Bacteriophage Ecology Group
Reference Abstracts (1980)
Dedicated to the ecology and evolutionary biology of the parasites of unicellular organisms (UOPs)
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© Phage et al. last updated on Wednesday, December 26, 2001
  1. Reduction in the inactivation rates of bacteriophages by clay minerals in lake water. Babich, H., Stotzky, G. (1980). Water Res. 14:185-187. [TOP OF PAGE]

  2. The effect of rhizobiophages on populations of Rhizobium trifolii in the root of clover plants. Barnet, Y.M. (1980). Can. J. Microbiol. 26:572-576. The effect of rhizobiophages CT3 and CT4 on Rhizobium trifolii SU91 and SU36, respectively, was examined. These phage-susceptible strains were used, either singly or paired with a competing phage-resistant type as inoculum for Trifolium subterraneum plants growing in vitro in agar medium. Addition of bacteriophage to single strain experiments produced no significant effects on total bacterial numbers, nodulation, or plant dry weight. However, when phages were added to the paired inocula, significant decreases in counts of the susceptible strain were observed, frequently accompanied by a rise in numbers of the resistnt type. An increase in the proportion of ineffective variants of the susceptible rhizobia was also observed, although plant dry weights and nodule numbers were not altered. These effects were dependent only upon a difference in phage susceptibility of the bacteria and were obtained even when the competing strain was only partially resistant and a relativly poor competitor. [TOP OF PAGE]

  3. EFFECTS OF RECEPTOR DESTRUCTION BY SALMONELLA-ANATUM BACTERIO PHAGES EPSILON-15 AND C-341. Bayer, M.E., TAKEDA, K., Uetake, H. (1980). Virology 105:328-337. Effects of receptor destruction by Salmonella anatum bacteriophages .epsilon.15 and c341.O-Antigen-specific bacteriophages .epsilon.15 and c341 cleave the lipopolysaccharide [LPS] receptor of S. anatum enzymatically before they undergo the final steps of infection, which end with the release of the viral DNA. Employing the electron microscope, a number of effects which phage adsorption and subsequent desorption exert on host cell and virus were observed. After adsorption of high multiplicities of virus particles of 0-4.degree. C, the host bacteria can be covered with more than 103 virions of either phage .epsilon.15 or phage c341. Temperature shift-up to 35.degree. C caused the majority of the .epsilon.15 virions to desorb. Several hundred virus particles per cell remained attached, and most of these showed empty heads. The heads of the desorbed virus particles appeared to remain filled. Cells from which the phages had desorbed failed to adsorb newly added phage. When adsorption of high m.o.i. [multiplicity of infection] of .epsilon.15 was carried out right away at 35.degree. C, the number of adsorbed phages was comparable to the number of virions observed above. In contrast to phage .epsilon.15, phage c341 virions stayed attached to the host cell at 35.degree. C under both conditions (that is, after shift-up or primary adsorption at 35.degree. C), and most of their heads remained full. When S. anatum was pretreated with the receptor-hydrolyzing enzyme from isolated adsorption organelles of phage .epsilon.15, the subsequent adsorption of either type of phages was abolished. The enzyme treatment failed to release already adsorbed phage c341. The EM data were supported by measurements of the distribution of radioactively labeled .epsilon.15 before and after desorption. Desorption was accompanied by a 50-70% loss of infectivity. DNase treatment reduced to about half the infectious titer of the desorbed virions. The striking difference in the desorption behavior of the 2 phages is caused by the differences in the substrate and binding site of the LPS receptors: phage .epsilon.15, hydrolyzing glycosidic linkages in the backbone of the oligosaccharide, will dislodge adjacent receptor strands with virions attached. Phage c341 hydrolyzes the O-acetyl side group in the O-antigen subunit, but maintains its binding to the backbone of the LPS. [TOP OF PAGE]

  4. Lagunage et virologie des eaux usees: Evolution de la charge en coliphages. Baylet, R., Sinegre, F., Sauze, F., Gervais, M. (1980). Tech. Eau Assainissement 378:37-41. [TOP OF PAGE]

  5. Introduction to Environmental Virology. Bitton, G. (1980). John Wiley & Sons, New York.[TOP OF PAGE]

  6. A theory of molecular evolution for bacteriophages. Botstein, D. (1980). Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 354:484-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  7. Movement of pathogenic organisms from waste applied to agricultureal lands. Burge, W.D., Parr, J.F. (1980). p. ???-??? In Overcash, M.R., and Davidson, J.M. (eds.), Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Sourse Pollution. Ann Arbor Science Pub. Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. [TOP OF PAGE]

  8. GENERALIZED TRANSDUCTION IN THE ENTEROBACTERIAL PHYTO PATHOGEN ERWINIA-CHRYSANTHEMI. CHATTERJEE, A.K., BROWN, M.A. (1980). J. Bacteriol. 143:1444-1449. Generalized transduction in the enterobacterial phytopathogen Erwinia chrysanthemi.Bacteriophages induced by mitomycin treatment of E. chrysanthemi KS612 produced plaques on lawns of E. chrysanthemi EC183 and KS605. Bacteriophage Erch-12, purified from 1 such plaque, transferred an array of chromosomal genes (arg, leu, his, ser, thr, trp, ura) to appropriate recipient strains derived from E. chrysanthemi EC183. Recombinants were formed in the absence of cellular contact between donor and recipient bacteria and in the presence of DNase. UV irradiation of the bacteriophage stimulated transductional frequency. Linkage was detected in 2-factor crosses between the loci thr and ser and between rif and ade; several closely linked mutations in ser were mapped with respect to thr. [TOP OF PAGE]

  9. Cross reaction of bacteriophage: cleavage of Klebsiella K31 capsular polysaccharide by E. coli capsule bacteriophage 29 endoglycosidase. Choy, Y.M., Wong, S.L., Lee, S.Y. (1980). MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY 17:391-393. [TOP OF PAGE]

  10. Investigation of the effect of Brucella-phage on the course of experimental infection with Brucella abortus. Corbel, M.J., Morris, J.A. (1980). Br. Vet. J. 136:278-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  11. Detection and enumeration of mesophilic lactic bacteriophages. Cox, W.A. (1980). pp. 29-36. In AnonymousStarters in the Manufacture of Cheese. International Dairy Federation Document 129, Brussels. [TOP OF PAGE]

  12. Effects of antituberculosis and antileprosy drugs on mycobacteriophage D27 growth. David, H.L., Clavel, S., Clement, F., Moniz-Pereira, J. (1980). Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 18:357-359. [TOP OF PAGE]

  13. Adsorption and growth of the bacteriophage D29 in selected mycobacteria. David, H.L., Clavel, S., Clement, F. (1980). Ann. Virol. 131E:167-184. [TOP OF PAGE]

  14. Host range, immunity and antigenic properties of lambdoid coliphage HK97. Dhillon, E.K., Dhillon, T.S., Lai, A.N., Linn, S. (1980). J. Gen. Virol. 50:217-220. Temperate coliphage HK97 was isolated from pig dung. Although HK97 is antigenically unrelated to coliphage lambda, it has similar morphology, host range and immunity properties, and can recombine with it. [TOP OF PAGE]

  15. Temperate coliphages: Classification and correlation with habitats. Dhillon, E.K.S., Dhillon, T.S., Lam, Y.Y., Tsang, A.H.C. (1980). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:1046-1053. [TOP OF PAGE]

  16. Microscopy and biology of Uronema gigas, a filamentous eucaryotic green alga, and its associated tailed virus-like particle. Dodds, J.A., Cole, A. (1980). Virology 100:156-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  17. Technique for determining total bacterial virus counts in complex aqueous systems. Ewert, D.L., Paynter, M.J.B. (1980). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:253-260. A direct method is described for measuring bacteriophage concentratios in complex aqueous systems. Conditions for sample clarification, phage recognition, and recovery were optimized. In contrast to the plaque assay, this procedure permits quantitation of total numbers of phages independent of bacterial host. Also, the modifications increase the sensitivity of the sedimentation assay, permitting detection of particles at a minimum concentration of 104 per ml. Maximal total phage concentrations in the aqueous phase of sewage and activated sludge mixed liquor were 1.3 x 106 and 4.3 x 107 per ml, respectively. [TOP OF PAGE]

  18. Enumeration of bacteriophages and host bacteria in sewage and activated sludge treatment process. Ewert, D.L., Paynter, M.J.B. (1980). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:576-583. [TOP OF PAGE]

  19. A clear-plaque mutation of bacteriophage M13 affects the regulation of viral DNA synthesis. Farber, M.B., Ray, D.S. (1980). J. Virol. 33:1106-1110. A clear-plaque mutation (c2) of bacteriophage M13 has been shown to affect the regulation of viral DNA synthesis. This mutation increases the amount of the duplex replicative form DNA per cell while decreasing the synthesis of viral single strands. The relative synthesis of the M13 gene 5 protein is approximately half that observed in wild-type infections, suggesting that the effect of the c2 mutation on the regulation of viral DNA synthesis is a result of reduced expression of gene 5. [TOP OF PAGE]

  20. Silicates as nonspecific adsorbents of bacteriophage: A model for purification of water from viruses. Fass, R., Straussman, Y., Shahar, A., Mizrahi, A. (1980). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:227-232. [TOP OF PAGE]

  21. BACTERIO PHAGES OF STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BACTERIO PHAGE DP-4 AND ITS TRANSFECTING DNA. Garcia, E., Ronda, C., Lopez, R. (1980). Eur. J. Biochem. 101:59-64. Bacteriophages of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Physicochemical properties of bacteriophage Dp-4 and its transfecting DNA.Properties of Dp-4 phage and its DNA were studied. The phage has a polyhedral head of 60 nm diameter, a tail 155 nm long and a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.48 g/cm3. Analysis by acrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates the presence of 5 polypeptides. Dp-4 DNA has a MW of 37 .times. 106, a melting point of 83.5.degree. C (when dissolved in 0.15 M NaCl/0.015 M sodium citrate, pH 7.0) and a G + C content of about 33%. Denaturation of DNA yields 2 strands of different buoyant density in a neutral CsCl gradient. The interaction of poly(U,G) with the heavy strand strongly enhances its density and allows the preparative separation of both strands. Native Dp-4 DNA has unusual physical properties: abnormally low buoyant densities in CsCl (1.666 g/cm3) and in Cs2SO4 (1.410 g/cm3) (which do not correspond to the value predictable from the G + C content of the DNA) and a high thermal stability at low ionic strength. [TOP OF PAGE]

  22. Enterovirus and coliphage inactivation during activated sludge treatment. Glass, J.S., O'Brien, R.T. (1980). Water Res. 14:877-882. [TOP OF PAGE]

  23. Concentration of coliphages from large volumes of water and waste water. Goyal, S.M., Zerda, K.S., Gerba, C.P. (1980). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:85-91. An evaluation was made of the positively charged filters used for concentrating coliphages from sewage and tap water, and they were compared with negatively charged filters. Four different coliphages were studied. Positively charged microporous filters were found to efficiently adsorb these coliphages from tap water, sewage, and lake water at neutral pH. Adsorbed viruses were eluted with a 1:1 mixture of 8% beef extract and 1 M sodium chloride at pH 9. Using this method, coliphages could be concentrated from 17-liter volumes of tap water with recoveries ranging from 34 to 100%. Coliphages occurring naturally in raw and secondarily treated sewage were recovered with average efficiencies of 56.5 and 55.0%, respectively. This method should be useful in isolating rare phages, studying the ecology of phages in natural waters, and evaluating water quality. [TOP OF PAGE]

  24. [New genus of bacteria, Vampirovibrio, parasitizing chlorella and previously assigned to the genus Bdellovibrio]. Gromov, B.V., Mamkaeva, K.A. (1980). Mikrobiologiia 49:165-167. [TOP OF PAGE]

  25. PHAGE-LIKE INFECTIOUS VIRUS OF THE GREEN ALGA CHLOROCOCCUM. Gromov, B.V., Mamkaeva, K.A. (1980). BIOLOGY BULLETIN OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR 6:150-155. [TOP OF PAGE]

  26. Biological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation. Harm, W. (1980). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.[no abstract]. [TOP OF PAGE]

  27. Ecological studies on bacteriophages specific for a number of soil bacteria with particular reference to Azotobacter. Hegazi, N.A., Abou-elNasr, M.A., Othman, B.A., Allam, E.K. (1980). pp. 283-302. In AnonymousEgyptian Society of Applied Microbiology. Proc. IVth Conf. Microbiol. Cairo. [TOP OF PAGE]

  28. Prophage-mediated production of a bacteriocinlike substance by SPb lysogens of Bacillus subtilis. Hemphill, H.E., Gage, I., Zahler, S.A., Korman, R.Z. (1980). Can. J. Microbiol. 26:1328-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  29. Ecology of Streptococcus faecium bacteriophage in chicken gut. Houghton, S.B., Fuller, R. (1980). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:1054-1058. The interaction in the chick gut between Streptococcus faecium and its phage was examined. In conventional chicks, large numbers of S. faecium and phage were found in the cecum and smaller numbers were found in the anterior gut. In gnotobiotic chicks associated with S. faecium SY1 and its phage, there was no marked effect on bacterial numbers, but resistance to the phage rapidly developed. Depression of chick growth caused by S. faecium strain SY1 was partially reversed by its phage. [TOP OF PAGE]

  30. BACTERIOPHAGE-HOST INTERACTIONS IN LACTIC STREPTOCOCCI: LYSOGENY, PHAGE INHIBITION AND PHAGE-INSENSITIVE MUTANTS. Huggins, A.R. (1980). Oregon State Univesity. Phage-host interactions in lactic streptococci were studied to determine their consequences and applications of such interactions in commercial Cheddar cheese manufacture. Experiments concerned the incidence of lysogeny in cheese starter strains, the development of selective methods for isolating and characterizing fast acid-producing phage-insensitive mutants, and the effect of various buffers and chelating agents on phage inhibition and culture growth in the development of a phage-inhibitory medium for cheese starter cultures. Sixty-three strains of lactic streptococci were examined for lysogeny by treatment with ultraviolet light or mitomycin C. Following treatment with the inducing agent strains were examined for evidence of phage release by electron microscopy. Thirty-eight strains yielded intact phages or phage particles of varying morphology. Indicator host strains were found for phages induced from seven different strains. When strains that spontaneously released phages were grown in mixed culture with indicator strains, increased phage titers were observed. These findings indicated that lysogenic lactic streptococcal strains may serve as a reservoir for phages that attack sensitive strains in mixed or multiple strain lactic starter cultures. To facilitate the selective isolation of fast acid-producing colonies after selection for phage-insensitive mutants, a glycerophosphate-buffered milk agar medium was devised. Anaerobic incubation allowed differentiation of fast and slow acid-producing isolates in strains containing both cell types. This new selective medium allowed for the isolation of fast acid-producing phage-insensitive mutants for all of 12 strains of lactic streptococci. Our results indicate that carefully selected and characterized phage-insensitive mutants may prove useful in commercial cheesemaking. To determine if DNA penetration was occurring during phage adsorption to phage-insensitive mutants the adsorption and lysis of Streptococcus cremoris by bacteriophages was studied by electron microscopy. Early stationary phase cells were infected with phage at a multiplicity (phage:host) of 100 for adsorption and 1 for lysis. At appropriate intervals samples were examined by electron microscopy. Phage adsorption, with and without DNA penetration, and host lysis were clearly evident by this method. In studies on the effect of various buffers and calcium ion-binding agents on phage inhibition and host growth a new phage-inhibitory medium for lactic streptococcal cheese starters was formulated that proved more effective than various types of commercially available phage-inhibitory media in preventing phage proliferation and comparable or better than commercially available phage-inhibitory media in supporting culture growth and acid production. [TOP OF PAGE]

  31. Effects of evironmental variables and soil characteristics on virus survival in soil. Hurst, C.J., Gerba, C.P., Cech, I. (1980). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:1067-1079. [TOP OF PAGE]

  32. [Dissemination of Bdellovibrio acteriovorus in animals and their interaction with the agents of acute intestinal infections]. Ibragimov, F.K. (1980). Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii 97-99. Cows, horses, pigs and ducks have been found to contain Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus in their intestine and to constantly excrete them with feces into the environment. These microorganisms have not been detected in the feces of man, white mice, frogs and fish. Bdellovibrio, if introduced together with Shigella or after them, prevent the development of keratoconjunctivitis in some of the rabbits. No manifestations of the lytic activity of Bdellovibrio in relation to Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae have been observed in the intestine of white mice and young rabbits. [TOP OF PAGE]

  33. Coliphages as indicators in a treatment plant. Ignazzitto, G., Volterra, L., Aulicino, F.A., D'Angelo, A.M. (1980). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 13:391-398. [TOP OF PAGE]

  34. Evaluation of coliphages in sewage effluent of Faisalabad. Ijaz, M.K., Naseer, R., Afzal, H., Hussain, M. (1980). Chung-Hua Min Kuo Wei Sheng Wu Chi Mien I Hsueh Tsa Chih Chinese 13:395-404. One hundred and ten samples of Sewage were collected from both underground sewage and open drain systems of Faisalabad for coliphage assay. It was observed that the samples from underground sewage system ranged from 8.43 X 10(3)--4.65 X 10(3) in mean plaque forming units (PFU) per ml, whereas the corresponding figures in open drain system varied from 8.66 X 10(3)--3.21 X 10(3) mean PFU per ml. In general, samples from congested areas of both the systems studied tended to be richest both in mean PFU per ml as well as plaque morphological variations. Overall 620 plaque morphological classes were isolated. It was also noted that the mean PFU per ml was higher in the summer than in the winter months and phage contents were increased after rain fall. [TOP OF PAGE]

  35. [Characterization of bacteriophages of Clostridium novyi type A (author's transl)]. Imhoff, D., Schallehn, G. (1980). ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE. 1. ABT. ORIGINALE. A: MEDIZINISCHE 247:101-113. Four bacteriophages of Clostridum novyi type A (PFo, P5771, PA1350e and P19402) were examined. The phages were spontaneously released to the culture medium in titers of 10(6) to 10(8) pfu/ml at the end of the bacterial growth of the donor strain. The phage titer could be increased to 10(9) to 10(12) pfu/ml by growing the phages in the culture of the indicator strain C. novyi 5771/HS 10. These high titered phage suspensions were used for morphological studies and for the production of anti-phage-sera. The phages of C. novyi were unstable and lost most of their infectivity within 24 h. Lyophilizing the phages in glutamate medium seemed to be one possible way of partially stabilizing these phages. Phages PFo, P5771, PA1350e and P19402 were similar in morphology and size, in antigenic pattern and in plaque morphology. Phage PA1350e was stabile only at pH 7 and below 40 degrees C for a short time. It was inactivated at 50 degrees C within 20 min, at 55 degrees C and at 60 degrees C in 4 min. [TOP OF PAGE]

  36. CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIO PHAGES OF CLOSTRIDIUM-NOVYI TYPE A. Imhoff, D., Schallehn, G. (1980). Zentralblatt fuer Bakteriologie 1 Abt Originale A Medizinische Mikrobiologie Infektionskrankheiten und Parasitologie 247:101-113. Characterization of bacteriophages of Clostridium novyi type A.Four bacteriophages of C. novyi type A (PFoe, P5771, PA1350e and P19402) were examined. The phages were spontaneously released to the culture medium in titers of 106-108 pfu[plaque-forming units]/ml at the end of the bacterial growth of the donor strain. The phage titer could be increased to 109-1012 pfu/ml by growing the phages in the culture of the indicator strain C. novyi 5771/HS10. These high-titered phage suspensions were used for morphological studies and for the production of anti-phage sera. The phages of C. novyi were unstable and lost most of their infectivity within 24 h. Lyophilizing the phages in glutamate medium seemed to be one possible way of partially stabilizing these phages. Phages PFoe, P5771, PA150e and P19402 were similar in morphology and size, in antigenic pattern and in plaque morphology. Phage PA1350e was stable only at pH 7 and below 40.degree. C for a short time. It was inactivated at 50.degree. C within 20 min, at 55.degree. C and at 60.degree. C in 4 min. [TOP OF PAGE]

  37. Use of bacteriophages and antibiotics for prevention of acute postoperative empyema in chronic suppurative lung diseases. Ioseliani, G.D., Meladze, G.D., Chkhetiia, N.S., Mebuke, M.G., Kiknadze, N.I. (1980). Grudnaia Khirurgiia 6:63-67. [TOP OF PAGE]

  38. UPTAKE OF PHAGES INTO ISOLATED MESOPHYLL PROTOPLASTS OF PETUNIA-HYBRIDA. JENNE, K.D.H. (1980). Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen (BPP) 175:396-402. Uptake of phages into isolated mesophyll protoplasts of Petunia hybrida.Isolated mesophyll protoplasts of P. hybrida were incubated with phages. Optimal conditions for the incubation with phages were obtained with a washing diffusion procedure of protoplasts plated in agar blocks. Autoradiographical and EM studies revealed an uptake of phages into the cytoplasm of the protoplasts. [TOP OF PAGE]

  39. Processes controlling virus inactivation in coastal waters. Kapuscinski, R.B., Mitchell, R. (1980). Water Res. 14:363-371. [TOP OF PAGE]

  40. ??? Keswick, B.H., Gerba, C.P. (1980). Environ. Sci. Tech. 14:1290-1297. [TOP OF PAGE]

  41. Mechanism of ozone inactivation of bacteriophage f2. Kim, C.M., Gentile, D.M., Sproul, O.J. (1980). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:210-218. [TOP OF PAGE]

  42. EFFECTS OF SOME GROWTH REGULATORS UPON VIRUS INFECTED PLANTS AND BACTERIA. Kluge, S., Menzel, G. (1980). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 2:217-220. Effects of some growth regulators upon virus-infected plants and bacteria.4,4-Dimethyl-morpholino-chloride (DMMC), 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxomorpholino-chloride (DMOMC) and 4,4-diethyl-2-oxo-morpholino-chloride (DEOMC) have no or only negligible effects upon the hosts of various plant and bacterial viruses. Whereas the multiplication of plant viruses such as tobacco mosaic virus, potato virus X, cucumber mosaic virus and red clover mottle virus is only slightly affected by the 3 morpholino compounds mentioned, DMOMC and DEOMC stimulate considerably the multiplication of bacterial viruses M 12, f2 and QB. The different stability of the heterocyclic ring of the 3 morpholino compounds is believed to be a possible cause of this particular effect. [TOP OF PAGE]

  43. [Phage pf16 interrelationships with Pseudomonas putida bacteria. I. Unstable transductants and mutants of Pseudomonas putida PfG1 resistant to phage pf16]. [Russian]. Kocharian, S., Arutiunian, D.G., Alikhanian, S.I. (1980). Genetika 16:239-250. The frequencies of transduction of the chromosomal genes by pf16 in Pseudomonas putida PgG1 are dependent on the marker transduced and unpredictable. Histidine and isoleucine-valine positive transductants, which are resistant to pf16, have been selected in the crosses with low (about 10(-8) for phage units) frequencies of transduction. Some of these transductants carry new mutations. The transductants are unstable for phage resistance and histidine or isoleucine-valine positive characters. There is no correlation between segregations of the auxotrophic and phage sensitive clones. Among 200 tested mutants of P. putida line PpG1, which were obtained by the direct selection for the resistance of pf16, 3 mutants are found to be auxotrophic for histidine and one mutant unstable for the phage resistance character. The culture medium of such histidine negative and phage resistant mutants as much as phage resistant transductants lyse the lawn of the sensitive to pf16 strains, but viable phages are produced only by those unstable for the phage resistance character. These phages are very similar to pf16 for such characters as host range, size and morphology of plaques, latent period, burst size, transducing ability and the degree of inactivation by pf16 antiserum. The pf16 resistance of mutants and transductants is caused by the disturbing of phage adsorption. Possible mechanisms for the lisogenization of P. putida by pf16 are discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  44. HOST RANGE PLAQUE MORPHOLOGY STUDIES OF CYANO PHAGE LPP-1. KRAUS, M.P. (1980). Journal of Phycology 16:186-191. Host-range, plaque-morphology studies of cyanophage LPP-1.Transduction by temperate cyanophage plays an important role in understanding the effects of environmental pollution on genetic function. Using a new isolate, the influence of contaminants and the rapid variations that result as a virus particle passes through successive hosts is illustrated. Host-range and plaque-morphology, using an extended range of genetically-differing hosts, compares archetype LPP-1 cyanophage cultured on microbially contaminated hosts with bacteria-free cyanophage cultured on pure host strains. Microbial contamination can alter the host-range and serology of the cyanophage produced. Bacteria are involved in the virus infection of cyanophycean hosts and the study of host-range and plaque-morphology can aid in the biological characterization and segregation of mutants illustrating mechanisms of intergeneric transfer of genetic material. Derivatives of archetype LPP-1, cultured on axenic hosts, possess a host-range, plaque-morphology and serology similar or identical to that of the temperate cyanophage, S3. [TOP OF PAGE]

  45. Host-dependent modification of bacterial virus T3 affecting its adsorption ability. Krüger, D.H., Hansen, S., Schroeder, C. (1980). Virology 102:444-446. The adsorption and thus the growth of T2 on Escherichia coli W cells (E. coli K12 derivative) depends decisively on the host strain on which the virus was previously propagated. Depending on the modification conferred to the virus by its last host, its efficiency of plating on E. coli W varies between 10-7 and 10-1. This does not reflect the appearance of T3 host-range mutants, but a fully reversible modification of genotypically unchanged T3 wild-type phage. [TOP OF PAGE]

  46. PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA PHAGES WHOSE DNA IS SIMILAR IN STRUCTURE TO MU-1 PHAGE DNA 2. EVIDENCE OF RELATIONSHIP OF D-3112 B-3 AND B-39 PHAGES ANALYSIS OF DNA SPLITTING BY RESTRICTION ENDO NUCLEASES ISOLATION OF A RECOMBINANT BETWEEN D-3112 AND B-3 PHAGES. Krylov, V.N., BOGUSH, V.G., YANENKO, A.S., KIRSANOV, N.B. (1980). Genetika 16:975-984. Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages whose DNA is similar in structure to mu1 phage DNA: 2. Evidence of relationship of D3112, B3 and B39 phages: Analysis of DNA splitting by restriction endonucleases, isolation of a recombinant between D3112 and B3 phages.It is found that bacteriophages B3 and B39 specific for P. aeruginosa have the same genome structure as previously described phage D3112. On the right (S) end of their genomes, a variable non-phage DNA is located (approximately 0.9-2.5 kilobases for different phages). This variable DNA probably has its origin from different regions of bacterial chromosome. In genome of 1 of the phages, B3' phage, such variable DNA (not more than 150 base pairs) was found on the left end of DNA molecule. Isolation of a viable B3 .times. D3112 recombinant phage and analysis of its genome with restriction technique and with studies of homo- and heteroduplex molecules confirmed the genetical relationship of B3 and D3112. Some essential non-homology of B3 and D3112 DNA were found on the right ends of genomes of the phages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  47. Double mutations induced in Escherichia coli by ultraviolet light. Kubitschek, H.E. (1980). J. Bacteriol. 142:724-725. Double mutations to azide resistance and to bacteriophage T5 resistance of genes separated by more than 50 kilobases were induced in Escherichia coli WP2s in chemostat cultures by exposure to a single low dose of ultraviolet light. Frequencies of induced double mutations were three orders of magnitude greater than would be predicted by chance. Reversions from azide resistance and phage resistance occurred independently, showing that that the double mutation was not due to pleiotropic effects of a single gene mutation. These results support earlier findings which show that low doses of ultraviolet light induce multiple gene mutations in Bacillus subtilis over a similarly broad range. [TOP OF PAGE]

  48. Influence of estuarine sediment on virus survival under field conditions. LaBelle, R.L., Gerba, C.P. (1980). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:749-755. [TOP OF PAGE]

  49. Effects of calcium on the lytic cycle of Bacillus subtilis phage 41c. Landry, E.F., Zsigray, R.M. (1980). J. Gen. Virol. 51:125-135. The lytic cycle of Bacillus subtilis phage 41c required the presence of at least 10 mM-calcium. In the absence of this ion, the plaquing efficiency of the virus was reduced to less than 0.1. Likewise, replacement of Ca2+ with other divalent ions (Ba2+, Sr2+, Mg2+, Mn2+) resulted in reduced efficiencies. Adsorption of 41c was Ca2+-dependent, requiring concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10mM. Although more than 90% of the phage adsorbed at 0.1 mM-Ca2+, successful infection could only be achieved at higher Ca2+ levels. Sub-optimal concentrations of the ion resulted in the loss of 90% of infected centres within 1 min after the initiation of infection, indicating an early post-adsorption ion requirement. Penetration of experiments with 32P-labelled phage DNA indicated than an irreversible inhibition of injection was occurring in the majority of the phage-bacterium complexes. A third level of cation involvement became apparent when phage-bacterium complexes in which penetration had occurred exhibited a greatly reduced burst size. The post-penetration ionic requirement occurred early in the infection process since dilution of infected complexes into Ca2+-free medium at 2.5 min p.i. resulted in reduced phage yields. The requirement was dispensable after 6 min p.i., since infected complexes diluted into Ca2+-free medium at this time exhibited a normal one-step growth curve. Analysis of messenger RNA production by molecular DNA-RNA hybridization techniques indicated that transcriptional events were similar in the presence and absence of Ca2+. At present, the identification of the third ion-dependent stage is unresolved. [TOP OF PAGE]

  50. Rapid concentration of bacteriophages from large volumes of freshwater: Evaluation of positively charged, microporous filters. Logan, K.B., Rees, G.E., Seeley, N.D., Primrose, S.B. (1980). J. Virol. Methods 1:87-97. [TOP OF PAGE]

  51. ISOLATION AND SOME PROPERTIES OF BACTERIO PHAGES SPECIFIC FOR PSEUDOMONAS-FUSCOVAGINAE THE CAUSAL BACTERIUM OF SHEATH BROWN ROT OF RICE PLANTS. MIYAJIMA, K. (1980). Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 46:132-139. Isolation and some properties of bacteriophages specific for Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, the causal bacterium of sheath brown rot of rice plants.Fifteen phages of P. fuscovaginae (the pathogen of sheath brown rot of rice plants) isolated from infected flag leaf-sheaths, rotted seedlings and diseased seeds in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan, were classified into 3 groups by their host ranges and plaque forms. None of phage strains FP 1, FP 2 and FP 3 attacked any of 55 spp. of other bacteria that included 35 spp. of pseudomonads. All phage strains were tadpole-shaped, consisting of a polyhedral head and a tail. FP 1 and FP 3 had a head of 60 and 50 nm in diameter, respectively, both with a contractile tail; FP 2 had a head of 59 nm with a long noncontractile tail. The thermal inactivation point (TIP) of FP 1 was at 70.degree. C for 10 min in PB medium; the TIP for FP 2 and FP 3 was 60.degree. C. The optimum temperature for plaque formation was 25-28.degree. C for all phages. The one-step growth curve of phage FP 1 indicated that the latent period was about 110 min, the rise period was 130 min and the average burst size was 220 plaque-forming units/cell in PB medium at 25.degree. C. [TOP OF PAGE]

  52. ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF PSEUDOMONAS-FUSCOVAGINAE THE CAUSAL BACTERIUM OF SHEATH BROWN ROT OF RICE BY THE PHAGE METHOD. MIYAJIMA, K. (1980). Bulletin of Hokkaido Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Stations 42-52. Ecological study of Pseudomonas fuscovaginae the causal bacterium of sheath brown rot of rice, by the phage method.The bacterial isolates, the pathogen of sheath brown rot of rice, collected from various localities of northern Japan were divided into 4 lysotypes based on sensitivity to 3 strains of phage. The phage-bacteria interaction in the closed and open system were conducted. In the closed system, the phage population increased only when the bacterial population reached the level of 105/ml. The increase of the phage FPl in the open system with a different population of saprophytes and the host bacterium was observed. After 24 h incubation, the increase of phage occurred in the PB medium consisting of the initial bacteria at 10/ml mixed with the saprophytes at 105/ml. This phage method was conducted to detect P. fuscovaginae in rice and weeds. When seed and rice plants at tillering and meiosis stage were inoculated with bacterial suspension (106-8/ml), the bacterium was detected from healthy plants after 16, 77 and 16 days of inoculation, respectively, and subsequent outbreaks of the disease appeared during the booting to flowering periods. In the paddy fields, the bacterium was also detected from healthy plants before the outbreak of the disease. P. fuscovaginae could overwinter in infected rice plant kept indoors. P. fuscovaginae was detected from Nukabo (Agrostis clavata var. nukabo Ohwi) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) grown on the field banks and foot paths and from paddy field soil. The phage method was effective to detect low populations of saprophytes, whereas the phages were strain specific, it failed to detect the bacterium other than those sensitive to the phages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  53. THE HOST VIRUS RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MYCOBACTERIA AND MYCOBACTERIO PHAGES. MIZUGUCHI, Y. (1980). Journal of UOEH 1:215-224. The host-virus relationships between mycobacteria and mycobacteriophages.Studies on the relationships between mycobacteria and their bacteriophages are reviewed. Mycobacteriophages have some special characteristics which are not shared by bacteriophages of other genera. They do not adsorb onto host cells in the presence of Tween 80, and most of them are sensitive to organic solvents. They show very long latent periods for multiplication. Mycobacteria lysogenized by such mycobacteriophages show altered biological and biochemical characteristics. Occurrence of naturally lysogenic mycobacteria in some species is not rare. Progress of phage typing of M. tuberculosis is also reviewed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  54. A method of detection of bacteriophages from ocean water. Moebus, K. (1980). Helgol. Meeresunters. 34:1-14. [TOP OF PAGE]

  55. [The removal of salmonellae in waste water by bacteriophages (author's transl)]. Muller, H.E. (1980). ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE. 1. ABT. ORIGINALE. B: HYGIENE, 170:82-87. Sewage treatment plants show only a 90-99% reduction in numbers of salmonellae. And the following chlorination of the effluents produces chlorinated organic derivatives and these are likely to be of great long term environmental danger. Thus for reasons of hygiene, it is desirable to study biological methods to remove salmonellae in waste waster. Therefore, the efficiency of the Felix O 1-bacteriophage for the removal of S. schottmuelleri and S. typhimurium was investigated. The composition and the pH of the medium (Destilled water, Sorensen phosphate buffer solution, pH 6.0-8.0, and sterilized wate water, pH 6.5) seem not to have a considerable importance for the observed salmonellae removal efficiency. As it is shown, the reduction of salmonellae by the O 1-phages is dependent on their concentration (Fig. 1). It is true, there is 90-99% removal of salmonellae as a function of their concentration, but a perfect elimination is not possible. [TOP OF PAGE]

  56. Zur reduktion von Salmonellen im Abwasser durch Bacteriophagen. Müller, H.E. (1980). Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasienkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. 1, Orig. Reihe B 170:82-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  57. Requirement for calcium ions in mycobacteriophage I3 DNA injection and propagation. Nagaraja, V., Gopinathan, K.P. (1980). Archives of Microbiology 124:249-254. Ca2+ ions are absolutely necessary for the propagation of mycobacteriophage I3 in synthetic medium. These ions are required for successful infection of the host and during the entire span of the intracellular development of the phage. A direct assay of the phage DNA injection using 32[P] labelled phage, shows that Ca2+ ions are necessary for the injection process. The injection itself is a slow process and takes 15 min to complete at 37 degrees C. The bacteria infected in presence of Ca2+ tend to abort if the ions are subsequently withdrawn from the growth medium. The effect of calcium withdrawal is maximally felt during the early part of the latent period; however, later supplementation of Ca2+ ions salvage phage production and the mature phage progeny appear after a delayed interval, proportional to the time of addition of Ca2+. [TOP OF PAGE]

  58. Efficiency of ultrafiltration for the isolation of enteric viruses and coliphages from large volumes of water in studies on wastewater reclamation. Nupen, E.M., Basson, N.C., Grabow, W.O.K. (1980). Prog. Water Technol. 12:851-863. [TOP OF PAGE]

  59. An investigation of the influence of bacteriophages on the bacterial flora and purification powers of activated sludge. Ogata, S., Miyamoto, H., Hayashida, S. (1980). Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 26:97-108. [TOP OF PAGE]

  60. Bacteriophage contamination in industrial processes. Ogata, S. (1980). Biotechnol. Bioeng. XXII Suppl. 1:177-193. Many kinds of bacteria are known to be susceptible to infectio by bacteriophages (phages). These phages are readily found in the natural habitat of their host organisms. Soil and sewage are often good sources for finding these phages and lysogenic strains of bacteria. It is likely that the phage infection and multiplication cycles are repeated daily in such habitats. The phages of bacteria used in the fermentation industry, are isolated from abnormally fermented culture broth and factory environment (soil, sewage, air, and spent fermented culture broth). Sometimes, these lysogenic bacteria exist among the miscellaneous bacteria around the factory. Such phage contamination has resulted in abnormal fermentation and serious damage to the fermentation productivity. In Japan, damage reports have come from a variety of fermentation industries such as amino acid, antibiotic, dairy product, and solvent production. Recently, it has been shown that some activated sludge bacteria were also attacked by certain phages. The phage infection and multiplication cycles are also repeated in the sludge and its environment, and the phage infection results in some damage to its purification powers. However, many factories in Japan can control the damage caused by phage contamination by taking prompt, appropriate measures. The main purpose of this paper is to review the nature of damage and the control measures against phage contamination that have been studied in Japan. The importance of phages in relation to the fermentation industry has been discussed in detail by Hongo et al. [TOP OF PAGE]

  61. Evolutionary Biology of Parasites. Price, P.W. (1980). Princeton University Press, Princeton.[TOP OF PAGE]

  62. Mechanism of virucidal activity of retinoids: protein removal from bacteriophage phi 6 envelope. Reinhardt, A., Auperin, D., Sands, J. (1980). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 17:1034-1037. The mechanism of the potent virucidal activity of retinol (vitamin A) and retinal (vitamin A aldehyde) was investigated for the interaction of these compounds with a model system enveloped virus, bacteriophage phi 6. The retinoids bind to and inactivate phi 6 without causing large-scale disruption of the virion. Inactivated virions have completely lost the ability to adsorb to host bacteria due to the loss of a viral envelope protein necessary for adsorption. [TOP OF PAGE]

  63. Potential of Escherichia coli isolated from nature to propagate cloning vectors. Robeson, J.P., Goldshmidt, R.M., Curtiss_III, R. (1980). Nature 283:104-106. [TOP OF PAGE]

  64. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW BACTERIO PHAGES FOR MYXOCOCCUS-XANTHUS. RODRIGUES, F.K., Virrankoski-Castrodeza, V., Parish, J.H., GRIMM, K. (1980). Archives of Microbiology 126:175-180. Isolation and characterization of new bacteriophages for Myxococcus xanthus.Bacteriophages for M. xanthus of similar morphology to phage Mx4 were isolated from cultures of a variety of myxobacterial species. Phages similar to Mx1 and Mx8 were obtained by infecting M. xanthus with one of the phages of the Mx4 group that was treated with either UV light or a chemical mutagen. The DNA molecules from the phages were characterized by EM. One phage, Mx113, contains an unusual type of terminal redundancy revealed by examination of denatured and reannealed DNA. Several of the phages of the Mx4 group and the other 2 new phages, Mx113 and Mx811, were capable of transducing genetic markers in M. xanthus. One phage, Mx416, was characterized in more detail. It establishes true lysogens in M. xanthus. The phage plaques on both a nonmotile mutant and also on a wild-type host, although it is restricted in the latter. [TOP OF PAGE]

  65. Differential inactivation of three bacteriophages by acid and alkaline pH used in the membrane adsorption-elution method of virus ecology. Sabatino, C.M., Maier, S.M. (1980). Can. J. Microbiol. 26:1403-1407. [TOP OF PAGE]

  66. Restriction and modification in group N streptococci: effect of heat on development of modified lytic bacteriophage. Sanders, M.E., Klaenhammer, T.R. (1980). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:500-506. [TOP OF PAGE]

  67. [Chemical and biological properties of revertants derived from a Salmonella typhimurium Rd1-mutant (author's transl)]. [German]. Schlecht, S., Fromme, I., Ferber, E., Muller, W., Gmeiner, J. (1980). Zentralblatt Fur Bakteriologie - 1 - Abt - Originale - A: Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektionskrankheiten Und Parasitiologie 247:50-63. Two S-form-revertant strains were isolated from a S. typhimurium Rd1 culture on account of their phage resistance. In microbiological and serological (O-agglutination) characterization - as well as in stability tests (agglutination in auramin and saline and heating at 100 degrees C) - the behaviour of the two strains was the same as that of the wild type. The two strains were found to be indistinguishable from the wild type strain also with respect to the chemical composition of their lipopolysaccharides. Thus the amount and proportion of fatty acids and sugar residues as well as the number of repeating units in the O-chain were all identical. In contrast, the isolated revertants were similar to the Rd1 mutant with respect to their auxotrophic markers methionine and tryptophane, to the absence of flagella as well as to the reduced content of cyclopropane fatty acids (C17, C19). Protein analysis revealed no significant qualitative or quantitative differences between the wild type strain and the two revertants with respect to the major proteins of their outer membranes. The sensitivity of the revertants to crystal violet, erythromycin and rifamycin SV was intermediate between the wild type and the Rd1 mutant. Their temperature maximum in nutrient broth was 43 degrees C, the retardation in growth at this temperature corresponding to that of the Rd1 mutant. At 37 degrees C, however, the growth rate of the revertants was identical to that of the wild-type, while that of the Rd1 mutant was slower. Addition of sodium chloride to the growth medium rendered the temperature dependent behaviour of the mutants and revertants similar to that of the wild type. Studies in NMRI mice revealed that the revertants, also with regard to their virulence, occupy an intermediate position between the mutant and the wild type. Nevertheless their ability to afford protection to Salmonella typhimurium infection following active immunization with acetone killed cells was as high as that of the wild type. The results show that the biologic behaviour of S. typhimurium is determined by the type of lipopolysaccharide it contains but also to a large extent by other cell-wall constituents. [TOP OF PAGE]

  68. ??? Schluderberg, A.A., Marshall, B., Tachibana, C., Levy, S.B. (1980). Nature 283:792-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  69. Host Specificity of Glycine max genotypes with antibiotic-resistant mutants and phage-typed strains of Rhizobium japonicum. Schröder, E.C. (1980). North Carolina State University. Rhizobium japonicum Bacteriophages: Isolation and Host Range. Bacteriophages able to lyse several different Rhizobium japonicum strains were isolated from soils of North Carolina where soybeans had been grown previously. For isolation, an enrichment technique was followed. Soil-broth mixtures were incubated, centrifuged and the liquid supernatant filtered. This bacterial-free supernatant was spotted on different strains. When lysis occurred, the supernatant was diluted and single plaques were purified by several passages. For some strains, several phages differing in plaque size and morphology were obtained. Most R. japonicum bacteriophages produce larger plaques than Rhizobium trifolii or Rhizobium meliloti phages; this is probably associated with the longer generation time of the host cells. ¶ A set of different rhizobiophages was used to study their host range on a large number of different Rhizobium strains. The study shows that some phages have a very specific host range while others are able to lyse a wide range of R. japonicum strains. ¶ Strains were classified according to their phage lysis pattern in 25 different groups. With one exception, strains belonging to a certain phage group belong also to the same serogroup. However, strains in the same serogroup were subdivided into different phage groups. Results indicate there is a close relation between serotype and phage receptor sites. The use of a set of phages is suggested to help in the classification of Rhizobium japonicum. Electron microscopy pictures show that phage Rh110/1 has a head and long, contractile tails and falls into the general morphological group A. Bacteriophage Typing of Antibiotic-resistant mutants of Rhizobium japonicum. Wild type strains of Rhizobium japonicum are naturally resistant to higher concentrations of antibiotics than fast growing rhizobia. Antibiotic marked strains of Rhizobium are commonly used for ecological studies. R. japonicum mutants resistant to streptomycin, kanamycin, erythromycin, and rifampicin were isolated from a range of strains belonging to different serogroups. Mutant clones were characterized by their rhizobiophage sensitivity pattern and their ability to nodulate soybeans and reduce acetylene. Several antibiotic-resistant mutants showed a lysotype pattern different from the wild type or were unable to nodulate Lee 74 soybeans. Presumptive R. trifolii mutants were shown to be contaminated or cultures of R. japonicum USDA110. Genetic marked strains provide a useful tool, but should be carefully checked before being used for ecological studies. Influence of Glycine max Genotypes on strain selection by a mixed
    Rhizobium japonicum inoculum.     Thirty-seven soybean genotypes of different origins were inoculated with a mixture of three strains of Rhizobium japonicum. Each strain could be differentiated serologically, differed in antibiotic resistance and was lysed by specific rhizobiophages. Plants were grown in the greenhouse in vermiculite for 5 weeks and then the root nodules were harvested. The strains were identified by their differential markers. The percentage of nodules produced by each strain was calculated. Strain USDA58Ery was more dominant than USDA110SN and both were more competitive than USDA123Kan. Three soybean genotypes of SE Asia origin (TGm51, PI323.275 and PI376.844) were not nodulated by strain USDA123Kan. This result can be attributed to host plant genes conferring resistance to the specific bacterial strain or suppression of nodulation by other strains. The distribution of strains in each plant genotype was compared to that of Lee 74 by chi-square analysis. There were significant differences among genotypes in their ability to select a specific strain from the mixed inoculum. Most genotypes had nodules containing more than one Rhizobium strain: Lee (Non-nod) had the highest percentage. Spontaneous resistant mutants resistant to kanamycin were less competitive than Rhizobium strains resistant to streptomycin, rifampicin, or erythromycin. It is suggested that one appropriate combination of host genotype and R. japonicum strain can be used to establish the desired strain and obtain inoculation responses in soils with an indigenous population of root-nodule bacteria. [TOP OF PAGE]

  70. The effect of temperature on the ecology of aquatic bacteriophage. Seeley, N.D., Primrose, S.B. (1980). J. Gen. Virol. 46:87-95. [TOP OF PAGE]

  71. Morphology and general characteristics of viruses active against cowpea Rhizobium CB756 and 32H1. Singh, R.B., Dhar, B., Singh, B.D. (1980). Archives of Virology 64:17-24. Two newly isolated viruses, RS1 and RS2, infective on two strains of cowpea Rhizobium capable of N2-fixation in vitro, were characterized. RS1 parasitizes CB756 but RS2 infects both 32H1 and CB756. RS1 has an isometric, polyhedral head and a long contractile tail, while RS2 has an oblate, polyhedral head and a long flexible non-contractile tail; RS1 is considerably larger than RS2. The phages were relatively stable between pH 5 and 9 (1 hour incubation). RS1 appeared to be more thermal sensitive and exhibited one component inactivation, while RS2 showed two component inactivation at 58, 60 and 62 degrees C. RS1 had a slower adsorption rate (3.3 X 10(-10) ml minutes-1) than RS2 (1.2 X 10(-9) ml minutes-1, on 32H1). The latent period of RS1 and RS2 was 180 and 225 minutes, and the burst size was 15 and 9 particles/cell, respectively. [TOP OF PAGE]

  72. ALTERATION OF HOST SPECIFICITY TO LYTIC BACTERIO PHAGES IN STREPTOCOCCUS-CREMORIS. SINHA, R.P. (1980). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:326-332. Alteration of host specificity to lytic bacteriophages in Streptococcus cremoris.A mutant of S. cremoris strain ML1 was isolated based on its resistance to acriflavine. The mutant strain showed resistance to the growth of virulent bacteriophages to which the parental strain was sensitive, whereas it became sensitive to a number of other virulent phages to which the parental strain was resistant. At the same time, infection of the mutant strain by another bacteriophage sc607 resulted in killing of cells without production of progeny phages. The phage adsorption appeared normal, suggesting that the killing was a post-adsorption event. Such killing of bacterial cells was prevented by chloramphenicol treatment, indicating that involvement of some protein either synthesized by phage or phage-induced cellular protein. Synthesis of RNA was abruptly terminated after infection of the mutant strain by phage sc607, but not of the parental strain. The alteration of host specificity in the mutant to different lytic bacteriophages and especially abortive infection by phage sc607 resembles the prophage-mediated interference observed in other bacteria. [TOP OF PAGE]

  73. Mathematical models for continuous culture growth dynamics of mixed populations subsisting on a heterogeneous resource base. I. Simple competition. Smouse, P.E. (1980). Theor. Pop. Biol. 17:16-36. [TOP OF PAGE]

  74. The last of the T phages. Studier, F.W. (1980). pp. 72-78. In AnonymousGenes, Cells, and Behavior: A View of Biology Fifty Years Later. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Fransisco. [TOP OF PAGE]

  75. Morphological and cytoenzymatic characteristics of peripheral zone of lytic plaques induced by mycobacterial phages. Sula, L. (1980). Czechoslovak Medicine 3:132-137. Morphology and cytoenzymatic characteristics were studied using potassium tellurite, of peripheral zones of lytic plaques in fast growing mycobacteria (ATCC 607, Redmond No 521, Penso S1P) exposed to various mycobacterial phages and slowly growing M. bovis BCG, H37RV 50 gamma INH resistant strains. The latter revealed on borders of lytic plaques a bright tellurite-negative zone of variable width, macroscopically undemonstrable in culture free from potassium tellurite. Microscopically only single mycobacteria of various shapes, whereas in the tellurite-positive zone typical arrangement of BCG rods in compact, strong acid-fast cords present also in the so-called grey zone contacting the tellurite-negative zone, were found. The said tellurite zonal phenomen is explained by abortive infection with phages under study, which results in killing the mycobacterial cells without phage multiplication. The microscopical examination of surface pellicles by thin section showed the phage abortive infection to form a much broader zone than demonstrable in macroscopical examination, since under the black pellicle containing reduced metallic tellurite another tellurite-negative layer is hidden. The quickly growing mycobacteria in the peripheral zones of lytic plaques were either fully tellurite-positive or showed on the inside of the plaque a very narrow, hardly visible tellurite-negative border, microscopically similar to M. bovis BCG and H37RV. The possible utilization of tellurite cytoenzymatic reaction in differential diagnostics both of mycobacteria and mycobacterial phages is discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  76. [Periodicity in the rise and fall of the numbers of the principal Staphylococcus aureus phage groups]. [Russian]. Svetovidova, V.M., Kovaleva, S.I. (1980). Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii 51-56. The results of the phage typing of 5, 168 Staph. aureus strains isolated in a surgical hospital between 1959 and 1977 are analyzed for each year of this period. The wave of increase in the number of staphylococci belonging to phage group II which began, as discovered in this study, in 1965 and still showed no tendency towards decrease in 1977, as well as the periodicity of rises and falls in the number of staphylococci belonging to phage groups I and III are discussed and compared with the data contained in the literature. The authors come to the conclusion that Staph. aureus is subject to wave-like rises and falls in the number of strains belonging to the main phage groups of the species, and among them the strains belonging to phage groups I and III seem to be inversely related in respect of rises and falls in number, such changes occurring periodically at an interval of 10-12 years, while in the strains belonging to phage group II changes in number occur at a slower rate. The constant account of the percentage of phage groups I, II and III is recommended to ensure rational antibiotic therapy. [TOP OF PAGE]

  77. Isolation of two inducible bacteriophages from Chlostridium botulinum type A 190L. Takumi, K., Knouchi, T., Kawata, T. (1980). FEMS Microbiol. Let. 9:23-27. [TOP OF PAGE]

  78. Pseudolysogenic conversion of Azotobacter vinelandii by phage A21 and the formation of a stably converted form. Thompson, B.J., Wagner, M.S., Domingo, E., Warner, R.C. (1980). Virology 102:278-285. [TOP OF PAGE]

  79. Pseudolysogeny of Azotobacter phages. Thompson, B.J., Domingo, E., Warner, R.C. (1980). Virology 102:267-277. The establishment of pseudolysogenic state accompanied by a phenotype conversion in Azotobacter vinelandii strain O by phages A14, A21, A31, and A41 has been identified. Host cells can be recovered from the pseudolysogens by cultivation in phage-specific antiserum. Pseudolysogens continually give rise at a low rate to phage as a result of the occasional initiation of a lytic burst. As a result of the establishment of the pseudolysogenic state the host cells lose their polysaccharided coat, become flagellated and motile and acquire a yellow pigmented appearance. The four phages, although they differ serologically and molecularly, give rise to converted states that are indistinguishable except by the identification of the phage that is produced by it. On repeated subculturing each of the pseudolysogens will give rise to a stable or permanently converted cell that has the phenotype of the pseudolysogens, but from which it is no longer possible to obtain either host cells or phages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  80. Persisting phage infection in Halobacterium salinarium str. 1. Torsvik, T., Dundas, I.D. (1980). J. Gen. Virol. 47:29-36. [TOP OF PAGE]

  81. Bacteriophages of methanotrophic bacteria. Tyutikov, F.M., Bespalova, I.A., Rebentish, B.A., Aleksandrushkina, N.N., Krivisky, A.S. (1980). J. Bacteriol. 144:375-381. Bacteriophages of methanotrophic bacteria have been found in 16 out of 88 studied samples (underground waters, pond water, soil, gas and oil installation waters, fermentor cultural fluids, bacterial paste, and rumen of cattle) taken in different geographic zones of the Soviet Union. Altogether, 23 phage strains were isolated: 10 strains that specifically lysed only Methylosinus sporium strains, 2 strains that each lysed 1 of 5 Methylosinus trichosporium strains studied, and 11 strains that lysed Flavobacterium gasotypicum and, at the same time, 1 M. sporium strain. By fine structure, the phages were divided into two types (with very short or long noncontractile tails); by host range and serological properties, they fell into three types. One-step growth characteristics of the phages differed only slightly; the latent period varied from 6 to 8 h, the rise period varied from 4 to 6 h, and the average burst size was 100. All phages had guanine- and cytosine-rich double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid consisting of common nitrogen bases. The molecular mass of the deoxyribonucleic acid as determined by restriction endonuclease analysis was 29.4 X 10(6) for M. sporium phages and 44 X 10(6) for F. gasotypicum phages. By all of the above-mentioned properties, all phages within each of the groups were completely identical to one another, but differed from phages of other groups. Bacteriophages lysing M. sporium and M. trichosporium GB2 were identical to phages M1 and M4, respectively, which were isolated earlier in the German Democratic Republic on the same methanotrophic species. [TOP OF PAGE]

  82. ??? van Wezenbeek, P.M.G.F., Hulesbos, T.J.M., Schoenmarkes, J.G.G. (1980). Gene 11:129-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  83. Host-range and partial characterization of several new bacteriophages for Bacillus megaterium QM b1551. Vary, P.S., Halsey, W.F. (1980). J. Gen. Virol. 51:137-146. Several phages infecting Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 have been isolated from the soil and partially characterized. These phages, designated MP9 to MP50, were tested for host-range on several strains of B. megaterium and 13 other Bacillus species. All the phages only infected B. megaterium and on the basis of host-range patterns, 23 groups could be distinguished. The phage patterns also distinguished subgroups of B. megaterium strains within the species and should be useful in phage typing. The phages have varying sensitivities to heat, salts and organic solvents and are all double-stranded DNA phages. Thirty-two have been examined by electron microscopy and are Bradley types A, B and C. This is the first large collection of B. megaterium phages that has been characterized. [TOP OF PAGE]

  84. Etude experimentale de l'elimination des bacteriophages en bassin de lagunage. Walker, J., Leclerc, H., Foliguet, J.M. (1980). Can. J. Microbiol. 26:27-32. [TOP OF PAGE]

  85. Evaluation of F2 bacteriophage for tracing movement of viruses in groundwater. Wang, D.S., Gerba, C.P. (1980). Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 61:233 [TOP OF PAGE]

  86. Modified bases in bacteriophage DNAs. Warren, R.A.J. (1980). Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 34:137-158. [TOP OF PAGE]

  87. Cloning the Tra1 region of RP1. Watson, J., Schmidt, L., Willetts, N. (1980). Plasmid 4:175-183. The Tra1 region of RP1 from a derivative with Tn7 inserted into the kanamycin resistance determinant was cloned, using EcoRI, into the multicopy vector plasmid pBR325. For one orientation of the cloned fragment the resultant chimeric plasmid was very frequently lost from the cell, but in the other orientation it was much more stable and also compatible with RP1. Complementation by the stable chimeric plasmid, pED800, of a series of RP1 tra mutants showed that the mutations of all those retaining sensitivity to the P-specific phages PRR1, Pf3, and PR4, or only to PR4, mapped in the Tra1 region, while only 2 out of 20 amber mutations leading to full P-specific phage-resistance did so. [TOP OF PAGE]

  88. On understanding predator-prey interactions. Williams, F.M. (1980). pp. 349-375. In In Ellwood, D.C., Hedger, J.N., Latham, M.J., Lynch, J.M., and Slater, J.H. (eds.), Contemporary Microbial Ecology. Academic Press, London. [TOP OF PAGE]

  89. Incidence of marine bdellovibrios lytic against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay. Williams, H.N., Falkler, W.J., Shay, D.E. (1980). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:970-972. The incidence of marine bdellovibrios at selected sampling sites in the Chesapeake Bay during the months of June 1978 and 1979 was studied. Bdellovibrios were isolated from eight of nine sampling stations in the bay. Higher numbers than previously reported with sea or ocean water were recovered in the midregion of the bay. [TOP OF PAGE]

  90. Lipopolysaccharide as a bacteriophage receptor. Wright, A., McConnell, M., Kanegasaki, S. (1980). pp. 27-57. In In Randall, L.L., and Philipson, L. (eds.), Virus Receptors, part 1, Bacterial Viruses. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom. [TOP OF PAGE]

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