Bacteriophage Ecology Group
Reference Abstracts (1979)
Dedicated to the ecology and evolutionary biology of the parasites of unicellular organisms (UOPs)
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© Phage et al. last updated on Wednesday, December 26, 2001
  1. Viruses and Plasmids in Fungi. Anonymous (1979). Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.Genetic elements enter cells either through heredity of via infection. In most cases the distinction between heredity and infection is straight forward. Hereditary transfer involves only cells and occurs either at cell division or at cell fusion. Infectious transfer proceeds from the environment and involves invasion of cells by extrinsic genetic elements. ¶ The distinction between heredity and infection, however, is less clear for certain genetic elements found among eukaryotes, especially in the fungi. Such elements of infectious heredity represent the main subject area of this book. These elements, on the basis of their physico-chemical properties and ultrastructural details, appear to be extrinsic to the host cell in evolutionary origin. As such, they are not an integral part of the cell's genetic makeup. However, once having entered cell lines, they persist, and remain endogenous ot the cell not only in their replication but in their transmission. They have greatly reduced or even lost potential for infectivity; their lateral transmission is mediated by cell fusion; and most seem not to be detrimental to the host. ¶ Elements of infectious heredity among eukaryotic life forms are basically of three types: defective viruses, endogenous plasmids, and endosymbionts. [TOP OF PAGE]

  2. Fungal Viruses. Anonymous (1979). Springer-Verlag, New York.[TOP OF PAGE]

  3. [Dynamics of the interaction of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus with the bacterial host under aerobic and anaerobic conditions]. Afinogenova, A.V., Shkidchenko, A.N., Lambina, V.A. (1979). Mikrobiologiia 48:102-105. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus can interact with the host bacterium cells under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The dynamics of the interaction between the parasite and the host depended on the regime of incubation. The latent period and the time at which Bd. bacteriovorus reached the stationary level became shorter under aerobic conditions. Lysis of the host bacterium cells under aerobic conditions proceeded more effectively, at a higher rate, and after a shorter period of the constant titre than under anaerobic conditions. [TOP OF PAGE]

  4. Photoreactivation of ultraviolet irradiated blue-green alga: Anacystis nidulans and cyanophage AS-1. Amla, D.V. (1979). Archives of Virology 59:173-179. Ultraviolet (UV) inactivation and photoreactivation of Anacystis nidulans and cyanophage AS-1 was studied at different wavelengths. UV inactivation of free phage particles and one and two hour host-phage complexes (intracellular phages) were exponential. UV resistance of plaque forming units was attained at the latter phase of latent period. Black, blue and white lights were able to photoreactivate the UV irradiated A. nidulans whereas green, yellow and red lights were not. However, incubation of A. nidulans for more than 2 hours in black light resulted in loss of viability but shift to red light caused significant recovery. This suggests the involvement of two types of photoreactivation, i.e. of photoenzymatic repair of DNA and of the repair of the photosynthetic apparatus of A. nidulans. [TOP OF PAGE]

  5. Population Biology of infectious diseases. Part I. Anderson, R.M., May, R.M. (1979). Nature 280:361-367. [TOP OF PAGE]

  6. The influence of parastic infection on the dynamics of host population growth. Anderson, R.M. (1979). p. ???-??? In Anderson, R.M., Turner, B.D., and Taylor, L.R. (eds.), Population Dynamics. Blackwell Science Publications, Oxford. [TOP OF PAGE]

  7. Propagation of ribonucleic acid coliphages in gnotobiotic mice. Ando, A., Furuse, K., Watanabe, I. (1979). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:1157-1165. To clarify the propagation cycle of bacteriophages in their natural habitats, we tested whether animals could support ribonucleic acid (RNA) phage propagation in their intestines, using germfree mice as the test animal. Propagation of four different antigenic types of RNA phages was tested. No detectable propagation or colonization of RNA phages was observed either in germfree mice or in gnotobiotic mice infected with the F- strain of Escherichia coli. Propagation or colonization was observed when RNA phages were orally introducted into gnotobiotic mice harboring the F+ or F' strain of E. coli. These results were consistent with data for in vitro propagation experiments. Fecal titers of phages were monitored over 24 to 98 days and were found to vary from 105 to 1011 plaque-forming units per g of feces. Streptomycin administration gradually led to the disappearance of bacteria and, concomitantly, the RNA phages. Phages recovered from gnotobiotic mice feces included some of novel antigenic types. The bacterial isolates recovered from gnotobiotic mice harboring F+ bacteria included the original F+ strains, stains which had become F-, and some which had become inefficient hosts for the propagation of RNA phages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  8. EXPERIMENTAL CONTAMINATION OF OYSTERS BY BACTERIO PHAGES. ATTREE-PIETRI, C., AUBERT, J. (1979). Revue Internationale dOceanographie Medicale 53-54:71-76. Experimental contamination of oysters by bacteriophages.Oysters were contaminated during a 5 day period by 3 bacteriophages : P22, T4 and Twort. No concentration phenomenon appeared during the time of the study. There was only a more or less rapid contamination of the organisms depending of the nature of the bacteriophage. No decrease of the level of the bacteriophages was observed in the incubation medium. The bacteriophage level in the homogenates of oysters is at most equal to the level in the incubation medium. [Bacteriophage assays may be useful in monitoring bacterial contamination of marine products to be used for human consumption]. [TOP OF PAGE]

  9. EXTRACELLULAR POLY SACCHARIDE OF ERWINIA-AMYLOVORA A CORRELATION WITH VIRULENCE. AYERS, A.R., AYERS, S.B., GOODMAN, R.N. (1979). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:659-666. Extracellular polysaccharide of Erwinia amylovora: A correlation with virulence.The extracellular polysaccharides produced as slime or capsule layers by bacterial pathogens of animals and plants have been often implicated as factors essential to pathogenesis. Virulence of the plant pathogen E. amylovora was correlated with the ability to produce extracellular polysaccharide (EPS). EPS production by a series of field isolates and bacteriophage-resistant mutants differing in the extent to which they cause symptoms in host tissues was examined by quantitation with a modified Laurell rocket immunoelectrophoresis assay. The amount of EPS produced as an easily removed capsular layer or slime on solid nutrient agar approximated the capacity to exhibit symptoms in host inoculation tests. Features common to the virulent isolates are mucoid colony morphology, sensitivity to EPS-specific bacteriophages [S.vphi.3 and PEal(h)], and ability to produce a characteristic EPS. Mutants selected for resistance to S.vphi.3 or nonmucoid colony morphology are deficient in EPS production and have lost the ability to multiply in host tissue and cause symptoms. EPS may be directly involved in symptom expression and provide a function essential to the growth of the pathogen in host tissues. [TOP OF PAGE]

  10. Differential toxicities of mercury to bacteria and bacteriophages in sea and in lake water. Babich, H., Stotzky, G. (1979). Can. J. Microbiol. 25:1252-1257. Mixtures of anionic HgClSUB-3 SUP-- /HgClSUB-4 SUP-2- complexes were less toxic to terrestrial bacteria (Erwinia herbicola, Agrobacterium tumefaciens) , to marine bacteria (Acinetobacter sp., Aeromonas sp.), and to phages ( 11M15 of Staphylococcus aureus and P1 of Escherichia coli ) than were equivalent concentrations of Hg as cationic HgSUP-2+ . The toxicity of 1 p.p.m.-Hg to A. tumefaciens, Aeromonas sp., and 11M15 was less in seawater than in lake water. Inasmuch as the Hg-Cl species are formed in environments of high chloride concentration, it was postulated that the lower toxicity of Hg in seawater was a result of the formation of HgClSUB-3 SUP-- /HgClSUB-4 SUP-2- complexes. [TOP OF PAGE]

  11. Penetration of the polysaccharide capsule of Escherichia coli (Bi161/42) by bacteriophage K29. Bayer, M.E., Thurow, H., Bayer, M.H. (1979). Virology 94:95-118. [TOP OF PAGE]

  12. Bacteriophage-like particles associated with a spirochete. Berthiaume, L., Elazhary, Y., Alain, R., Ackermann, H.-W. (1979). Can. J. Microbiol. 25:114-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  13. Influence of fulvic acid on bacteriophage adsorption and complexation in soil. Bixby, R.L., O'Brien, D.J. (1979). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:840-845. [TOP OF PAGE]

  14. Bacteriophages of Bacteroides. Booth, S.J., Van Tassell, R.L., Johnson, J.L., Wilkins, T.D. (1979). Rev. Infect. Dis. 1:325-336. Sixty-eight bacteriophages specific for nine species (DNA homology groups) of Bacteroides were isolated from sewage. Four distinct morphological types were isolated, three of which had not previously been described. Attempts to use these phages to transduce Bacteroides fragilis were unsuccessful. A total of 91 phage-susceptible strains of Bacteroides were used with these phages in a study of the feasibility of developing a scheme for identification of Bacteroides species. Blind trials were performed with 10 B. fragilis-specific phages and a collection of over 200 bacterial strains, including 144 strains of B. fragilis. Of the strains of B. fragilis, 78% were identified correctly within 24 hr. A phage-carrier state, or pseudolysogeny, was observed with most of the phage-host systems, and this state was studied in detail with B. fragilis phage Bf-1. The presence of a thick capsule around some cells in a pure culture of a host strain appears to render these cells resistant to phage infection, thus perpetuating the carrier state. It is suggested that such capsules may play a role in the virulence of strains of Bacteroides. [TOP OF PAGE]

  15. Identification of cistrons involved in conjugal transfer of narrow-host-range R plasmid R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Carrigan, J.M., Krishnapillai, V. (1979). J. Bacteriol. 140:809-816. The development of a transductional method for complementation tests between transfer-deficient mutants of the narrow-host-range R plasmic R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has allowed the indentification of cistrons involved in the conjugal transfer of this plasmid. Complementation tests performed between transfer-deficient mutants characterized phenotypically with respect to sensitivity to donor-specific phage, ability to inhibit the replication of phage G101, and expression of entry-exclusion has identified a minimum of 10 transfer cistrons. Although most mutagen-induced mutants were relatively heterogeneous and appeared to be affected in a single cistron only, a high proportion of mutants isolated after selection for donor-specific phage resistance had deletions but always included tra Y. Mutants selected directly on the basis of transfer deficiency which also became donor-specific phage resistant fell into all 10 cistrons, suggesting that many R91-5 transfer cistrons are concerned with the synthesis of sex pili and other surface structures necessary for conjugal transfer. Conversely, most retaining donor-specific phage sensitivity belonged to one cistron, whereas transfer-deficient mutants which had also lost the ability to inhibit the replication of phage G101 comprised four cistrons. [TOP OF PAGE]

  16. [Distribution of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus parasitizing Pseudomonas fluorescens and Serratia marcescens in river water]. Chuvil'skaia, N.A., Ledova, L.A., Lambina, V.A. (1979). Gigiena i Sanitariia 79-80. [TOP OF PAGE]

  17. DNA BASE COMPOSITION NATURE OF INTRA CELLULAR DNA MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIO PHAGES INFECTING MICROCOCCUS-LUTEUS. COMPTON, S.W., Mayo, J.A., Ehrlich, M., Ackermann, H.W., TREMBLAY, L., CORDS, C.E., SCALETTI, J., V (1979). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 25:1027-1035. DNA base composition, nature of intracellular DNA, morphology and classification of bacteriophages infecting Micrococcus luteus.Ten bacteriophages infecting M. luteus were characterized. All phages contain double-stranded DNA, of 64.3-73.5 mol% guanine plus cytosine (GC). The DNA of phage N7 has the highest GC content reported for any bacterial virus. No unusual bases were found. The intracellular replicating DNA of 6 phages are covalently closed circular molecules. All 10 phages have isometric, probably icosahedral, heads and long, flexible, noncontractile tails and can be sorted into 2 morphological groups based on size and presence or absence of a collar. Host-range studies indicate 6 host-range groups. [TOP OF PAGE]

  18. Isolation and properties of a phage lytic for non-smooth Brucella organisms. Corbel, M.J. (1979). JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION 7:349-360. A phage for non-smooth cells of Brucella abortus was isolated from a mixture of three brucella-phages incubated with rough brucella cells in the presence of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. It did not lyse smooth cells of Br. abortus strains nor those of other Brucella species, but during the course of its replication in rough organisms a small proportion of phage mutants were produced which were similar in properties to smooth-specific phages. The rough-specific phage, R, itself resembled Weybridge phage in its morphological and serological properties. Phage R was found to contain DNA and segregated into high and low density fractions, both with plaque-forming activity, on ultra-centrifugation in CsSO4 gradients. Unlike the smooth-specific phages it attached to heat-labile receptors present on non-smooth brucella cells. [TOP OF PAGE]

  19. Characteristics of Anabaena variabilis influencing plaque formation by cyanophage N-1. Currier, T.C., Wolk, C.P. (1979). J. Bacteriol. 139:88-92. Phage N-1 grown in Anabaena strain 7120 [N-1 . 7120] forms plaques on A. variabilis about 10(-7) to 10(-6) as efficiently as on Anabaena 7120. By manipulating different characteristics of the interaction between phage and host, it was possible to increase the relative efficiency of plaque formation to 0.38. Growth of A. variabilis at 40 degrees C for at least three generations resulted in an increase in the rate of phage adsorption and a 10-fold increase in the efficiency of plaque formation. The efficiency of plaque formation was further increased about 42-fold, with little or no further increase in rate of adsorption, in a variant strain. A. variabilis strain FD, isolated from a culture of A. variabilis which had grown for more than 30 generations at 40 degrees C. The low relative efficiency of plaque formation by N-1 . 7120 on A. variabilis could be partially accounted for if A. variabilis contains a deoxyribonucleic acid restriction endonuclease which is absent from Anabaena 7120. Indirect evidence for such an endonuclease included the following: (i) phage N-1 grown in A. variabilis (N-1 . Av) had approximately a 7 X 10(3)-fold higher relative efficiency of plaque formation on A. variabilis than had N-1 . 7120; and (ii) the efficiency of plaque formation by N-1 . 7120 on A. variabilis strain FD was increased by up to 146-fold after heating the latter organism at 51 degrees C. [TOP OF PAGE]

  20. Viruses of marine algae. Dodds, J.A. (1979). Experimentia 35:440-442. [TOP OF PAGE]

  21. The relative resistance of f2 bacteriophage to inactivation by disinfectants. Drulak, M., Wallbank, A.M., Lebtag, I. (1979). JOURNAL OF HYGIENE 83:111-119. f2 bacteriophage in the presence of fetal calf serum (at a final concentration of 10%) was exposed to six commonly used disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 sec. At the end of exposure times skim milk neutralized the disinfectant activity and residual virus was assayed using the plaque technique. The 6 disinfectants considered were Javex, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene and Sonacide. A 0.25% (w/v) solution of sodium hydroxide and 1/50 Javex (1200 parts/10(6) chlorine) were the most effective of the six disinfectants considered since 10(5) f2 bacteriophage were inactivated in 30 seconds in each instance. Since a 0.25% (w/v) solution of sodium hydroxide had a pH of 12.5 this made it too caustic to use as a disinfectant in many practical situations. It was concluded therefore that Javex at some dilution less than 1/50 (greater than 1200 parts/10(6) chlorine) was the most practical of the six disinfectants to use. Ethanol (95%, v/v) inactivated 10(3) f2 bacteriophage in 30 seconds while 1/20 Wescodyne and undiluted Sonacide inactivated 10(1)-virus particles. Ves-Phene at a dilution of 1/50 was a completely ineffective virucide during the 30 sec exposure. The resistance of f2 bacteriophage to inactivation by these six disinfectants was compared with that of echovirus 11 and coxsackievirus B5. In all instances except exposure to undiluted Sonacide, f2 was comparable in resistance to inactivation and in many cases had greater resistance. [TOP OF PAGE]

  22. Viruses in soil systems. Duboise, S.M., Moore, B.E., Sorber, C.A., Sagik, B.P. (1979). pp. 245-285. In In Isenberg, H.D. (ed.), CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. [TOP OF PAGE]

  23. Trichomonas vaginalis resistance to Mengo virus infection. Eva, A., Viano, I., Martinotti, M.G., Cappuccinelli, P. (1979). JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 26:249-252. We have investigated the susceptibility of Trichomonas vaginalis to Mengo virus infection by comparing the outcome of Mengo virus or purified Mengo virus RNA infection in T. vaginalis and in CCL-1 mouse fibroblasts. While the adsorption and entry of Mengo virus into T. vaginalis occurred in the same manner as in fibroblasts, the uncoating was much slower. In addition, Mengo virus infection of T. vaginalis displayed no eclipse nor any subsequent production of infectious virus. Purified RNA failed to initiate productive infection in T. vaginalis, whereas it provoked viral replication in the fibroblast controls. It was shown by assessment of protein synthesis in T. vaginalis and mouse fibroblasts cell-free systems that the protozoan ribosomes were able to translate endogenous mRNA and poly-U, but not viral RNA. [TOP OF PAGE]

  24. Effect of a bacteriophage on the colonization and nodulation of clover roots by a strain of Rhizobium trifollii. Evans, J., Barnet, Y.M., Vincent, J.M. (1979). Can. J. Microbiol. 25:968-973. [TOP OF PAGE]

  25. Continuous survey of the distribution of RNA coliphages in Japan. Furuse, K., Ando, A., Osawa, S., Watanabe, I. (1979). Microbiology and Immunology 23:867-875. [TOP OF PAGE]

  26. Grouping of RNA coliphages based on analysis of the sizes of their RNAs and proteins. Furuse, K., Hirashima, A., Harigai, H., Ando, A., Watanabe, K., Kurosawa, K., Inokuchi, Y., Watanabe, I. (1979). Virology 97:328-341. [TOP OF PAGE]

  27. Determination of the biological parameters of bacterium-phage complexes. Gaspar, S., Ronto, G., Muller, G. (1979). Zeitschrift fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 19:163-169. The authors present a method of measurement and evaluation for continuous cultures of bacteria infected by virulent phages. By the comparison of the model describing the phage-bacterium interaction and their own experimental data they determined the following biological parameter values characterizing the interaction: the adsorption rate (mu), the expectation of the latency period (T) and its standard deviation ((sigma), the time required for lysis (d), the infection efficiency (eta) and the average burst size (C). The parameters were used for the determination of optimal cultivating conditions (maximum phage yield). [TOP OF PAGE]

  28. Comparative adsorption of human enteroviruses, simian rotavirus and selected bacteriophages to soils. Goyal, S.M., Gerba, C.P. (1979). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:241-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  29. SYNERGISTIC INACTIVATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND PHAGE T7 BY NEAR-ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. Hartman, P.S. (1979). UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI - COLUMBIA. [TOP OF PAGE]

  30. Analytical research of microbial ecosystems in seawater around fishing ground. I. Distribution of bacteriophage systems in seawater around Ryukyu Island arc. Hidaka, T., Kawaguchi, T., Shirahama, M. (1979). Mem. Fac. Fish. ,Kagoshima Univ. 28:47-55. [TOP OF PAGE]

  31. Characterization and persistence of actinophage RP2 isolated from Streptomyces rimosus ATCC 10970. Hranueli, D., Pigac, J., Vesligaj, M. (1979). Journal of General Microbiology 114:295-303. While searching for true lysogens among oxytetracycline-producing Streptomyces rimosus strains, free phage particles were detected and isolated from a liquid culture of S. rimosus ATCC 10970 (R7). The actinophage, designated RP2, appears to be a typical temperate DNA phage producing turbid plaques on the sensitive strain S. rimosus R6. Electron microscopic examination of RP2 lysates showed that it belongs to group B of Bradley's morphological classification. The rate of RP2 adsoprption at 28 degrees C appeared to be low. The length of the latent period was about 6 h and the average burst size about 120 phage particles. The lysogenic nature of the host-virus system described was established on the basis of the following characteristics: spontaneous lysis frequency of 2 X 10(-6) per cell, resistance to curing with phage-specific antiserum, spontaneous curing frequency of less than 0.05% and immunity to superinfection with the homologous phage. Clear-plaque mutants of RP2, which failed to lysogenize sensitive cultures, arose at a frequency of 10(-5). [TOP OF PAGE]

  32. [Detection of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus bacteria in the body of animals]. Ibragimov, F.K. (1979). Gigiena i Sanitariia 72-73. [TOP OF PAGE]

  33. Characterization of a bacteriophage related to R-type pyocins. Kageyama, M., Shinomiya, T., Aihara, Y., Kobayashi, M. (1979). J. Virol. 32:951-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  34. Evolution of defective interfering double-stranded RNAs in yeast. Kane, W.F., Peitras, D., Bruenn, J. (1979). J. Virol. 32:692-696. [TOP OF PAGE]

  35. The strategy of infection as a criterion for phylogenetic relationships of non-coli phages morphologically similar to phage T7. Korsten, K.H., Tomkiewicz, C., Hausmann, R. (1979). J. Gen. Virol. 43:57-73. [TOP OF PAGE]

  36. Concentration of phages from sewage on positively charged membrane filters. Krauss, K.S., Goyal, S.M., Gerba, C.P. (1979). Texas J. Sci. 31:99-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  37. Antigenic similarity of morphological types CIII1 bacteriophages. Krzywy, T., Durlakowa, I., Kucharewicz-Krukowska, A., Inglot, O., Weber, B. (1979). Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz) 27:571-577. [TOP OF PAGE]

  38. Bacteriophage therapy of septic complications of orthopaedic surgery. Lang, G.P., Kehr, P., Mathevon, H., Clavert, J.M., Sejourne, P., Pointu, J. (1979). Rev. Chir. Orthop. Reparatrice Appar. Mot. 1:33-37. [TOP OF PAGE]

  39. The fermentation of milk by lactic acid bacteria. Lawrence, R.C., Thomas, T.D. (1979). p. 187-??? In Bull, A.T., Ellwood, D.C., and Ratledge, C. (eds.), Microbial Technology: Current State, Future Prospects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [TOP OF PAGE]

  40. Detection of bacteriophage in whey by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lembke, J., Teuber, M. (1979). Milchwissenschaft 34:457-458. [TOP OF PAGE]

  41. Coevolution of fungi and their viruses. Lemke, P.A. (1979). pp. 2-7. In In Molitoris, H.P., Hollings, M., and Wood, I.J. (eds.), Fungal Viruses. Springer-Verlag, New York. Evolution is a safe subject for discussion, as one can afford to speculate without cause for contradiction. A discussion on the coevolution of fungi and their viruses will be especially speculative, as it is based on the biological attributes of present-day fungi and on the properties of rather few viruses, those double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-containing mycoviruses that have been physiochemically well characterized. [TOP OF PAGE]

  42. Evaluation of efficacy of the use of E. coli-Proteus bacteriophage in intestinal dysbacteriosis in premature infants. Litvinova, A.M., Chtetsova, V.M., Kavtreva, I.G. (1979). Vopr. Okhr. Materin. Det. 9:42-44. [TOP OF PAGE]

  43. Bacteriophage as Indicators of Fecal Pollution. Lupo, L.B. (1979). University of Rhode Island. [TOP OF PAGE]

  44. Bacteriophage-like particles induced from the Reiter treponeme by mitomycin C. Masuda, K., Kawata, T. (1979). FEMS Microbiol. Let. 6:29-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  45. HOST SPECIFIC BACTERIO PHAGES OF XANTHOMONAS-VESICATORIA. MATHEW, J., PATEL, P.N. (1979). Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 94:3-7. Host specific bacteriophages of Xanthomonas vesicatoria.The bacteriophages isolated from bacterial leaf spot-affected chili [Capsicum annuum] and Datura fastuosa plants were specific to their homologous bacterial isolates in typing. They differed in plaque morphology and other characteristics. The specificity of bacteriophage sensitivity was useful differentiating pathogenic strains of X. vesicatoria. [TOP OF PAGE]

  46. Population biology of infectious diseases: Part II. May, R.M., Anderson, R.M. (1979). Nature 280:455-461. [TOP OF PAGE]

  47. A virus which lyses the marine nanoflagellate Miromonas pusilla. Mayer, J.A., Taylor, F.J.R. (1979). Nature 281:299-301. [TOP OF PAGE]

  48. Variation in the structure and bacteriophage-inactivating capacity of Salmonella anatum lipopolysaccharide as a function of growth temperature. McConnell, M., Wright, A. (1979). J. Bacteriol. 137:746-751. [TOP OF PAGE]

  49. Recognition of viruses and xenogeneic proteins by the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus : a humoral receptor for T2 bacteriophage. McCumber, L.J., Hoffmann, E.M., Clem, L.W. (1979). J. Invertebr. Pathol -9 C. sapidus , was found to possess a naturally occurring humoral factor which neutralizes T SUB-2 phage in a relatively specific fashion. The molecule responsible for this neutralization was isolated from crab plasma and shown to be distinct from hemocyanin and the hemagglutinin for mouse erythrocytes. The neutralizing activity of this molecule was lost on exposure to denaturing solvents but was resistant to mild heat or EDTA. This molecule apears to be a polymer (6-13 S) of noncovalently linked subunits each with a mol wt of about 80,000. The actual function of this molecule in the blue crab is unknown but based upon structural considerations it seems unlikely that it represents any evolutionary relationship to immunoglobulin. [TOP OF PAGE]

  50. OPTIMIZATION KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS OF CYANO PHAGE A-1 ADSORPTION ON ALGAL CELLS. Mendzhul, M.I. (1979). Mikrobiologicheskii Zhurnal (Kiev) 41:145-150. Optimization, kinetics and thermodynamics of cyanophage A-1 adsorption on algal cells.The extremely rapid adsorption of cyanophage A-1 on the alga Anabaena variabilis cells occurs in 0.01 M tris-HCl-buffer in the presence of 0.1 M MgCl2 at pH 7.0 and 25.degree. C. Kinetics of the cyanophage adsorption on the host cells is more complex than the 1st order reaction. Analysis of kinetic curves for the cyanophage adsorption and some other characteristics of the process showed that cyanophage A-1 adsorption on the cells occurred according to the competition model. Some thermodynamic potentials of the process are calculated; their values indicate an enzymic character of the reaction of the virion attachment to the algal cell. [TOP OF PAGE]

  51. [On the antiviral effect of a triazole compound (author's transl)]. Menzel, G., Kluge, S. (1979). ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, PARASITENKUNDE, 134:624-626. 4-[Hydroxy-3-piperid-N-yl-prop-1-yl]-5-methyl-2-phenyl-triazole (HMPT) reduced the plaque formation caused by M 12, f 2, and Q beta and retarded the liberation of phages. The concentration of tobacco mosaic virus in primarily infected tobacco leaves was decreased. HMPT inhibited the development of local lesions. Free phages and TMV particles werenot influenced by HMPT. [TOP OF PAGE]

  52. Characterization of two Salmonella newport bacteriophages. Moazamie, N., Ackermann, H.-W., Murthy, M.R.V. (1979). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 25:1063-1072. [TOP OF PAGE]

  53. On the trapping of phage genomes in spores of Bacillus subtilis 168. Reciprocal exclusion of phages phi29 and phie during outgrowth of spores. Moreno, F. (1979). Virology 93:357-368. [TOP OF PAGE]

  54. [Biological characteristics of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus]. Moskvitina, E.A., Miliutin, V.N. (1979). Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii 3-9. [TOP OF PAGE]

  55. [Interaction between Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and cholera vibrios in sewage]. Moskvitina, E.A., Shiriaev, D.T., Ivanova, L.V., Talalaev, A.I., Shaposhnikov, A.A. (1979). Gigiena i Sanitariia 82-84. [TOP OF PAGE]

  56. Lactic streptococcal bacteriophage enumeration. A review of factors affecting plaque formation. Mullan, M.W.A. (1979). Dairy Ind. Int. 44:11-14. [TOP OF PAGE]

  57. Expansion of the host range of coliphage P1 and gene transfer from enteric bacteria to other Gram-negative bacteria. Murooka, Y., Harada, T. (1979). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:754-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  58. LYSATE EFFECT OF MICROCYSTIS-AERUGINOSA INFECTED WITH CYANO PHAGE AM-1 ON SURVIVAL OF DAPHNIA-MAGNA. MYSLOVICH, V.O. (1979). Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 15:67-70. Lysate effect of Microcystis aeruginosa infected with cyanophage AM-1 on survival of Daphnia magna.The behavior and survival of Daphnia magna juvenile influenced by lysates of Microcystis aeruginosa Keutz. emend. Elenk. culture infected by cyanophage AM-1 depend on dilution level and storage time of the lysates. Toxic effects are possible under natural conditions when lysis of cyanophage AM-1-infected algae occurs. [TOP OF PAGE]

  59. A bacteriocin-like factor from Bacillus thuringiensis. Netyksa, E.M., Smirnova, T.A., Minekova, I.B., Azizbekyan, R.R. (1979). Mikrobiologiya 48:716-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  60. Bacteriophage: present and projected use in immunoassays. Nichols, A.L. (1979). ANTIBIOTICS AND CHEMOTHERAPY 26:142-152. [TOP OF PAGE]

  61. Bacteriophages of the genus Chlostridium. Ogata, S., Hongo, M. (1979). Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 25:241-273. [TOP OF PAGE]

  62. Elution and inactivation of bacteriophages on soil and cation-exchange resin. Ostle, A.G., Holt, J.G. (1979). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:59-65. [TOP OF PAGE]

  63. LYSOGENIC STRAINS AND PHAGE TYPING IN ERWINIA-CHRYSANTHEMI. PAULIN, J.P., NASSAN, N.A. (1979). Proceedings of the International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria 539-546. [TOP OF PAGE]

  64. Converting bacteriophage for sporulation and crystal formation in Bacillus thuringiensis. Perlak, F.J., Mendelsohn, C.L., Thorne, C.B. (1979). J. Bacteriol. 140:699-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  65. Presence of viruses in a strain of mycoplasma pulmonis. Rahman, A.A., Sethi, K.K. (1979). Experientia 35:1029-1030. Filtrates prepared from heavily grown agar cultures of M. pulmonis strain Negroni-52 formed plaques on lawns of A. laidlawii strain JAl but not on those of M. pulmonis strains Ash or Negroni-52. The plaque-forming agent proved to be rod-shaped particles morphologically identical with mycoplasmavirus group 1. Evidence supporting the conclusion that the virus originated from Negroni-52 has been obtained. Electron microscopy revelaed that Negroni-52 is also a carrier of long-tailed phage-like particles. [TOP OF PAGE]

  66. An ultraviolet light induced bacteriophage in Beneckea gazogenes. Rambler, M., Margulis, L. (1979). Origins of Life 9:235-240. An ultraviolet light induced prophage has been discovered in the red pigmented marine vibrio Beneckea gazogenes. Two spontaneously derived pigment mutants, one forming pink colonies and one lacking pigment and forming white colonies, were also irradiated. The presence of pigment was not related to phage induction; uv-induced cell lysis occurred in wildtype and mutant strains at the same dosages. Lysis was not prevented or retarded by exposure after irradiation to visible light indicating the phenomenon was not photoreactivable. Electron micrographs of the 'T-like' B. gazogenes phage are shown. A second beneckea was isolated form the anaerobic zone of cyanobacterial mats growing in the hypersaline environment of Laguna Mormona, Baja California. The Baja beneckea does not harbor a uv inducible prophage and is resistant to the B. gazogenes phage under all conditions tested. [TOP OF PAGE]

  67. Methods for bacteriophage typing of mycobacteria. Redmond, W.B., Bates, J.H., Engel, H.W.B. (1979). Methods in Microbiology 13:345-375. [TOP OF PAGE]

  68. The cell as a habitat. Richmond, M.H., Smith, D.C. (1979). Proc????????? (not PNAS) 204:113-286. [TOP OF PAGE]

  69. Some properties of Erwinia amylovora bacteriophages. Ritchie, D.F., Klos, E.J. (1979). Phytopathology 69:1078-1083. [TOP OF PAGE]

  70. EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS OF RELATED BACILLUS-SUBTILIS TEMPERATE PHAGES PHI-105 RHO-14 RHO-10 AND RHO-6 AS REVEALED BY HETERO DUPLEX ANALYSIS. RUDINSKI, M.S., Dean, D.H. (1979). Virology 99:57-65. Evolutionary considerations of related Bacillus subtilis temperate phages .vphi.-105, .rho.-14, .rho.-10 and .rho.-6 as revealed by heteroduplex analysis.The temperate B. subtilis bacteriophages .vphi.105, .rho.14, .rho.10 and .rho.6 were previously shown to be 80% homologous by studies on serology, host range, immunity and plating efficiency on resistant [B. subtilis] cells. Physical analysis by restriction endonuclease mapping of phage DNA also demonstrated that restriction sites and comigrating fragments are largely conserved (90% homologous). Heteroduplex analysis, using .vphi.105 DNA as a standard, shows that these phage genomes have extensive nucleic acid homology. Phage DNA were hybridized to .vphi.105 DNA at 50 and 30% formamide conditions. The .rho.14/.vphi.105 hybrid at 50% formamide showed 3 consistent denaturation bubbles; A-14 at the left end, and B-14 and C-14 in the central region. These bubbles were also present at 30% formamide, indicating extensive nonhomology. The .rho.10/.vphi.105 hybrid exhibited a single bubble close to a hybrid terminus at 50% formamide but not at 30%. A single central bubble and 1 split end were seen in the .rho.6/.vphi.105 hybrid. To orient the molecules, a known .vphi.105 deletion mutant, DI:2C, was hybridized to .rho.14. The degree of homology determined by measurement of double-stranded areas for this group of phages is 80%. The heteroduplex data show that some regions of partial homology exist, indicating that sequence divergence has occurred as accumulated base substitutions but also that complete divergence occurred, possibly by inversion, in larger-sized units in the central and left ends of these phage genomes. [TOP OF PAGE]

  71. pH susceptibility of bacteriophages. Sabatino, C.M. (1979). Ohio University. [TOP OF PAGE]

  72. Partial characterization of a new C3-type capsule-dissolving phage of Streptococcus cremoris. Saxelin, M.L., Nurmiaho, E.L., Korhola, M.P., Sundman, V. (1979). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 25:1182-1187. A viscous, ropy, sour milk product, called 'viili,' is produced in Finland. Capsule-forming strains of Streptococcus cremoris are the typical starters for this product. Occasionally fermentation fails and results in a non-ropy clot. The reasons for these failures, however, are obscure. In one batch of spoiled 'viili,' a new C3-type bacteriophage, termed KSY1, was isolated. The head of the phage was about 230 nm long and about 50 nm wide and the tail was 35 nm long and carried a complex collar structure. Upon infection of a number of encapsulated cultures of S. cremoris with KSY1, the cocci, though not serving as a host of the phage, lost their capsules. A capsuleless strain, S. cremoris 249, served as a host. The latent period was about 150 min and the average burst size 80. The bouyant density of KSYI1 was 1.436 g/cm3. [TOP OF PAGE]

  73. A portable device for concentrating bacteriophages from large volumes of fresh water. Seeley, N.D., Hallard, G., Primrose, S.B. (1979). J. Appl. Bacteriol. 47:145-152. [TOP OF PAGE]

  74. Concentration of bacteriophages from natural waters. Seeley, N.D., Primrose, S.B. (1979). J. Appl. Bacteriol. 46:103-116. [TOP OF PAGE]

  75. MORPHOLOGY OF LEUCONOSTOC BACTERIO PHAGES AND PHAGE-LIKE PARTICLES INDUCED FROM LEUCONOSTOC-SPP WITH MITOMYCIN C. Shin, C., SATO, Y. (1979). Japanese Journal of Zootechnical Science 50:638-645. Morphology of Leuconostoc bacteriophages and phage-like particles induced from Leuconostoc spp. with mitomycin C.EM studies were undertaken on the morphology of 9 leuconostoc phages isolated from various dairy products and 4 phage-like particles induced from Leuconostoc spp. by treatment with mitomycin C. The leuconostoc phages can be divided into 2 morphological types. The 1st type of leuconostic phage has a large head and a contractile tail with base plate that may belong to group A according to the Bradley's classification of phage morphology. The 2nd type of leuconostic phage has a small head and a noncontractile tail with base plate that may belong to group B. The phage-like particles can be divided into 2 morphological types on the basis of tail structure of phage-like particle. The 1st type of phage-like particle induced has a head and a noncontractile tail with base plate. The 2nd type of phage-like particle induced has a head and a noncontractile tail without base plate. [TOP OF PAGE]

  76. Bacteriocidal activity of the tail of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages PS17. Shinomiya, T., Shiga, S. (1979). J. Virol. 32:958-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  77. Sea Microbes. Sieburth, J.M. (1979). Oxford University Press, Oxford.[TOP OF PAGE]

  78. Interactions between Bdellovibrio and its host cell. Stolp, H. (1979). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 204:211-217. The bdellovibrios are extremely small bacteria with the unique property of being parasites of other (gram-negative) bacteria. In the presence of viable and susceptible bacteria a Bdellovibrio cell physically 'attacks' an individual host cell, attaches to its surface, penetrates the cell wall, and multiples within the periplasmic (intramural) space of its prey. The invading Bdellovibrio and its progeny degrade and consume the cellular constituents of the invaded host bacterium. This process finally results in complete lysis of the host cell and release of the Bdellovibrio progeny. From a population of parasitic bdellovibrios, derivatives can be selected that grow on complex nutrient media. Currently, none of the different nutritional types can be propagated in a fully defined synthetic medium. By degradation of the cellular constituents of the host the Bdellovibrio cell in its periplasmic space has available all the monomeric subunits needed to synthesis of the macromolecules. Peculiarities of Bdellovibrio metabolism with respect to uptake of preformed molecules and energy efficiency are discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  79. Chemotaxis of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus toward pure compounds. Straley, S.C., LaMarre, A.G., Lawrence, L.J., Conti, S.F. (1979). J. Bacteriol. 140:634-642. Positive chemotaxis by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strain UKi2 was measured for 139 compounds. Twenty-one compounds were attractants; sensitive attraction was elicited by acetate, propionate, thioacetate, malonate, cis-oxalacetate, D-glucose-6-phosphate, acetyl coenzyme A, ammonium ion, barium ion, manganous ion, and potassium ion. Several of the attractants for B. bacteriovorus strain UKi2 also were attractants to strains 6-5-S and 114; however, strains 109D and 109J were not attracted by the compounds tested. Of 33 compounds tested, 8 were repellents for B. bacteriovorus strain UKi2: n-caproate, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, cobaltous chloride, and hydronium ion. None of the organic repellents for strain UKi2 elicited repulson from strains 114 or 109D. However, all three strains of Bdellovibrio show aerotaxis. Several compounds were tested for their effects on viability and predacious growth of B. bacteriovorus strain UKi2. No simple correlation was found between attraction or repulsion and benefit or harm to bdellovibrios. The data are consistent with the view that in nature, the greatest survival value of chemotaxis for bdellovibros may be in aerotaxis, attraction to certain inorganic ions and acetate, and repulsion by hydronium ion. [TOP OF PAGE]

  80. Relationships among different strains of T7 and among T7-related bacteriophages. Studier, F.W. (1979). Virology 95:70-84. [TOP OF PAGE]

  81. [Intracellular parasitism of bacteria]. Sudenko, V.I. (1979). MIKROBIOLOGICHESKII ZHURNAL 41:190-201. [TOP OF PAGE]

  82. PHYSICAL AND SEROLOGICAL STUDIES OF PHAGE L-1 AND PHAGE S-2 FROM PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA. SUN, J.C., KAO, Y.-Y., LIU, S.-S.T. (1979). Taiwania 24:75-80. Physical and serological studies of phage L1 and phage S2 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Two virulent bacteriophages L1 and S2 of P. aeruginosa, isolated from sewage, can be noted as new P. aeruginosa phages through the results of biological characterization. [TOP OF PAGE]

  83. Evidence by electron micrographs for a high incidence of bacteriophage particles in the waters of Yaquina bay, Oregon: Ecological and taxonomical implications. Torrella, F., Morita, R.Y. (1979). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:774-778. A variety of viral particles, the majority of them clearly identifiable as bacteriophages, were found in the seawater of Yaquina Bay, Oregon. These phages were obtained as free particles from the seawater without employing specific hosts for enrichments or further purification in the laboratory. A variety of electron micrographs showing different morphologies of phages as well as phage-bacterium interactions found in the seawater are presented. In the area where the bay received organic enrichment from seafood processing plants, a minimum of 10(4) phage particles per ml was estimated. Since the technique used was designed to concentrate particles 0.2 micrometer in diameter or larger it is assumed that the actual number of phage particles is higher than 10(4) particles per ml. The implications of the presence of such phage concentrations in bays and estuaries with a certain level of eutrophication are of obvious importance in considering the microbial ecology of these environments. [TOP OF PAGE]

  84. Données actuelles sur les applications thérapeutiques des bactériophages. Vieu, J.-F., Guillermet, F., Minck, R., Nicolle, P. (1979). Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. 163:61-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  85. "Pseudolysogenization "by RNA phage Q beta. Watanabe, I., Sakurai, T., Furuse, K., Ando, A. (1979). Microbiology and Immunology 23:1077-1083. We isolated fairly stable lysogenic-like bacteria from a lysogenic state established between an amber mutant for the maturation protein gene of RNA phage Q beta (Q beta am 205) and its nonpermissive host BE110. These bacteria contained few mature phages intracellularly (less than 10(-3) plaque forming unit per cell), continued to grow with a potentiality to produce Q beta am 205 spontaneously, and showed an immunity-like response against homologous phage infection. These characteristics were maintained by growth in liquid medium containing anti-Q beta serum. We designated these cells as pseudolysogenic bacteria. The relative amounts of RNA genomes in these pseudolysogenic cells (about 10(2) infectious RNA strands per cell) indicated that the RNA genomes could replicate in nonpermissive cells and be distributed in daughter cells synchronizing well with cell division. [TOP OF PAGE]

  86. Photodynamic effects of dyes on bacteria. II. Genetic effects of broad-spectrum visible light in the presence of acridine dyes and methylene blue in chemostat cultures of Escherichia coli. Webb, R.B., Hass, B.S., Kubitschek, H.E. (1979). Mutation Research 59:1-13. Photodynamic mutagenesis was studied in chemostat cultures of Escherichia coli B/r (TlR trp) exposed to one of six different acridine dyes or methylene blue. Mutation to phage T5 resistance was induced with a broad-spectrum fluorescent-light source. All of the agents tested were photomutagenic; acridine yellow was the most efficient sensitizer and quinacrine was the least efficient. Quinacrine also was moderately mutagenic in the dark, in contrast to the other agents tested, which were not significantly mutagenic in the dark at the low concentrations tested for photomutagenesis. The mutation rate with acridine orange was directly proportional to both fluence rate and dye concentration over the ranges tested. Photomutation rates with acridine orange, proflavine and methylene blue were independent of growth rate of the chemostat cultures. These results are consistent with photomutagenesis occurring as the result of photochemical damage to DNA-dye complexes, independent of cell expression was approximately 2.5 generations for each of the photomutagens tested. This short expression delay supports an earlier segregational model for expression of phage resistance. The following results suggest that photodynamic mutagenesis is due mainly to intercalated dye molecules: (1) both acridine and 9-aminoacridine are photodynamic mutagens; (2) acridine inhibits photomutagenesis with acridine orange; and (3) neither putrescine or spermine, which bind to DNA without intercalating, inhibited photomutagenesis by acridine orange or proflavine. [TOP OF PAGE]

  87. Characterization of a screening test for diphtherial toxin antigen produced by individual plaques of corynebacteriophages. Welkos, S.L., Holmes, R.K. (1979). Journal of Clinical Microbiology 9:693-698. A passive immune hemolysis assay has been developed to detect diphtherial toxin produced in individual plaques of tox+ corynebacteriophages. This assay permits rapid screening of large numbers of corynebacteriophages for their ability to code for diphtherial toxin or related antigens. The specificity of the assay and its potential usefulness for genetic studies of toxinogenesis have been demonstrated with well-characterized tox+ and tox- laboratory strains of corynebacteriophages. [TOP OF PAGE]

  88. Conditions for induction of bacteriophage from lysogenic Bacillus megaterium with aflatoxin B1. Whittaker, B.L., Chipley, J.R. (1979). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:554-558. The present study was conducted to determine whether or not aflatoxin B1 was an effective inducing agent for lysogenic bacteria and to characterize some of the parameters involved in induction. A lysogenic strain of Bacillus megaterium (NRRL-B-3695) and an indicator strain of this species (NRRL-B-3694) were used. Cultures of the lysogenic strain were incubated for various periods of time in the presence of aflatoxin B1. Plaque-forming units as well as colony-forming units were then determined. Results of the present study indicated that bacteriophage lysogenizing B. megaterium could be induced with aflatoxin B1. The optimum concentration for induction was 25 micrograms of toxin per ml of early-log-phase culture. Evidence suggested that: (i) higher concentrations of aflatoxin B1 formed hydrophobic complexes which would not efficiently induce B. megaterium; (ii) the toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 severely limited the number of cells which could be induced prior to killing action of the toxin; and (iii) concentrations less than 25 micrograms of aflatoxin B1 per ml were not efficient inducers of bacteriophage production nor did they demonstrate the toxic effect observed at higher concentrations. [TOP OF PAGE]

  89. A defective generalized transducing bacteriophage in Xanthobacter autotrophicus GZ29. Wilke, D., Schlegel, H.G. (1979). J. Gen. Microbiol. 115:403-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  90. Staphylococcus aureus cell surface: capsule as a barrier to bacteriophage adsorption. Wilkinson, B.J., Holmes, K.M. (1979). Infect. Immun. 23:549-552. Encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus strains M and Smith diffuse bound phage 84 and 52A much less efficiently than their unencapsulated counterparts, M variant and Smith compact. It is proposed that the capsule acts as a barrier excluding phage from interaction with their receptor (cell wall peptidoglycan and teichoic acid). Inefficient phage adsorption by encapsulated staphylococci may explain, in part, the poor phage typing of such strains. [TOP OF PAGE]

  91. High frequency generalized transduction by bacteriophage T4. Wilson, G.G. (1979). Nature 280:80-82. [TOP OF PAGE]

  92. Is bacteriophage phi X174 DNA a message from an extraterrestrial intelligence? Yokoo, H., Oshima, T. (1979). Icarus 38:148-153. [TOP OF PAGE]

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