Bacteriophage Ecology Group
Reference Abstracts (1981)
Dedicated to the ecology and evolutionary biology of the parasites of unicellular organisms (UOPs)
© Stephen T. Abedon
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© Phage et al. last updated on Wednesday, December 26, 2001
  1. A survey of Brucella phages and morphology of new isolates. Ackermann, H.-W., Simon, F., Verger, J.-M. (1981). Intervirology 16:1-7. [TOP OF PAGE]

  2. [Comparative characteristics of the Bdellovibrio strains isolated from river water and sewage]. Afinogenova, A.V., Romai, P.S., Konovalova, S.M., Churkina, L.G., Lambina, V.A. (1981). Mikrobiologiia 50:378-385. The morphology, the host ranges, the resistance to pteridine and the nucleotide composition of DNA were compared in 12 newly isolated and 10 collection strains of Bdellovibrio. The significance of properties used for the taxonomy of these organisms was evaluated. The host ranges of Bdellovibrio strains are heterogeneous with respect to the taxonomy of host bacteria. The specificity of the parasite depends to a significant degree on the host bacterium in which it grows. All the strains including Bd. starrii which was described earlier as a pteridine resistant species are sensitive to pteridine. Therefore, such properties as the host range action and the response to pteridine cannot be used for diagnostics of Bdellovibrio species. The strains were found to be very heterogeneous with regard to the nucleotide composition of the DNA. Eight out of the 12 newly isolated strains were assigned to the species Bd, bacteriovorus. [TOP OF PAGE]

  3. TESTS FOR THE PRESENCE OF BACTERIO PHAGES IN LIVE VIRUS VACCINES. ALBRYCHT, H., WYSOKINSKA, T., SPORZYNSKA, Z., RYMKIEWICZ, D., BANACH, W. (1981). Medycyna Doswiadczalna i Mikrobiologia 33:97-103. Tests for the presence of bacteriophages in live virus vaccines.Live virus vaccines and calf sera used for tissue cultures were tested for the presence of bacteriophages, mainly those acting on Escherichia coli. Measles vaccine (30 lots), poliovaccine (3 lots) of Soviet production and smallpox vaccine (10 lots) of Polish production were tested for E. coli phages; 17 lots of smallpox vaccine were tested for Clostridium perfringens phages. Testing was performed by the 2-layer method on petri dishes. Phages were detected in 1 lot of poliovaccine only. A greater number of phages were found in calf serum. Of 25 lots manufactured by the Lublin Institute of Sera and Vaccines, 20 were infected (80%). Phages were detected in none of the calf serum lots prepared by the Warsaw Institute of Sera and Vaccines. The number of PFU[plaque forming untis]/ml in positive serum samples ranged from 1-143. Two lots of horse serum and 1 lot of bovine serum were not contaminated. The safety of phage-infected vaccines and the problem of elimination of phages from sera used for tissue cultures are discussed. Phages can be eliminated from vaccines by the use of phage-free sera. This is possible by proper selection of animals and sterile blood collection. [TOP OF PAGE]

  4. Why microbial predators and parasites do not eliminate their prey and hosts. Alexander, M. (1981). Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 35:113-133. Many natural ecosystems contain microbial populations that live and replicate as a result of their predatory and parasitic activities. These same environments support large populations of diverse microbial species that are preyed upon or parasitized. The coexistance in the same ecosystem of attacker and suspect prompts the obvious question: why do the predators and parasites, which are often quite numerous, not eliminate their prey and hosts? This essay is designed to answer that question as it relates to soil, fresh and marine waters, and sewage. [TOP OF PAGE]

  5. CHELATING AGENT SHOCK OF CYANO PHAGE AS-1 INFECTING UNI CELLULAR BLUE-GREEN ALGAE ANACYSTIS-NIDULANS. Amla, D.V. (1981). INDIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 19:209-211. Chelating agent shock of cyanophage AS-1 infecting unicellular blue-green algae (Anacystis nidulans).Three strains of free cyanophage AS-1 (wild, host-range h and minute plaque forming m) exposed to chelating agents were inactivated by chelating agent shock (CAS) when diluted rapidly in distilled water. The intracellular phage particles were comparatively resistant to CAS inactivation. Susceptibility of all the phage strains to CAS was enhanced with increases in concentration of chelating agents, time and temperature of the shocking water. Addition of monovalent or divalent salts but not the nonionic solutes to the shocking water resulted in protection of phage particles; addition of these salts to the shocking water after CAS treatment did not promote recovery of phage infectivity. Inactivation of cyanophages by CAS is probably due to interaction of the polyanionic chelating agents with the cations present in phage protein. In the course of rapid dilution the native structure of cyanophage particles is distorted, resulting in inactivation of phages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  6. ISOLATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF MINUTE PLAQUE FORMING MUTANT OF CYANO PHAGE AS-1. Amla, D.V. (1981). Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen (BPP) 176:83-89. Isolation of characteristics of minute plaque forming mutant of cyanophage AS-1.Minute plaque forming mutant (m) of cyanophage AS-1 infecting unicellular blue-green algae, Anacystis nidulans, was isolated spontaneously and after mutagenic treatment. Compared to wild type m mutant-formed small plaques, adsorption rate was slow and the burst-size was significantly decreased with prolonged eclipse and latent period. The plaque forming ability of mutant phage was sensitive to pH, heat, EDTA shock, distilled water and photosensitization with acriflavine; UV sensitivity of free and intracellular phage was identical to the parent. The spontaneous reversion frequencies of mutant phage to wild-type were between 10-5-10-3, and appeared to be clonal property. Reversion studies suggested possibilities of frame-shift or base-pair substitution for m mutation. [TOP OF PAGE]

  7. Quantitative and Qualitative Studies of Aeromonas salmonicida Bacteriophage. Austin, B., Rodgers, C.J., Pringle, J.H., McCarthy, D.H. (1981). J. Gen. Microbiol. 125:335-345. A comprehensive bacteriophage typing scheme for A. salmonicida , the causal agent of furunculosis in fish, is described. It distinguishes 27 bacterial groups based on sensitivity patterns to 18 bacteriophage isolates. In addition, the sensitivity patterns are shown to reflect the morphological characteristics of the host bacterium. The "rough", "smooth" and "G-phase" forms possess different quantities of lipopolysaccharide in the cell wall and this influences bacteriophage attachment. The problems related to these morphological variations are discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  8. [Bacillus thuringiensis bacteriophage interference]. Azizbekian, R.R. (1981). Genetika 17:1745-1752. Strains of Bacillus thuringiensis lysogenic for temperate bacteriophage Tm2 inhibit the development of virulent bacteriophage Tg4, although the latter can absorb to and kill these bacteria. Tm2 mediated interference did not act directly on the Tg4 genome; rather, the phage altered the host physiology. The latent period of Tg4 growth in Bac. thuringiensis lysogenic for phage Tm2 was longer than when nonlysogenic bacteria were infected. Progeny yields have been counted in Bac. thuringiensis strain mixedly infected with two unrelated phages-Tg4 and Tm2 in a varying order of addition. The dominance was dependent on the order of addition. Under the conditions of mixed infections, only single phage (Tm2 or Tg4) produced a significant number of progeny, provided, it was added 5 min before the infection with the other phage. When two phages were added simultaneously, the yields of both phages were reduced. [TOP OF PAGE]

  9. [Importance of detecting Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus in the reservoir water]. Bagdasar'ian, G.A., Pokorny, J., Doskina, T.V. (1981). Gigiena i Sanitariia 66-67. [TOP OF PAGE]

  10. Cyanobacteria-cyanophage interactions in continuous culture. Barnett, Y.M., Draft, M.J., Stewart, W.D.P. (1981). J. Appl. Bacteriol. 51:541-552. [TOP OF PAGE]

  11. ??? Beck, E., Zink, B. (1981). Gene 16:35-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  12. Effects of photosynthetic inhibitors and light-dark regimes on the replication of cyanophage SM-2. Benson, R., Martin, E. (1981). Archives of Microbiology 129:165-167. [TOP OF PAGE]

  13. STUDIES ON A BACTERIO PHAGE ISOLATED FROM XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS 2. ITS USE IN THE CONTROL OF XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS AND XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS-VESICATORIA. BERGAMIN, F.I.L.H., KIMATI, H. (1981). Summa Phytopathologica 7:35-43. Studies on a bacteriophage isolated from Xanthomonas campestris: 2. Its use in the control of Xanthomonas campestris and Xanthomonas campestris vesicatoria.The phage described can be used successfully, at least under greenhouse conditions, in the control of the cabbage disease caused by X. campestris and the pepper disease caused by X. vesicatoria. For both diseases the most efficient treatment was simultaneous inoculation with the phage and bacteria. The symptoms were reduced in 99.83% for X. campestris and 99.02% for X. vesicatoria. [TOP OF PAGE]

  14. STUDIES ON A BACTERIO PHAGE ISOLATED FROM XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS 1. ISOLATION AND MORPHOLOGY. BERGAMIN, F.I.L.H., KIMATI, H., MATYIS, J.C., SILVA, D.M. (1981). Summa Phytopathologica 6:159-164. Studies on a bacteriophage isolated from Xanthomonas campestris: 1. Isolation and morphology.A phage was isolated from X. campestris which caused severe symptoms in cabbage. Activity of the phage was demonstrated in a quantitative test against X. campestris and X. vesicatoria. The phage has a hexagonal symmetrical head with 42 nm between the parallel edges, a contractable sheath of 32 nm, tail of 88 nm and total length of 130 nm. [TOP OF PAGE]

  15. Recovery of coliphages from wastewater effluents and polluted lake water by the magnetite-organic flocculation method. Bitton, G., Chang, L.T., Farrah, S.R., Clifford, K. (1981). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:93-96. [TOP OF PAGE]

  16. PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA BACTERIO PHAGES HAVING DNA STRUCTURE SIMILAR TO THAT OF MU-1 PHAGE 3. ISOLATION AND ANALYSIS OF HYBRID PHAGE D-3112 AND PHAGE B-39 LOCALIZATION OF THE IMMUNITY REGION AND SOME GENETIC FACTORS. BOGUSH, V.G., Plotnikova, T.G., KIRSANOV, N.B., Rebentish, B.A., PERMOGOROV, V., I, Krylov, V.N. (1981). Genetika 17:967-976. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages having DNA structure similar to that of Mu1 phage: 3. Isolation and analysis of hybrid phage D3112 and phage B39: Localization of the immunity region and some genetic factors.Several different hybrids were isolated in a cross between heteroimmune Mu-like P. aeruginosa bacteriophages D3112 and B39. Analysis of hybrid phage DNA treated with specific endonucleases and heteroduplex studies permitted mapping of the immunity region of the phages to the left part of the genome. A ts temperature-sensitive mutation in the wild-type B39 and loci influencing the growth of D3112 in P. aeruginosa strain PA0(B39) and in bacteria harboring plasmid RPL11 were localized. All recombinants studied arose by double crossing-over and can be considered as substitutions of different continuous parts of the D3112 genome by fragments of the B39 genome. A comparison of distribution of non-homologous regions in B39 and D3112 genomes as well as locations of endonuclease-sensitive sites gave some unexpected results. In contrast to the B39-D3112 pair, an other pair of related Mu-like phages, B3-D3112, have no visible homology within most of their genomes. [TOP OF PAGE]

  17. Phage t: a group T plasmid-dependent bacteriophage. Bradley, D.E., Coetzee, J.N., Bothma, T., Hedges, R.W. (1981). Journal of General Microbiology 126:397-403. Phage t was isolated from sewage from Pretoria. It formed plaques only on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium strains that carried plasmids belonging to incompatibility group T. Five of six group T plasmids permitted visible lysis of R+ host strains. There was no visible lysis of E. coli J53-2 or S. typhimurium LT2trpA8 carrying the T plasmid Rts1 although the strains supported phage growth as indicated by at least a 10-fold increase in phage titre. The latter strains transferred the plasmid at high frequency to E. coli strain CSH2 and the resulting transconjugants plated the phage. Proteus mirabilis strain PM5006(R402) failed to support phage growth although it transferred the plasmid and concomitant phage sensitivity to E. coli J53-2. The phage was hexagonal in outline, RNA-containing, resistant to chloroform and adsorbed to the shafts of pili determined by T plasmids. [TOP OF PAGE]

  18. Phage X: a plasmid-dependent, broad host range, filamentous bacterial virus. Bradley, D.E., Coetzee, J.N., Bothma, T., Hedges, R.W. (1981). Journal of General Microbiology 126:389-396. Phage X was isolated from sewage as plating on Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium strains harbouring the incompatibility group X plasmid R6K. It also plated on a strain of Serratia marcescens carrying this plasmid. It failed to form plaques on Proteus mirabilis, P. morganii or Providencia alcalifaciens harbouring R6K, but did multiply on them. No phage increase occurred with homologous R- strains. Phage X also plated or registered an increase in titre on E. coli or S. typhimurium strains carrying various plasmids of incompatibility groups M, N, P-1, U or W as well as the unassigned plasmid R775. It adsorbed to pili determined by a group P-10 plasmid in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain but did not multiply on this organism. The phage was filamentous and curly, resistant to ribonuclease and diethyl ether and sensitive to chloroform. It adsorbed to the tips of pili. [TOP OF PAGE]

  19. Phage Folac: an Folac plasmid-dependent bacteriophage. Bradley, D.E., Coetzee, J.N., Bothma, T., Hedges, R.W. (1981). Journal of General Microbiology 126:405-411. By enriching sewage with Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium strains harbouring the plasmid EDP208, a constitutive pilus-producing derivative of plasmid F olac, a phage was isolated which plated on these two organisms but not on isogenic strains without the plasmid. The phage was named F olac; it has a hexagonal outline with a diameter of 28 nm, contained RNA, was resistant to chloroform, and probably adsorbed preferentially to the sides of EDP208 pili very near the tip. Phage multiplication could be demonstrated on E. coli or S. typhimurium strains carrying the plasmid F olac, but an increase in titre did not occur on E. coli strains carrying plasmids of the F complex. Results of phage multiplication experiments on strains carrying the depressed pilus-producing plasmids R71 or TP224-Tc, which determine pili serologically related to those of EDP208, were inconclusive. Phage F olac was found to be serologically related to phage UA-6, another isolate specific for EDP208. [TOP OF PAGE]

  20. Disinfecting properties of performic acid against bacteriophage phi X 174 as a model of small envelope--free viruses. Bydzovska, O., Merka, V. (1981). Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology 25:414-423. Performic acid HCOOH (PFA) is a wide-spectrum disinfectant. It inactivates viruses, bacteria and bacterial spores, mycobacteria as well as microscopic fungi. Its main drawback is its instability, which makes it a logical necessity that it is to be prepared prior to use from its components HCOOH and H2O2. The mixing of 8 ml HCOOH of the concentration 850 ml/l and 17 ml H2O2 of the concentration 300 ml/l in a 100 ml-volume reagent bottle with a ground-in glass stopper gives, after an 1-hour rest at room temperature and after another 1 hour in a refrigerator, a stock solution that contains about 50 ml/l of PFA the actual concentration of which is determined iodometrically. Bacteriophage phi X 174 (host E. coli C) is characterized by cubic ikosahedral-type symmetry of particles free of envelope, has 27 mm in diameter and contains single-strand cyclic DNA; formerly was classed among Parvoviridae. The possibility of plaque assay-based quantitative determination of the number of infectious particles makes if it a feasible model for assessing disinfectant action on small hydrophilic viruses under conditions close to those of practical disinfection procedures. PFA stock solution diluted to 1 X 10(-3) (0.05 ml/l of effective component) inactivates the model virus of a concentration 10(8) pfu/ml aqueous suspension within 5 min so that no virus is detectable; the drop in the number of pfu amounts to 7 log orders of magnitude. In the presence of 400 ml/l of serum, the identical effect is achieved within 5 min by PFA stock solution diluted to 5 X 10(-3). The lowest PFA concentration that reliably inactivates bacteriophage phi X 174 in aqueous suspension is identical with the lowest concentration inactivating Coxsackie B 1 virus in tissue cultures. On textile, glass, plastic, rubber and metal carriers contaminated by swabbing or by a dried drop of bacteriophage suspension containing about 1 X 10(9) pfu/ml, the lowest reliably effective concentrations of PFA range within 0.25-0.025 ml/l, i.e. PFA stock solutions diluted to 5 X 10(-3)-5 X 10(-4), depending on the type of carrier and the type of contamination. [TOP OF PAGE]

  21. New waterborne bacteriophages active on Yersinia enterocolitica. Calvo, C., Brault, J., Alonso, J.M., Mollaret, H.H. (1981). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:35-38. Seven bacteriophages active on Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) were isolated from surface water samples collected in Granada, Spain. A comparison of the respective host ranges of these new phages and of reference phages used for YE phage typing showed that YE strains belonging to various phage types, grown at either 37 or 25 degrees C, expressed susceptibility to reference sewage water phages whereas susceptibility to new waterborne phages, as well as to reference phages from lysogenic YE, was only demonstrated in YE strains grown at 25 degrees C. A YE strain isolated by stool culture from a pig was lysogenic for a bacteriophage which behaved like waterborne phages and reference phages from lysogenic YE strains. The possibility that the isolation of waterborne bacteriophages might, in certain circumstances, reflect the presence of lysogenic YE was raised. [TOP OF PAGE]

  22. Evolutionary significance of accessory DNA elements in bacteria. Campbell, A. (1981). Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 35:55-83. [TOP OF PAGE]

  23. Phage typing of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum complex. Crawford, J.T., Fitzhugh, J.K., Bates, J.H. (1981). AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 124:559-562. Because of the need for additional criteria for characterizing strains of the M. avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum (MAIS) complex the practicality of phage typing was examined. We developed a satisfactory method for plaque assays with these organisms using the soft-agar overlay technique with Dubos oleic acid-albumen agar. Cells were cultured in 7H9 broth enriched with oleic acid-albumen complex and glycerol. A number of available phages and 2 phages recently isolated from soil were tested for their ability to infect various MAIS strains. Phages AN9, AN3, AN1-8, D302, VA6, VC3, D32, JF1, JF2, JF3, and JF4 were selected for preliminary typing. All of the phages were propagated on M. smegmatis. Sixty-one MAIS strains having 29 different serotypes were tested and 33 were sensitive to at least 1 phage. Of 17 M. avium strains (serotypes 1, 2, and 3), 16 were phage-sensitive. Considerable diversity in patterns of phage lysis was observed, and the patterns of lysis did not coincide with serotype. Although we do not yet have a formal phage typing scheme, our results indicated that the MAIS strains are suitable for phage typing. [TOP OF PAGE]

  24. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A PHAGE ACTIVE ON CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE. De Meo, M.P. (1981). California State University, Long Beach. [TOP OF PAGE]

  25. Incidence of lysogeny, colicinogeny, and drug resistance in enterobacteria isolated from sewage and from rectum of humans and some domesticated species. Dhillon, T.S., Dhillon, E.K.S. (1981). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:894-902. [TOP OF PAGE]

  26. Inhibition of bacteriophage replication by extrachromosomal genetic elements. Duckworth, D.H., Glenn, J., McCorquodale, D.J. (1981). Microbiol. Rev. 45:52-71. [TOP OF PAGE]

  27. SOME PROPERTIES OF 2 BACTERIO PHAGES OF XANTHOMONAS-CITRI. FAN, F.F., CORBETT, M.K. (1981). Phytopathology 71:873 [TOP OF PAGE]

  28. Viral transport through soil columns under conditions of saturation flow. Funderburg, S.W., Moore, B.E., Sagik, B.P., Sorber, C.A. (1981). Water Res. 12:805-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  29. Distribution of ribonucleic acid coliphages in raw sewage from treatment plants in Japan. Furuse, K., Ando, A., Osawa, S., Watanabe, I. (1981). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:1139-1143. [TOP OF PAGE]

  30. Isolation of Arthrobacter bacteriophages from soil. Germida, J.J., Casida, L.E. (1981). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:1389-1393. [TOP OF PAGE]

  31. Interactions. Grant, W.D., Long, P.E. (1981). pp. 68-95. In AnonymousEnvironmental Microbiology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  32. DNA relatedness among bacteriophages of the morphological group C3. Grimont, F., Grimont, P.A.D. (1981). Curr. Microbiol. 6:65-69. [TOP OF PAGE]

  33. A virus infection in the synchronized population of the Chlorococcum minutum zoospores. Gromov, B.V., Mamkaeva, K.A. (1981). Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie 60:252-259. The purified and concentrated preparation of the phage-like Chlorococcum virus has been added to the suspension of the Chlorococcum minutum zoospores . Infected zoospores lose their flagella, 1-3 virus particles can be discovered in their flagellar canals. The presence of empty virus particles (ghosts) adsorbed in the region of flagellar bases may give evidence to the phage-like route of the infection. The first intracellular virus particles appear 8 hours after the inoculation of the suspension in the cytoplasm of partly differentiated cells. Organelles of the host cell remain intact and only later are disintegrated in the process of the general lyzis of the cell. [TOP OF PAGE]

  34. Double lysogeny of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Haber, K.J., Vajda, B.P., Foldes, I. (1981). Acta Microbiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 28:407-411. While the plating efficiency of mycobacteriophage butyricum (By) on Mycobacterium smegmatis strain Rabinowitz (M.sm.R.) cells is less than 10(-8), it proved to be 5 X 10(-1) on the lysogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis strain Rabinowitz (M.sm.R. [V72]) cells. Bacteriophage By forms plaques on M.sm.R. cells at a very low frequency; it can, however, adsorb to these cells in the same degree as to its original host. The average burst size of Mycobacterium smegmatis strain butyricum (M.sm.b.) cells infected with mycobacteriophage By is 60, and that of M.sm.R. (V72) superinfected with bacteriophage By is only 6. A double lysognic strain was isolated from M.sm.R. (V72) cells surviving By phage infection. [TOP OF PAGE]

  35. Alteration of bacteriophage attachment capacity by near-UV irradiation. Hartman, P.S., Eisenstark, A. (1981). J. Virol. 43:529-532. [TOP OF PAGE]

  36. Some properties of a defective bacteriophage of Bacillus brevis. Hodgson, B., Rao, A.S. (1981). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 27:57-64. Bacillus brevis strains contains defective prophage. In strain ATCC 10068 this prophage is responsible for the production of particles resembling phage tails and the induction of events leading to cell lysis. There is a slow rate of spontaneous production of particles, which is greatly increased by treating growing cells with mitomycin C, ultraviolet light, N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine, and acridine orange or by changing the growth medium. There is no conversion of host DNA to a unique, phage-size DNA entity associated with induction. It was not possible to detect strains that did not produce particles on treatment with mitomycin C. The particles themselves had no recognised biological activity. The molecular weight of the major sheath protein was 49 000 and at least four other protein components were detected in partially purified preparations. DNA and RNA were not associated with the particles but a small amount of carbohydrate was detected. [TOP OF PAGE]

  37. New Anabaena and Nostoc cyanophages from sewage settling ponds. Hu, N.-T., Thiel, T., Gidding, T.H., Jr., Wold, C.P. (1981). Virology 114:236-246. [TOP OF PAGE]

  38. VARIABILITY IN XANTHOMONADS OF GRAIN LEGUMES 3. VARIATION IN SENSITIVITY TO BACTERIO PHAGES. Jindal, J.K., PATEL, P.N. (1981). Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 100:97-110. Variability in xanthomonads of grain legumes: 3. Variation in sensitivity to bacteriophages.When 51 bacteriophages (established using xanthomonads as the host bacterium) were tested against 117 bacterial cultures representing Xanthomonas (101), Pseudomonas (12), Erwinia (2), Bacillus (1) and Rhizobium (1), all were found specific to the genus Xanthomonas and none was species specific. None attacked all the nomen species tested. An individual phage strain obtained by employing a particular isolate of a bacterial species not only reacted with other bacterial species but also failed to react with all the isolates of the same species. No definite trend, either in phage sensitivity in the bacterial isolates or attackability of the phages, was observed, that can be used for the identification of the nomen species of Xanthomonas of pulses or other crops. Colony variants of different pulse pathogens behaved similarly to the phages isolated from their natural hosts but similarly or differently to phages from other pulse crops, leguminous and non-leguminous hosts. White mutants of mungbeans, cowpea and castor xanthomonads behaved like their yellow forms to the phages isolated from their natural hosts but could be distinguished from their parent yellow strains by some phage isolates from other hosts. P. azadirachtae and P. mangiferaeindicae were lysed by 11 and 16 Xanthomonas phages, respectively, but 8 other true Pseudomonas cultures were not attacked by any of the 51 Xanthomonas phages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  39. Appendix: a model of plaque formation. Kaplan, D.A., Naumovski, L., Rothschild, B., Collier, R.J. (1981). Gene 13:221-225. Equations describing plaque formation in soft agar have been based on certain simplifying assumptions, for which data are presented. The derived equations permit one to calculate (i) average plaque size as a function of the initial density of indicator cells (Do), (ii) the number of cells lysed per plaque as a function of Do, and (iii) the cumulative number of cells lysed at various stages of plaque development. The calculated values agree well with those determined experimentally. [TOP OF PAGE]

  40. Characterization of two inducible bacteriophages, alpha 1 and alpha 2, isolated from Clostridium botulinum type A 190L and their deoxyribonucleic acids. Kinouchi, T., Takumi, K., Kawata, T. (1981). Microbiology and Immunology 25:915-927. Two inducible bacteriophages, alpha 1 and alpha 2, isolated from Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190L and their deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) were purified and characterized. Phage alpha 1, which is unable to form plaques on any strain of C. botulinum, was produced in large quantities after treatment with mitomycin C (MC), whereas phage alpha 2, which was induced in much lower quantities than phage alpha 1, propagated in cultures of type A strain Hall. The phage DNAs were exclusively synthesized after induction with MC. Alpha 1 and alpha 2 DNAs had sedimentation coefficients of 34.0 and 30.6 S, corresponding to molecular weights of 31.9 x 10(6) and 23.5 x 10(6), respectively. The buoyant density in CsC1 was 1.682 g/cm3 for alpha 1 DNA and 1.680 g/cm3 for alpha 2 DNA. Based on thermal denaturation characteristics, the genomes of both phages were shown to be double-stranded DNAs. Agarose gel electrophoretic profiles of the phage DNAs digested with restriction endonuclease EcoRI revealed nine fragments for alpha 1 DNA and six fragments for alpha 2 DNA. The molecular weights of the phage DNAs as determined by restriction enzyme analysis were 30.55 x 10(6) for alpha 1 DNA and 25.83 x 10(6) for alpha 2 DNA. Nontoxigenic mutants obtained from strain 190L could, like the toxigenic parent strain, produce the two phages after treatment with MC. Lysogenic conversion to toxigenicity by phage alpha 2 was not observed with the nontoxigenic mutants. It seems likely that there is no relationship between either phage genome and the toxigenicity of C. botulinum type A. [TOP OF PAGE]

  41. Interaction of bacteriophage O2 with strains of the genus Oerskovia. Klein, I., Kittler, L., Kretschmer, S., Suss, F., Taubeneck, U. (1981). Zeitschrift fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 21:427-437. Bacteriophage O2 multiplies normally on Oerskovia turbata IMET 47 153. It has a burst size of about 100 p.f.u. per infected cell and a latent period of 100 min at 30 degrees C. On Oerskovia xanthineolytica IMET 47 383 clear spots were formed after addition of high phage concentrations onto agar top layers. By phase contrast observation, and measurement of the optical density of infected cultures, it was found that the clearing effect on strain IMET 47 383 was due to lysis-from-without. Phage O2 adsorbs and injects its DNA into cells of strain IMET 47 383 but phage multiplication does not occur, and the phage DNA becomes degraded. Inhibition of phage DNA injection by the combined action of xanthotoxin -- u.v. irradiation abolished the clearing activity of phage lysates. Therefore, both adsorption and DNA injection seem to be prerequisites for the release of a lytic activity out of the phage particle, which is responsible for the clearing effect on strain IMET 47 383. [TOP OF PAGE]

  42. Structure of a novel bacteriophage VP3 for Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Koga, T., Kawata, T. (1981). Microbiology and Immunology 25:737-740. [TOP OF PAGE]

  43. Bacteriophage T3 and bacteriophage T7 virus-host cell interactions. Krüger, D.H., Schroeder, C. (1981). Microbiol. Rev. 45:9-51. [TOP OF PAGE]

  44. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA PHAGE RESISTANT MUTANTS BY USE OF NEW BACTERIO PHAGES. Krylov, V.N., Kulakov, L.A., KIRSANOV, N.B., Khrenova, E.A. (1981). Genetika 17:239-245. Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas putida phage-resistant mutants by use of new bacteriophages.Three new bacteriophages of P. putida PpG1 were isolated. The bacteriophages differed in many characteristics and were unrelated. Phage-resistant mutants of P. putida PpG1 were selected using these phages and bacteriophage pf16. No lysogenic variants were detected among these mutants. The mutants were divided into 7 groups according to their resistance to bacteriophages. Resistance to phage PMW was caused by at least 2 different mutations. Some of the phage-resistant mutations appear to be incompatible with survival. [TOP OF PAGE]

  45. [Participation of bdellovibrios in sewage self-purification processes]. Lambina, V.A., Ledova, L.A., Situkhina, N.S. (1981). Mikrobiologiia 50:140-146. The participation of bacterial parasites belonging to the genus Bdellovibrio in the processes of sewage self-purification was studied in refineries of Pushchino. The lytic activity of Bdellovibrio resulting in a decrease of the number of heterotrophic Gram-negative bacteria and E. coli in sewage was found to depend on the temperature factor influencing the intensity of interaction between the parasite and the host bacterium. The maximal p/h (parasite/host) index was found at the water temperature of 26 degrees C and the minimal one at 19 degrees C. Sewage purified at 26 degrees C and transferred to a precipitation tank contained 800 cells of E. coli in 1 ml while that purified at 19 degrees C contained 4000 cells in 1 ml. The number of interacting organisms varied in sewage which was typical of the "parasite-host "relations. Therefore, Bdellovibrio should be involved in the self-purification of sewage from the intestinal microflora at 26 degrees C; to a lesser extent, at 23.5 degrees C; and not at all, at 19 degrees C. [TOP OF PAGE]

  46. BACTERIO PHAGE OCCURRENCE IN MYCOBACTERIUM-PHLEI. LAPCHINE, L., ASSELINEAU, C. (1981). Annales de Microbiologie (Paris) 132:129-140. Bacteriophage occurrence in Mycobacterium phlei.Surface growth of synchronized bacteria was obtained by means of a suspension of M. phlei cells in pentane, the dispersion of which resulted from passage through glass (Ballotini) column. By using standardized conditions, a series of identical cultures were obtained, suitable for studying their evolution as a function of time. By counting colonies every 20 min during 10 h, 2 doublings were observed, with a generation time of 5 h. At the end of a plateau, just before the next doubling, the curve exhibited a marked decrease. Bacteriophages were found in culture medium at that time corresponding to this decrease. In thin sections of the pellicles collected at this time, condensations resembling DNA from phage heads could be noticed within the bacterial cells, as well as free phages in the close neighborhood of burst cells. The relations between phage and bacteria, and the possible relation between the presence of the phage and the synthesis of phleates was not determined. [TOP OF PAGE]

  47. Selection of intermediate rates of increase in parasite-host systems. Levin, S., Pimental, D. (1981). Am. Nat. 117:308-315. [TOP OF PAGE]

  48. On the coevolution of pathogen and host: I. General theory of discrete time coevolution. Lewis, J.A. (1981). J. Theor. Biol. 93:927-952. [TOP OF PAGE]

  49. PHAGE TYPING AND LYSOTYPE DISTRIBUTION OF XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS. LIEW, K.W., Alvarez, A.M. (1981). Phytopathology 71:274-276. Phage typing and lysotype distribution of Xanthomonas campestris.Eleven phages of X. campestris [a plant pathogen] were tested and found to be species specific. An assembled group of 145 X. campestris strains was stop-tested against the phages at titers of 100 times routine-test-dilution. Based on differences in lytic patterns, a phage-typing scheme was proposed that utilizes 5 phages for differentiation of the bacteria into 2 major lysotypes designated A and B. Subtypes were distinguished by their differential lytic responses to the typing phages used to identify the major lysotypes. A group of 26 bacterial strains could not be typed because they were resistant to the phages. The geographical distribution of lysotypes based on bacterial origins was presented. [TOP OF PAGE]

  50. BIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS BACTERIO PHAGES. LIEW, K.W., Alvarez, A.M. (1981). Phytopathology 71:269-273. Biological and morphological characterization of Xanthomonas campestris bacteriophages.Seven virulent bacteriophages of the plant pathogen X. campestris isolated from infested soils and seeds in Hawaii [USA] were characterized and compared with 2 phages each from North Carolina [USA] and Japan. The phages have hexagonal heads and fall into 3 morphological classes based on tail structure. Host specificity and morphology of phages OH2 and OK2 from Japan are similar to phages HP1, HP3, HT7 and HT3h from Hawaii. This group of patients has contractile tail sheaths surrounding rigid cores with narrow neck regions. Uncontracted tails average 18 .times. 115 nm and heads measure 55-65 nm in diameter. Hawaiian phages A342 and HXX are morphologically similar to North Carolina phages P1-3a and P6 in having noncontractile flexuous tails that average 14 .times. 120 nm and heads that measure .apprx. 55 nm in diameter. Wisconsin [USA] phage RR68 has a short wedge-shaped tail 15 nm long. The phages differ in susceptibility to heat and in relative efficiency of plating at different incubation temperatures; they were further characterized by the rates of adsorption onto homologous host bacteria and other parameters measured during the 1-step growth experiment. [TOP OF PAGE]

  51. DISSEMINATION OF CABBAGE BLACK ROT ASCERTAINED BY PHAGE SPECIFIC XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS STRAINS. LIEW, K.W., Alvarez, A.M., CHO, J.J. (1981). Phytopathology 71:236 [TOP OF PAGE]

  52. Tailed phages of Pseudomonas and related bacteria. Liss, A., Ackermann, H.-W., Mayer, L.W., Zierdt, C.H. (1981). Intervirology 15:71-81. [TOP OF PAGE]

  53. [Theoretical model of the predator-prey interaction kinetics between "Bdellovibrio bacteriovoru"s and "escherichia coli "(author's transl)]. Marchand, A., Gabignon, O. (1981). ANNALES DE MICROBIOLOGIE 132 B:321-336. A theoretical model is suggested in order to explain the main features of the interaction kinetics between the micropredator Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and its prey Escherichia coli. Three parametes are used in this model: the incubation time T, the fixation rate constant k, and the predator multiplication factor a. Their values can be determined from the experimental variations of the total predator concentration p, and the total density of preys (c + c'). An experimental study of the predation kinetics was performed at various temperatures (25-40 degrees C) and in media with different Ca++ and Mg++ concentrations. From the values of parameters obtained, theoretical prey and predator density curves were computer-simulated; they agree satisfactorily with the experimental curves. The parameters values are quite reasonable and in good agreement with previous findings. [TOP OF PAGE]

  54. Viral infection of the symbiotic Chlorella-like alga present in Hydra viridis. Meints, R.H., Van Etten, J.L., Kuczmarski, D., Lee, K., Ang, B. (1981). Virology 113:698-703. [TOP OF PAGE]

  55. Bacteriophage sensitivity patterns among bacteria isolated from marine waters. Moebus, K., Nattkemper, H. (1981). Helgol. Meeresunters. 36:357-373. Phage-host cross-reaction tests were performed with 774 bacterial strains and 298 bacteriophages. The bacteria (bacteriophages) were isolated at different times from water samples collected in the Atlantic Ocean between the European continental shelf and the Sargasso Sea: 733 (258) strains; in the North Sea near Helgoland: 31 (31) strains; and in the Bay of Biscay; 10 (9) strains. Of the Atlantic Ocean bacteria 326 were found to be susceptible to one or more Atlantic Ocean bacteriophage(s). The bacteriophage sensitivity patterns of these bacteria vary considerably, placing 225 of them in two large clusters of bacteriophage-host systems. Taking all into account, 250 of the 326 Atlantic Ocean bacteria are different from each other. This high degree of variation among the bacteria distinguishes microbial populations derived from widely separated eastern and western regions of the Atlantic Ocean. [TOP OF PAGE]

  56. Investigation on the presence of cyanophages in fresh and sea waters of Romania. Moisa, I., Sotropa, E., Velehorschi, V. (1981). Rev. Roum. Med. -Virol. 32:127-132. [TOP OF PAGE]

  57. EFFECT OF CHEESE MAKING TEMPERATURES ON THE INTERACTIONS OF LACTIC STREPTOCOCCI AND THEIR PHAGES. Mullan, W.M.A., Daly, C., Fox, P.F. (1981). Journal of Dairy Research 48:465-472. Effect of cheese-making temperatures on the interactions of lactic streptococci and their phages.The interactions of 23 bacteriophages on strains of lactic streptococci at 30, 38 and 40.degree. C were studied in reconstituted skim-milk and broth media. In milk, 3 different temperature-mediated responses were observed. Extensive phage replication at 30, 38 and 40.degree. C with inhibition of acid production by infected cultures was observed for 8 phages; extensive phage replication at 30 and 38.degree. C, but not at 40.degree. C, was observed for 4 phages, while 11 phages replicated at 30.degree. C but not at 38 or 40.degree. C. Studies in broth media revealed that failure of phage to replicate at 38 and 40.degree. C was not due to lack of host growth in most cases, but due to a temperature sensitivity on the part of the phage. In 1 phage-host system, phage replication continued after growth of the host had ceased. The significance of these findings to starter selection for cheese manufacture is discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  58. Effect of cheese-making temperatures on the interactions of lactic streptococci and their phages. Mullan, W.M.A., Daly, C., Fox, P.F. (1981). Journal of Dairy Research 45:465-471. [TOP OF PAGE]

  59. Growth inhibition activity and bacteriophage and bacteriocinlike particles associated with different species of Clostridium. Nieves, B.M., Gil, F., Castillo, F.J. (1981). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 27:216-225. [TOP OF PAGE]

  60. Distribution of ribonucleic acid coliphage in animals. Osawa, S., Furuse, K., Watanage, I. (1981). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:164-168. To determine the distribution pattern of ribonucleic acid (RNA) coliphages (classified by serological groups I through IV) in animal sources, we isolated RNA phages from (i) feces samples from domestic animals (cows, pigs, horses, and fowls), some other animals in a zoological garden, and humans, (ii) the gastrointestinal contents of cows and pigs, and (iii) sewage samples from treatment plants in slaughter houses. These samples were then analyzed serologically. The concentration of RNA phages in the first and second kinds of material was fairly low (10 to 103 plaque-forming units per original phage sample), whereas that in the third kind of material was fairly high (103 to 105 plaque-forming units per original phage sample). Concerning the group types of the RNA phaes in the firs and second kinds of material, human feces contained RNA phages of groups I and II equally, and the feces or gastrointestinal contents of other mammals other than humans and pigs had those of group I exclusively. In the third type of material, we found mostly group I pahges with a minor fraction of group II phages. Thus, the prominent features of the distribution pattern of RNA phages are the predominance of groups III and II in humans and the predominance of group I in animals. [TOP OF PAGE]

  61. Distribution of ribonucleic acid coliphages in Korea. Osawa, S., Furuse, K., Choi, M.S., Audo, A., Sakurai, T., Watanabe, I. (1981). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:909-911. [TOP OF PAGE]

  62. A note on the use of membrane faecal coliform medium for enhancing resolution and accuracy when enumerating a small plaquing coliphage. Parker, W.F. (1981). J. Appl. Bacteriol. 51:81-84. [TOP OF PAGE]

  63. Temperature sensitive coliphage in aquatic (the?) environment. Parry, O.T., Whitehead, J.A., Dowling, L.T. (1981). pp. 277-279 (or 280?). In In Goddard, M. and Butler, M. (eds.), Viruses and Wastewater Treatment. Pergamon Press, Oxford (or New York?). [TOP OF PAGE]

  64. Experience in the therapeutic use of bacteriophage preparations in suppurative surgical infections. Peremitina, L.D., Berillo, E.A., Khvoles, A.G. (1981). Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 9:109-110. [TOP OF PAGE]

  65. The choice of bacterial strains to detect phages in sera. Petricciani, J.C., Morello, J.A., Maben, J., Beuvery, C., Smith, P., Hansen, J. (1981). JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION 9:45-49. [TOP OF PAGE]

  66. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHAGE RESISTANCE AND EMULSAN PRODUCTION INTERACTION OF PHAGES WITH THE CELL SURFACE OF ACINETOBACTER-CALCOACETICUS RAG-1. Pines, O., Gutnick, D.L. (1981). Archives of Microbiology 130:129-133. Relationship between phage resistance and emulsan production: Interaction of phages with the cell-surface of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1.The hydrocarbon-degrading strain A. calcoaceticus RAG-1 produces an extracellular emulsifying agent capable of forming stable oil-in-water emulsions. The bioemulsifier, termed emulsan, is a polyanionic heteropolysaccharide (MW 106) composed mainly of N-acyl-D-galactosamine and an N-acyl hexosamine uronic acid. To probe the interaction of emulsan with the cell surface prior to its release into the growth medium, 2 new virulent bacteriophages for A. calcoaceticus RAG-1 were isolated from sewage and the properties of phage resistant mutants were studied. The 2 phages, ap-2 and ap-3, were differentiated on the basis of plaque morphology, EM and buoyant density. Isolated mutants of A. calcoaceticus RAG-1 which were resistant to 1 of the 2 phages retained sensitivity to the other phage. Resistance to phage ap-3 was accompanied by a severe drop in emulsan production. Independently isolated derivatives of A. calcoaceticus RAG-1 with a defect in emulsan production also turned out to be resistant towards phage ap-3. Antibodies prepared against purified emulsan specifically inhibited phage ap-3 adsorption to the cell surface of the parental strain. [TOP OF PAGE]

  67. Taxonspecificity of lytic actinophages that do not multiply in the cells affected. Prauser, H. (1981). p. 87-??? In Schaal, K.P. and Pulverer, G. (eds.), Actinomycetes. Gustav-Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart. [TOP OF PAGE]

  68. A Portable Device for the Rapid Concentration of Viruses From Large Volumes of Natural Freshwater. Primrose, S.B., Logan, K.B., Scott, G.E., Seeley, N.D. (1981). Journal of Virological Methods [J. VIROL. METHODS. ] 3:241-249. A portable device for the rapid concentration of viruses from natural freshwaters is described and its performance in field use is evaluated. The system handled up to 500 litres of water in less than 90 min at a cost of only 2 pounds per sample. Where the samples contained sufficient bacteriophages for detection by direct plating the apparent phage recoveries were greater than 75%. Plant and animal viruses were also concentrated from waters with this system. [TOP OF PAGE]

  69. Recovery of viruses: methods and applications. Primrose, S.B., Seeley, N.D., Logan, K.B. (1981). pp. 211-234. In In Butler, M. and Goddard, M. (eds.), Viruses in Water and Wastewater. Pergamon Press, Oxford. [TOP OF PAGE]

  70. An updated survey of Bacillus phages. Reanney, D.C., Ackermann, H.-W. (1981). Intervirology 15:190-197. [TOP OF PAGE]

  71. Isolation and partial characterization of phages infecting Citrobacter intermedius C3. Regué, M., Thomás, J., Parés, R., Jofre, J. (1981). Curr. Microbiol. 5:153-156. [TOP OF PAGE]

  72. Isolation and characterization of a new bacteriophage, Cp-1, infecting Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ronda, C., Lopez, R., Garcia, E. (1981). J. Virol. 40:551-559. Several pneumococcal phages showing a morphology completely different from those of all other previously found pneumococcal bacteriophages have been isolated. Bacteriophage Cp-1, one of the phages isolated, showed an irregular hexagonal structure and a short tail of 20 nm. The virion density was 1.46 g/cm3. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of nine polypeptides. The polypeptide showing a molecular weight of 39,000 accounted for more than the 90% of the total protein. The nucleic acid of Cp-1 was linear, double-stranded DNA with a mean length of 6.3 microns and a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 41%; its buoyant density was 1.699 and 1.422 g/cm3 in CsCl and CS2SO4, respectively. Its sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) was 19S. Cp-1 DNA showed a remarkable resistance to a large number of restriction endonucleases. A total of 12 fragments, ranging in molecular weight from 1.3 X 10(6) to 0.09 X 10(6), were produced by AluI, two fragments (molecular weight, 5.5 X 10(6) and 0.9 X 10(6)) were generated by HindIII, and two fragments (molecular weight, 6.0 X 10(6) and 5.7 X 10(6)) were produced by HaeIII. The easy visualization of th plaques produced by Cp-1, the small size of Cp-1 DNA (12 X 10(6) daltons), and other biological and physiochemical properties make this phage potentially useful for genetic studies. [TOP OF PAGE]

  73. Adsorption of actinophage Pal 6 to developing mycelium of Streptomyces albus. Rosner, A., Gutstein, R. (1981). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 27:254-257. The adsorption of actinophage Pal 6 to mycelium of different ages was studied. The rate of phage adsorption to germinating spores increased with age, being maximal at about 4 h after start of germination. The number of plaque forming units (PFU) attached to mycelium had apparently decreased later, while the phage titer in the medium supernatant was also drastically reduced. These contradictory findings were explained by the increase in the adsorption capacity of the mature mycelium due to the formation of clumps, made of network structure which adsorbed many phages, but were counted as only 1 PFU each. The growth curve of the phage in fully developed mycelium and in germinating spores were compared. [TOP OF PAGE]

  74. Purification, fine structure and characterization of temperate phages from drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Saito, T., Osono, T., Inoue, M., Mitsuhashi, S. (1981). J. Gen. Virol. 55:451-457. Three kinds of temperate Staphylococcus aureus phages were differentiated by serological, sedimentation and electron microscopic studies. Phage S1 had a long hexagonal head and a long tail, a density in Cs2SO4 of 1.364 g/ml and belonged to serological group A; phage S2 had a short hexagonal head and a short tail, a density of 1.385 to 1.392 g/ml and belonged to serological group B; phage S3 had a shape similar to phage S2 except for some minor differences, but had a density of 1.416 g/ml and belonged to serological group F. S. aureus MS27 was found to be singly lysogenic for S2. However, S. aureus MS3878 was a doubly lysogenic strain carrying S1 and S2 and S. aureus E169 was a triply lysogenic strain carrying S1, S2 and S3. All these temperate phages showed similarity in shape to typing phages belonging to the same serological group. The temperate S. aureus phages revealed the presence of a hexagonal baseplate with spikes. The burst sizes of phages of S1, S2 and S3 were about 50, 110 and 120 respectively. The DNA from S1, S2 and S3 ranged from 29.4 to 30 megadaltons in size. [TOP OF PAGE]

  75. CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIO PHAGES CON-11 CON-X AND CON-XC INFECTING CORYNEBACTERIUM-NEBRASKENSE. SHIRAKO, Y., Vidaver, A.K. (1981). Phytopathology 71:903 [TOP OF PAGE]

  76. Coliphages as ecological indicators of enteroviruses in various water systems. Simkova, A., Cervenka, J. (1981). Bull. W. H. O. 59:611-618. [TOP OF PAGE]

  77. Mathematical models for continuous culture growth dynamics of mixed populations subsisting on a heterogeneous resource base. II. Predation and trophic structure. Smouse, P.E. (1981). Theor. Pop. Biol. 20:127-149. [TOP OF PAGE]

  78. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NEWCASTLE GROUP BACTERIO PHAGES. SOROCHKINA, V., V, PARFENOV, N.N., KHROMOV, I.S., Nigmatullin, T.G., TIKHONENKO, T., I (1981). Vopr. Virusol. 728-731. Physicochemical properties of Newcastle group bacteriophages.Physiochemical properties of dysentery therapeutic-prophylactic Newcastle phages H-1, H-5, H-10 and H-22 were studied. The phage particle morphology is described; the MW and buoyant densities in CsCl were determined by ultracentrifugation. The type of DNA was determined. Bacteriophages of the Newcastle group are similar to T-even phages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  79. Bacteriophages of the genus Lactobacillus. Sozzi, T., Watanabe, K., Stetter, K., Smiley, M. (1981). Intervirology 16:129-135. [TOP OF PAGE]

  80. TYPING OF RHIZOBIUM WITH 2 DIFFERENT PHAGE DILUTIONS. STANIEWSKI, R. (1981). Acta Microbiologica Polonica 29:331-342. Typing of Rhizobium with 2 different phage dilutions.The sensitivity of 223 Rhizobium strains to 28 phages in a concentration of 4 .times. RTD [routine test dilutions] and 0.4 .times. RTD was compared. Depending on their sensitivity to the different phages the strains were divided into 3 groups: R. trifolii strains, R. leguminosarum for pea, vetch and horse bean and R. phaseoli; R. trifolii strains and R. leguminosarum for pea and vetch; and R. meliloti strains, R. lupini and R. meliloti mutants. The use of 4 .times. RTD distinguished 50 different phage types among the 223 strains tested. A total of 155 Rhizobium strains responded at 0.4 .times. RTD and this concentration gave 48 new sensitivity patterns to phages besides 19 determined with 4 .times. RTD. The use of lower phage concentration resulted in further differentiation within some phage types of the 1st group though most of the strains of this group were not lysed by phages in this concentration. Much greater differentiation was observed among the R. trifolii mutants of the 2nd group. Wild-type and mutant R. meliloti strains of the 3rd group showed a similar number of phage sensitivity patterns with both 0.4 .times. RTD and 4 .times. RTD. [TOP OF PAGE]

  81. Surface interactions between viruses and clay minerals and microbes: Mechanisms and implications. Stotzky, G., Schiffenbauer, M.L., S.M., Yu, B.H. (1981). Viruses and Wastewater Treatment 199-204. [TOP OF PAGE]

  82. Ecological factors that affect the survival, establishment, growth and genetic recombination in microbes in natural habitats. Stotzky, G., Krasovsky, V.N. (1981). pp. 31-42. In In Levy, C.B., Clowes, R.C., and Koenig, E.L. (eds.), Molecular Biology, Pathogenicity and Ecology of Bacterial Plasmids. Plenum Press, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  83. DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIO PHAGE PHI-3T HOMOLOGOUS DNA SEQUENCES IN BACILLUS-SUBTILIS 168 RELATED BACTERIO PHAGES AND OTHER BACILLUS SPECIES. STROYNOWSKI, I.T. (1981). J. Bacteriol. 148:91-100. Distribution of bacteriophage .vphi.3T homologous DNA sequences in Bacillus subtilis 168, related bacteriophages and other Bacillus species.The B. subtilis 168 chromosome shares extensive homology with the genome of bacteriophage .vphi.3T. At least 3 different regions of the bacterial genome hybridized to RNA complementary to .vphi.3T DNA. The thymidylate synthetase gene, thyA, of B. subtilis and the sequences adjacent to it were homologous to the region in the .vphi.3T DNA containing the phage-encoded thymidylate synthetase gene, thyP3. SP.beta., a temperate bacteriophage known to be integrated into the B. subtilis 168 chromosome, was closely related to .vphi.3T. Other regions of the bacterial genome also hybridized to the .vphi.3T probe. The nature and location of these sequences in the bacterial and phage chromosomes were not identified. These sequences were not homologous to either the thyP3 gene or the DNA surrounding the thyP3 gene. The chromosomes of other Bacillus spp. were also screened for the presence of .vphi.3T homologous sequences, and the thyP3 gene was localized in the linear genomes of phages .vphi.3T and .rho.11 by heteroduplex mapping. The presence of sequences of phage origin in the B. subtilis 168 chromosome might contribute to the restructuring and evolution of the viral and bacterial DNA. [TOP OF PAGE]

  84. Therapy of experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs with mycobacterial phages DS-6A, GR-21 T, My-327. Sula, L., Sulova, J., Stolcpartova, M. (1981). Czechoslovak Medicine 4:209-214. Guinea pigs, weighing 250-350 g, were infected with approximately 5,000 of live germs M- tuberculosis H 37 Rv grown 10 days in deep culture of liquid semisynthetic medium according to Sula. The infection was performed subcutaneously in inquinal region. For the therapy following phages were used: DS-6A, GR-21/T, My-327 injected twice a week subcutaneously in the dose of 10(6)/1 ml of live particles for 10 weeks. The therapeutic effect was expressed by spleen and hilus index. Out of the phages used, phage DS-6A had the highest therapeutic effect with mean spleen index of 0.19, corresponding approximately to the spleen index reached with the most effective tuberculostaticum INH. The exact explanation of the phage therapeutic effect in given experimental conditions, when the phages are not applied locally in order to gain the direct contact with infectious antigens, is not known. It is suggested that there presumably exists an interaction between the released phage nucleic acid and the nucleic acid synthesis needed for the growth of mycobacteria in vivo. [TOP OF PAGE]

  85. The effect of pH on soil actinophage. Sykes, I.K., Lanning, S., Williams, S.T. (1981). J. Gen. Microbiol. 122:271-280. [TOP OF PAGE]

  86. Phage-insensitive, multiple-strain starter approach to cheddar cheese making. Thunell, R.K., Sandine, W.E., Bodyfelt, F.W. (1981). J. Dairy Sci. 64:2270-2277. [TOP OF PAGE]

  87. Korrektsiia disbakterioza kishechnika biologicheskimi preparatami u bol'nykh ostrymi leiozami. [Correction of intestinal dysbacteriosis with biological preparations in acute leukemia]. Tolkachera, T.Y., Abakumova, E.M., Martynova, V.A., Golosova, T.V. (1981). Problemy Germatologii i Perelivaniia Krovi 26:29-33. [TOP OF PAGE]

  88. [Comparative characters of the transducing virulent streptococcal phages A25 and CA1]. Totolian, A.A., Boitsov, A.S., Kol', K., Golubkov, V.I. (1981). MOLEKULIARNAIA BIOLOGIIA 15:894-900. The properties of two virulent streptococcal bacteriophages and their DNAs have been studied. Both phage A25 and phage CA1 generated the generalized transduction of chromosomal and plasmid markers among group A streptococci. Phage CA1 differs from the morphologically and serologically related and well-known transducing phage A25 by the efficiency of transduction, the duration of the latent period of reproduction, buoyant density in CsCl and by the lytic spectrum. Phage CA1 also was active against the lysogens resistant to phage A25. Phage genomes are presented as the linear permutated DNA molecules with molecular mass of 23 megadaltons having terminal repetitions of different size. These data have been obtained as a result of homoduplex analysis of the DNAs. A non-homologous fragment 29% of the molecular length of the phage genomes has been revealed by heteroduplex analysis of phage DNAs. This fragment seems to be responsible for the differences in biological properties of the phages. Phage A25 is heterogenous in buoyant density and molecular length of its DNA. [TOP OF PAGE]

  89. COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRANSDUCING VIRULENT STREPTOCOCCAL PHAGES A-25 AND CA-1. TOTOLYAN, A.A., Boitsov, A.S., KOLL, K.H.L., GOLUBKOV, V., I (1981). Molekulyarnaya Biologiya (Moscow) 15:894-900. Comparative characteristics of the transducing virulent streptococcal phages A25 and CA1.The properties of 2 virulent streptococcal bacteriophages and their DNA were studied. Both phage A25 and phage CA1 generated the generalized transduction of chromosomal and plasmid markers among group A streptococci. Phage CA1 differs from the morphologically and serologically related and well-known transducing phage A25 by the efficiency of transduction, the duration of the latent period of reproduction, buoyant density in CsCl and by the lytic spectrum. Phage CA1 was also active against the lysogens resistant to phage A25. Phage genomes are presented as the linear permutated DNA molecules with MW of 23 megadaltons having terminal repetitions of different size. Homoduplex analysis of the DNA was used to obtain the results. A nonhomologous fragment 29% of the molecular length of the phage genomes was revealed by heteroduplex analysis of phage DNA. This fragment seems to be responsible for the differences in biological properties of the phages. Phage A25 is heterogenous in the buoyant density and molecular length of its DNA. [TOP OF PAGE]

  90. [Effect of low temperatures of the survival and intracellular multiplication of Escherichia coli bacteriophages]. Tsutsaeva, A.A., Bysekantsev, I.P., Mikulinskii, I., Butenko, A.E. (1981). Mikrobiologiia 50:292-294. The purpose of this work was to investigate the survival and intracellular growth of Escherichia coli bacteriophages phi X174, T3 and T4 subjected to freezing down to -196 degrees C. The survival was 98.4% for phage T3, 80.55% for phage phi X174, and 65.13% for phage T4. Single growth cycles, DNA and protein biosynthesis did not change in phages phi X174 and T3 after freezing. If bacteria were infected with phage T4 subjected to freezing, the rates of phage DNA and protein synthesis decreased, the latent period took more time, and phage yield decreased. [TOP OF PAGE]

  91. EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE PRESERVATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI BACTERIO PHAGES. TSUTSAYEVA, A.A., Vysekantsev, I.P., MIKULINSKY, Y.E. (1981). Cryo Letters 2:311-316. Effect of low temperature preservation on the properties of Escherichia coli bacteriophages.E. coli bacteriophages are characterized by differing cryosensitivities. Phages T3, T4 and .vphi.X174, frozen according to optimal programs and stored at -196.degree. C, show no changes in antigenic properties, the spectrum of lytic effect, the morphology of negative colonies, susceptibility to osmotic shock and the rate of phage adsorption on bacteria. During reproduction of phage T4 frozen and thawed according to the optimal program, a decrease in phage DNA and protein synthesis, an increase in the duration of the latent and intracellular stages of phage development, and a decrease in the yield of phage particles are observed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  92. EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURES ON THE SURVIVAL RATE AND INTRA CELLULAR GROWTH OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI BACTERIO PHAGES. TSUTSAYEVA, A.A., Vysekantsev, I.P., MIKULINSKY, Y.U.E., Butenko, A.E. (1981). Mikrobiologiya 50:292-294. Effect of low temperatures on the survival rate and intracellular growth of Escherichia coli bacteriophages.The survival and intracellular growth of E. coli bacteriophages .phi.X174, T3 and T4 subjected to -196.degree. C were investigated. The survival was 98.4% for phage T3, 80.55% for phage .phi.X174 and 65.13% for phage T4. Single growth cycles and DNA and protein synthesis rates did not change in phages .phi.X174 and T3 after freezing. In bacteria infected with phage T4 subjected to freezing, the rates of phage DNA and protein synthesis decreased, the latent period increased and phage yield decreased. [TOP OF PAGE]

  93. Characterization of phages of Bacillus subtilis isolated from Brazilian soils. van Elsas, J.D., Penido, G.C.E. (1981). Rev. Microbiol. (Saul Paulo) 12:48-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  94. Isolation and characterization of a virus from the intracellular green alga symbiotic with Hydra viridis. Van Etten, J.L., Meints, R.H., Burbank, D.E., Kuczmarski, D., Cuppels, D.A., Lane, L.C. (1981). Virology 113:704-711. [TOP OF PAGE]

  95. Diversity of Corynebacterium nebraskense strains causing goss[???] bacterial wilt and blight of corn. Vidaver, A.K., GROSS, D.C., Wysong, D.S., Doupnik, B.L.jr. (1981). Plant Disease 65:480-483. Diversity of Corynebacterium nebraskense strains causing Goss bacterial wilt and blight of corn.The bacterium C. nebraskense, first isolated in 1969 from a localized area, was detected in essentially all the corn (maize) growing areas of Nebraska [USA] and in bordering states by 1979. The 85 strains collected over this decade were classified by bacteriocin and bacteriophage typing into 8 groups; most strains fell into 1 of 4 groups. Except during 1969, the strains had no apparent correlation with either the year of isolation or geographic source. [TOP OF PAGE]

  96. BACTERIO PHAGES AS INDICATORS OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PHOTO SENSITIZING AGENTS. Warren, R.A.J., HUDSON, J.B., DOWNUM, K., GRAHAM, E.A., NORTON, R., TOWERS, G.H.N. (1981). Photobiochemistry and Photobiophysics 1:385-389. Bacteriophages as indicators of the mechanism of action of photosensitizing agents.Phenylheptatriyne (PHT) did not kill bacteriophage T4B0r' during irradiation with light of 360 nm; 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) was toxic. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), a membrane-coated DNA virus, and PM2, a lipid-containing bacteriophage, were inactivated by irradiation in the presence of PHT. The primary phototoxic effect of PHT was apparently exerted on membranes rather than on DNA [2]; 8-MOP affected the DNA. Since T4B0r' and PM2 can be irradiated as a mixed suspension, these bacteriophages afford a useful system for the preliminary analysis of the mechanism of action of a given phototoxic compound. [TOP OF PAGE]

  97. SOME PROPERTIES OF XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS-VAR-CAMPESTRIS PHAGE. WATANABE, M., NAITO, K., Kaneko, K., NABASAMA, H., HOSOKAWA, D. (1981). Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 46:517-525. Some properties of Xanthomonas campestris var. campestris phage.X. campestris pv. [pathovar] campestris phages (3 isolates of phage S, K and '76) were isolated from black rot diseased leaves of cabbage, cauliflower and turnip, and some of their fundamental properties were investigated. The particle of phage S was tadpole-like with a polyhedral head of about 50 .times. 60 nm and a tail of about 110 .times. 10 to 12 nm. Phages S and K attacked specifically X. campestris pv. campestris, but not X. campestris pv. citri, pv. cucurbitae, pv. oryzae, pv. phaseoli and pv. pruni. Phages S and K showed different host range to bacterial isolates of X. campestris pv. campestris. The thermal inactivation point of phage S was 53.degree. C in distilled water and 65.degree. C in potato ring-rot liquid medium by 10 min incubation. Phage S was more stable in its lytic activity in potato ring-rot liquid medium or in phosphate buffer than in distilled water. Phage S was also stable at pH 7.0, but not at pH 4.9 or 9.1. Throughout all conditions of different 3 dispersants and 5 pH levels phage S was more stable at 5.degree. C than at 28.degree. C. One-step growth experiments showed that multiplication of phage '76 was optimal at 28.degree. C. The latent period, rise period and average burst size in the case of single infection were 75 min, 40 min and 13 plaque forming units, respectively. At 30.degree. C or at the temperatures below 26.degree. C, the latent period was prolonged and the average burst size became smaller. [TOP OF PAGE]

  98. Biological Control of Fish Bacterial Pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila by Bacteriophage AH 1. Wu, J.L., Lin, H.M., Jan, L., Hsu, Y.L., Chang, L.H. (1981). Fish Pathol. 15:271-276. The usefulness of the bacteriophages as a biological control agent for cultured fish diseases is discussed. The authors have initiated the isolation of bacteriophages to infect Aeromonas hydrophila which is the pathogen of eel's red-fin disease. Among the eight isolated bacteriophages, AH1 has strongest bacteria-lysis ability. Therefore, AH1 was selected as the experimental model system for the study of biological control of diseases. The one-step growth curve showed that AH1 started to form phage particles after 50 min of infection and completed at 100 min with a burst size of 160. One AH1-infected A. hydrophila can produce 160 phage particles. In order to test the loss of pathogenecity of A. hydrophila after AH1 infection, the AH1-infected bacteria were injected to loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus . After 3 infection of AH1, the A. hydrophila had completely lost its infectivity and mortality in the injected loaches. [TOP OF PAGE]

  99. Role of lipopolysaccharide in the receptor function for bacteriophage TuIb in Escherichia coli. Yu, F., Yamada, H., Mizushima, S. (1981). J. Bacteriol. 148:712-715. Bacteriophage TuIb required lipopolysaccharide in addition to the OmpC trimer as a receptor component. Both the fatty acid and polysaccharide regions of lipopolysaccharide were shown to participate in the receptor function. The roles of lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane proteins in the receptor function for T-even type bacteriophages are discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  100. Dispersal and fate of coliphages in the River Saar. Zaiss, U. (1981). Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. ,I. Abt. Org. B. 197 (or 174?):160-173. The dispersal of coliphages was analysed quantitatively in longitudinal profiles of the partially canalized River Saar. The numbers of coliphages ranged between 0 and 2380 PFU (plaque-forming units)/ml in the water and between 0 and 2550 PFU/g in the sediments, depending on the degree of fecal pollution. In canalized parts the phages were found mainly in the sediments, whereas in non-canalized parts they prevailed in the water phase (Fig. 3). Determinations performed at municipal sewage water outfalls revealed that in the canalized part most of the phages precipitated to the sediment on a water course of only about 250 m (Fig. 5). In the non-canalized part of the River Saar, sediments were not contaminated to this extent, since phages rather remained in the water, due to high current velocities (Fig. 5). According to these results coliphages are, just like some fecal bacteria, closely associated with particles. They are rapidly inactivated in the sediment and water (inactivation rates: 0.12 to 0.66 d-1). [TOP OF PAGE]

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