]

  64. [Theoretical analysis of protein coevolution in the phage-bacteria system. A deterministic model of the separate microevolutionary stage]. [Russian]. Rodin, S.N., Ratner, V.A. (1982). Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii 43:175-185. [TOP OF PAGE]

  65. [Theoretical analysis of protein coevolution in the phage-bacterium system. The problem]. [Russian]. Rodin, S.N., Ratner, V.A. (1982). Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii 43:56-64. [TOP OF PAGE]

  66. [Simultaneous isolation of infected and non-infected clones of mycoplasmas from plaques obtained on acholeplasma laidlawii lawns with a virus of group L1 of Gourlay]. Roger, A. (1982). ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE UND HYGIENE. 1. ABT. 252:129-131. [TOP OF PAGE]

  67. Influence of selected herbicides on phages of some soil bacteria. Roslycky, E.B. (1982). Can. J. Soil Sci. 62:217-220. [TOP OF PAGE]

  68. Bacteriophage-mediated acquisition of antibiotic resistance by Staphylococcus aureus type 88. Schaefler, S. (1982). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 21:460-467. Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains of phage type 88, lysogenic for phage 188, when grown in mixed culture with a nonlysogenic novobiocin-resistant strain, acquired novobiocin resistance at a high rate from the nonlysogenic strain. With most strains of phage type 88, there was no detectable transfer of resistance from lysogenic to nonlysogenic cells. Lysogenization with phage 188 of phage-sensitive strains conferred on the lysogenized cells the ability to acquire chromosome and plasmid resistance markers. The acquisition of novobiocin resistance in liquid cultures depended on the aeration of the culture, cell density, and the presence of Ca2+. Pronase, and to a lesser degree other proteinases, increased the rate of acquisition of chromosome- and plasmid-determined resistance markers by cells lysogenic for phage 188. [TOP OF PAGE]

  69. The isolation of bacteriophages from the environment. Seeley, N.D., Primrose, S.B. (1982). J. Appl. Bacteriol. 53:1-17. [TOP OF PAGE]

  70. FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES ON THE BACTERIO PHAGES FOR TYPING OF VIBRIO-CHOLERAE. SHIGENO, H. (1982). Tropical Medicine 24:55-64. Fundamental studies on the bacteriophages for typing of Vibrio cholerae.This paper describes the appearance of an atypical biotype of V. cholerae in relation to the modified phage receptors seen in the mutant strains and the biological properties of these receptors. In order to obtain the mutant strains resistant to a certain phage, mixed cultures of phage and V. cholerae were carried out in thin layered soft agar. In this method, 4 groups of cholera phage (I, II, III, IV) with Asiatic vibrio (V. cholerae biovar cholerae) strains C154 and H218, and 5 kinds of E1 Tor phage (1, 2, 3, 4, 5,) with E1 Tor vibrio (V. cholerae biovar eltor) strain 757 were used. In the soft agar culture with complete bacteriolysis, a few colonies were found as the resistant mutant. They were identified as V. cholerae and it was confirmed that they were not lysogenized. After this confirmation, the sensitivity of the mutant strains to the other phages was examined. All the receptors of Asiatic vibrios were markedly in common. Each receptor of E1 Tor vibrios was relatively independent. Receptor 1 (R1) and receptor 5 (R5) could be similar in nature. The location of the receptors was suspected to be in order from outside R1 and R5 to the inside R2, and R3 forms a branch from an axis of R2 and R4. When Asiatic vibrio strain H218 became resistant to a certain phage, it became resistant to all the other phages, including phage IV. The strain became resistant to polymixin B and positive in the Voges-Proskaver reaction. Thus, E1 Tor vibrio appears to be a mutant strain of Asiatic vibrio. [TOP OF PAGE]

  71. Role of temperate phage in determining lytic phage sensitivity and serotype of Vibrio cholerae. Siddiqui, K.A., Bhattacharyya, F.K. (1982). Infect. Immun. 37:847-851. The effect of lysogenization with five temperate phages from various sources on serotype and lytic phage sensitivity was investigated in six cultures of Vibrio cholerae of both classical and El Tor biotypes. No changes in serotype or in classical phage sensitivity in the classical biotype were observed. Four of the temperate phages were homoimmune and induced resistance to one of the El Tor typing phages, E3, thereby causing a type change in El Tor strains. The sensitivity to the other phages was not changed. In 14 natural isolates too, E3 (group III) phage resistance correlated with the presence of temperate phage. Postadsorption exclusion was found to be the mechanism of resistance involved. The fifth phage, VcA-1, had a unique immunity profile. It could infect the El Tor biotype of V. cholerae but caused no change in the host properties investigated. [TOP OF PAGE]

  72. Successful treatment of experimental Escherichia coli infections in mice using phage: Its general superiority over antibiotics. Smith, H.W., Huggins, M.B. (1982). J. Gen. Microbiol. 128:307-318. [TOP OF PAGE]

  73. Difficultés de fermentation malolactique du vin dues à des bactériophages de Leuconostoc oenos. Sozzi, T., Gnaegi, F., d'Amico, N., Hose, H. (1982). Rev. Suisse Vitic. Arboric. Hortic. 14:17-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  74. Lysogenic Conversion of Antiphagocytic Determinants in Group A Streptococci. Spanier, J.G. (1982). University of Minnesota. The M antigen, the cell surface protein of group A streptococci responsible for resistance to phagocytosis, is known to undergo a variety of phenotypic changes both in vivo and in vitro. In certain strains of group A streptococci complete expression of the M protein and concomitant resistance to phagocytosis is dependent upon a bacteriophage and its establishment of a lysogenic state with the host bacterium. Immunochemical analysis of lysogenically converted M('+) strains demonstrated that they contain precipitating and antiphagocytic determinants of the phage recipient parental strain rather than the M-specific determinants expressed by the phage donor strain. In the phage host system CS112 (SP24), in addition to converting the M('-) strain CS112 to an M('+) state, phage SP24 DNA undergoes a substitution of phage SP112 DNA each time it infects strain CS112. The extent of this substitution was defined by constructing and comparing restriction endonuclease cleavage maps of phage SP24 DNAs pre- and post-infection of strain CS112. In order to determine if bacteriophage integration into the bacterial chromosome was necessary to convert CS112 to the M('+) state, restriction endonuclease digested phage and prophage DNAs were electrophoresed, Southern blotted onto nitrocellulose, and hybridized to phage DNAs which had been ('32)P labeled by nick translation. Prophage SP24 DNA was found to integrate into the phage recipient (strain CS112) chromosome at a specific site--a site identical to that at which phage SP24 integrated in the phage donor strain CS24. In addition, it was observed that constructed CS112(SP24) lysogens existed in two states: (1) prior to selection for M('+) bacteria by rotation in human blood, prophage were predominantly not integrated into the bacterial chromosome, and could be cured in the presence of phage antisera; and (2) after selection of M('+) bacteria by their resistance to phagocytosis, prophage were predominantly integrated into the bacterial chromosome and could not be cured by phage antisera. The genetic mechanisms by which group A streptococci become M('-) are discussed in light of these findings. [TOP OF PAGE]

  75. Characterization of an inducible bacteriophage from a leukotoxic strain of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Stevens, R.H., Hammond, B.F., Lai, C.H. (1982). Infect. Immun. 35:343-349. A bacteriophage, designated phi Aa17, was isolated by mitomycin C induction from leukotoxic Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains 651. Electron microscopy of the virus revealed particles with regular, nonelongated, polyhedral heads, and tails consisting of a contractile sheath and core. Spikes emanated from the base of the tail. The head had a diameter of 70 nm. The fully extended tail sheath had a length of 127 nm and a diameter of 22 nm. In its contracted form, the tail sheath measured 47 nm in length and 25 nm in diameter. The phage had a buoyant density of 1.370 in CsCl, and its genome was found to be double-stranded DNA. A single-cycle growth curve revealed that the phage had a latent period of 30 min and a burst size of 435 PFU per cell. The host range of the phage was examined, and A. actinomycetemcomitans strains ATCC 29523 and ATCC 29524 were found to be phage sensitive, whereas strains Y4, ATCC 29522, 2043, 652, 651, 627, 2097, N27, 2112, and 511 were resistant. The host range of this virus does not suggest any association between the phage and leukotoxin production. [TOP OF PAGE]

  76. SOIL-BORNE BACTERIO PHAGE AS A LIMITING FACTOR IN ROOT COLONIZATION BY BENEFICIAL RHIZOBACTERIA. SUSLOW, T., V (1982). Phytopathology 72:997 [TOP OF PAGE]

  77. LYSOGENY OF METHANOTROPHIC BACTERIA. Tikhonenko, A.S., Bespalova, I.A., Tyutikov, F.M., MARTYNKINA, L.P., GAL'CHENKO, V.F., Kriviskii, A.S. (1982). Mikrobiologiya 51:482-486. Lysogeny of methanotrophic bacteria.Twenty strains belonging to the following species were studied: Methylosinus sporium, M. trichosporium, Methylomonas methanica, Methylocystis parvus, M. minimus, M. impressionis, Methylobacter bovis, Methylococcus capsulatus and Flavobacterium gasotypicum. After induction with UV (100-1000 erg/mm2) or treatment with mitomycin C (10-100 .mu.g/ml), the cultures of M. bovis 89, M. trichosporium GB2, M. trichosporium 44, M. sporium GB4 and F. gasotypicum MF1 were found to contain bacteriophages of 2 morphological groups: with a short tail (the first 4 strains), and with a long tail (F. gasotypicum MF1). No phage virions were detected in noninduced preparations of the cultures. The indicator culture of M. trichosporium GB4 was selected for the phage isolated from M. bovis 89. The phages isolated from the cells were entirely identical, in morphological terms, to phages isolated from the environment. [TOP OF PAGE]

  78. Lytic activity of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus against bacteria of the family Legionellaceae. Tomov, A., Kassovsky, V., Chorbadjiiska, L., Tsvetkova, E., Tsanev, N., Vencheva, Z. (1982). ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE UND HYGIENE. 1. ABT. 252:96-100. A lytic activity of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strains 6-5-S and 12 was found to be present, against representatives of three Legionella species: Legionella pneumophila-strains Knoxville 1 (serogroup 1), Togus 1 (serogroup 2), Bloomington 2 (serogroup 3) and Los Angeles 1 (serogroup 4); Legionella micdadei-strain Tatlock; Legionella bozemanii-strain Wiga, as well as against strains of Legionella pneumophila isolated in Bulgaria-Draginovo 1, 2, 3-belonging to serogroup 1. It is suggested that B. bacteriovorus participates in the self-purification of the environment from legionellae. [TOP OF PAGE]

  79. Antiviral activity of antibiotic-producing marine bacteria. Toranzo, A.E., Baria, J.L., Hetrick, F.M. (1982). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 28:231-238. [TOP OF PAGE]

  80. Combined serum bactericidal and phagocytic activities of defibrinated human blood against Serratia marcescens. Use of phenylbutazone to selectively block phagocytic killing activity and of Group A (phage tail) bacteriocins to kill extraphagocytic bacteria. Traub, W.H. (1982). Chemotherapy 28:355-362. Fresh, defibrinated human blood (65 vol%) from normal adults reduced cell inocula of Serratia marcescens, comprising 'delayed serum-sensitive', 'pseudo-serum-resistant', and 'non-serum-sensitive' human serum susceptibility categories, by up to approximately 3 log10 units, provided cell inocula did not significantly exceed 10(5) colony-forming units/ml at 0 time. Phenylbutazone (2 mg/ml) antagonized neither serum bactericidal activity nor the biological activity of group A (phage tail) bacteriocins bA+ 16 and bA+ 18. These bacteriocins were suitable for killing extraphagocytic S. marcescens cells, since they were not internalized by peripheral blood leukocytes. Phenylbutazone at 2 mg/ml failed to interfere with ingestion of S. marcescens by leukocytes; however, this drug inhibited intraphagocytic killing of ingested S. marcescens bacteria. Pilot experiments, utilizing this latter system, disclosed that rifampin effectively killed intraphagolysosomal bacteria. [TOP OF PAGE]

  81. ADSORPTION AND STABILITY OF FILAMENTOUS PHAGE XF FOR XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS-VAR-ORYZAE. TSENG, Y.-H. (1982). Plant Protection Bulletin (Taichung) 24:1-8. Adsorption and stability of filamentous phage XF for Xanthomonas campestris var oryzae.Adsorption and stability of the filamentous phage Xf for X. campestris pv. [pathovar] oryzae were studied. At multiplicity of infection higher than 50, the phage completed adsorption in potato-sucrose medium at 28.degree. C in < 2 h. NH4+ and other ions were required for adsorption. The bacterial cells possessed approximately 16 heat-labile receptor sites. The phage was stable for months in cold, at room temperature after lyophilization, in field water or on rice leaves. [TOP OF PAGE]

  82. Viruses of symbiotic Chlorella-like algae isolated from Paramecium bursaria and Hydra viridis. Van Etten, J.L., Meints, R.H., Kuczmarski, D., Burbank, D.E., Lee, K. (1982). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:3867-3871. [TOP OF PAGE]

  83. Micromonas pusilla virus: the virus growth cycle and associated physiological events within the host cells; host range mutations. Waters, R.E., Chan, A.T. (1982). J. Gen. Virol. 63:199-206. [TOP OF PAGE]

  84. Burst size of bacteriophage SP82 as a function of growth rate of its host Bacillus subtilis. Webb, V., Leduc, E., Spiegelman, G.B. (1982). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 28:1277-1280. The burst size of bacteriophage SP82 in Bacillus subtilis has been measured under conditions of varying bacterial growth rates. The natural logarithm of the burst size was found to vary linearly with cell growth rate. [TOP OF PAGE]

  85. Evaluation of coliphage detection as a rapid indicator of water quality. Wentzel, R.S., O'Neill, P.E., Kitchens, J.F. (1982). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:430-434. [TOP OF PAGE]

  86. Seasonal distribution of bdellovibrios at the mouth of the Patuxent River in the Chesapeake Bay. Williams, H.N., Falkler, W.J., Shay, D.E. (1982). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 28:111-116. Water samples taken at monthly intervals from three sites in the mouth of the Patuxent River in the Chesapeake Bay were cultured for bdellovibrios lytic to Vibrio parahaemolyticus and for total viable bacterial counts. The number of bdellovibrios recovered decreased from the spring months (April, May, June (AMJ) until very few were detected during the winter months (January, February, March (JFM), which also coincided with the lowest water temperatures. During the AMJ season there was a significant increase as compared with the JFM season in the number of bdellovibrios for all sites. The highest number of bdellovibrios was recovered during each season from the shoreline water sample, with one exception. The seasonal variation in the number of bdellovibrios was observed to correlate statistically with the water temperature. [TOP OF PAGE]

  87. Development of internally pH-controlled bulk starter media for the propagation of lactic acid bacteria. Willrett, D.L. (1982). Oregon State University. Various pH-controlled bulk starter media were formulated for the propagation of mesophilic and thermophilic lactic acid bacteria. PH control was achieved externally with a single-shot addition of sodium carbonate, internally using controlled release alkali in the form of encapsulated sodium carbonate and internally with pH-dependent, insoluble buffers. The concept of internal pH control was also applied to laboratory plating media used for enumeration and differentiation of lactic streptococci. Single-shot external neutralization effectively doubled the lactic cell population. Internal neutralization with controlled release alkali produced improved holdover cultures but had several commercial drawbacks. Internal neutralization with the insoluble buffers trimagnesium phosphate and calcium carbonate proved to be most suitable from a commercial standpoint. The end result of this technology is commercially manufactured and sold under the name PHASE 4. Several PHASE 4 formulations were developed using the insoluble buffer trimagnesium phosphate or ingredients necessary to generate this compound in situ in the bulk starter tank. A chemical interaction between trimagnesium phosphate and diammonium phosphate enabled PHASE 4 to have a high buffering capacity with a physiologically desirable starting pH. The medium was made phage-inhibitory with the addition of citrate. High quality yeast extract was shown to be necessary for successful performance of PHASE 4 with frozen culture concentrates. PHASE 4 not only supported growth of Streptococcus lactis and S. cremoris, but it promoted growth of leuconostoc bacteria and S. diacetilactis. Bulk starter media formulations were developed to support the balanced growth of the rod-coccus starter cultures used in the manufacture of Italian cheeses. These formulations included one most suited for propagating phosphate tolerant commercial cultures and another for phosphate sensitive cultures. An additional formulation was proposed for growing the S. thermophilus organism alone, commonly used in Swiss cheese manufacture. All attempts to produce an acceptable phage-inhibitory medium for rod-coccus cultures were unsuccessful. The insoluble buffer trimagnesium phosphate was also used in two laboratory plating media for enumeration of lactic streptococci and for differentiation of 'fast' and 'slow' acid-producing lactic streptococci. [TOP OF PAGE]

  88. Isolation and partial characterization of a bacteriophage of Erwinia stewartii from the corn flea beetle Chaetocnema-pulicaria. Woods, T.L., Israel, H.W., Sherf, A.F. (1982). Protetion Ecology 3:229-236. Isolation and partial characterization of a bacteriophage of Erwinia stewartii from the corn flea beetle, Chaetocnema pulicaria.A bacteriophage of E. stewartii (Smith) Dye was isolated from the corn flea beetle, C. pulicaria Melsh. The phage was partially characterized according to host range, 1-step growth behavior and morphology. The host range was limited to 8 of 13 E. stewartii strains and 1 strain of E. herbicola var. herbicola. The phage did not lyse 7 other Erwinia strains, nor species of Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas Corynebacterium, Agrobacterium or Escherichia. The latent period in the 1-step growth experiment was 55 min, with a burst size of 236 and an adsorption to host cells of 92%. Each intact virion had an octahedral head averaging 58 nm in diameter, a short neck and a 4-membered, non-contractile tail assembly. While insect vectors of phytopathogenic bacteria may be useful sources of bacteriophages, it can be inferred that, under field conditions, E. stewartii, the causative agent of Stewart's disease of corn, might be effectively reduced or eliminated within its beetle vector by virulent bacteriophages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  89. Isolation and application of a new bacteriophage, Phi ET-1, which infect Edwardsiella tarda , the pathogen of edwardsiellosis. Wu, J.L., Chao, W.J. (1982). pp. 8-17. In AnonymousREPORTS ON FISH DISEASE RESEARCH. Council for Agricultural Planning and Dev., Taipei. The first bacteriophage which infect and lyse Edwardsiella tarda , the pathogen of fish edwardsiellosis, was isolated from one of 350 screened water samples and was named as Phi ET-1. Bacteriophage Phi ET-1 had wide spectrum of host range by showing 92.6% of the virulence in 27 strains of E. tarda . Bacteriophage Phi ET-1 had strong killing power for E. tarda by its quick lysis ability. The viable E. tarda could be reduced to less than 0.1% of the starting concentration by Phi ET-1 infection at an M.O.I. = 0.08 in 8 hours. In the meantime, Phi ET-1 phage were under active multiplication of infective viral particles. Immersion of loaches, Misgurnus angullicaudatus , in E. tarda suspension rather than injection was chosen for the assessment of biological control measure of Phi ET-1. The pathogenicity of E. tarda was almost completely eliminated after 8 hours by Phi ET-1 infection at an M.O.I. = 0.1. [TOP OF PAGE]

  90. Coliphagen und coliforme Bakterien in Fliessgewässern unterschiedlicher Güte. Zaiss, U. (1982). J. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 15:171-177. [TOP OF PAGE]

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