Bacteriophage Ecology Group
Reference Abstracts (1978)
Dedicated to the ecology and evolutionary biology of the parasites of unicellular organisms (UOPs)
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© Phage et al. last updated on Wednesday, December 26, 2001
  1. The Single-Stranded DNA Phages. Anonymous (1978). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.[TOP OF PAGE]

  2. Quick bacteria detection. ? (1978). Sea Technol 19:50-??? The National Science Foundation has given a dollar 69,616 grant to Atlantic Research Corp., Alexandria, Va., to continue research and development of a rapid method for determining the level of bacterial contamination in water. The investigation involves evaluation of coliform bacteria and bacteriophage (viruses that destroy bacteria) relationships in water quality assessments. Atlantic Research's Reverse Phage Titer Rise Reaction (RPTRR) method is based on the premise that specific detection of bacteriophage provides a means of quantitative estimation of bacteria population. Since phage can be detected in as little as two to six hours, the method allows assessments in much less time than the 24-48 required for bacterial counts. On-site tests have shown bacteriophage assays to correlate well with bacterial counts by standard methods. In addition, phage counts themselves may be significant because in treated waters phage may be more resistant to disinfection. Phage counts also could indicate viral contamination. If shown practical, RPTRR could replace a seven-day virus determination method with a simpler test completed in less than six hours. With slightly different correlations, the RPTRR method can work in either salt or fresh water. It requires minimal capital investment and can be operated by technicians with limited microbiological background after one day of training, according to Atlantic Research. [Complete article]. [TOP OF PAGE]

  3. Partial characterization of a cubic Bacillus phage. Ackermann, H.-W., Roy, R., Murthy, M.R.V., Smirnoff, W.A. (1978). Can. J. Micribiol. 24:986-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  4. La classification des phages d'Agrobacterium et Rhizobium. Ackermann, H.-W. (1978). Pathol. Biol. 26:507-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  5. Guidelines for bacteriophage characterization. Ackermann, H.-W., Audurier, A., Berthiaume, L., Jones, L.A., Mayo, J.A., Vidaver, A.K. (1978). Adv. Virus Res. 23:1-24. [TOP OF PAGE]

  6. Natural groups of bacteriophages. Ackermann, H.-W. (1978). p. 639-??? In Laskin, A.I. and Lechevaliar, H.A. (eds.), CRC Handbook of Microbiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. [TOP OF PAGE]

  7. Phage-like bacteriocins. Ackermann, H.-W., Brochu, G. (1978). p. 691-??? In Laskin, A.I. and Lechevaliar, H.A. (eds.), CRC Handbook of Microbiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. [TOP OF PAGE]

  8. Regulation and stability of host-parasite population interactions. Anderson, R.M., May, R.M. (1978). J. Anim. Ecol. 47:219-249. [TOP OF PAGE]

  9. Toxicity of zinc to fungi, bacteria, and coliphages: influence of chloride ions. Babich, H., Stotzky, G. (1978). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:906-914. [TOP OF PAGE]

  10. The behaviour of f2 coliphage in activated sludge treatment. Balluz, S.A., Butler, M., Jones, H.H. (1978). J. Hyg. 80:237-243. [TOP OF PAGE]

  11. Incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteriophages and other Vibrio bacteriophages in marine samples. Baross, J.A., Liston, J., Morita, R.Y. (1978). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:492-499. [TOP OF PAGE]

  12. Ecological relationship between Vibrio parahaemolyticus and agar-digesting vibrios as evidenced by bacteriophage susceptibility patterns. Baross, J.A., Liston, J., Morita, R.Y. (1978). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:500-505. Twenty bacteriophages active against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and agar-digesting vibrios, isolated from oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) and by induction of a lysogenic agar digester, were tested as to their host range. These phages were specific for V. parahaemolyticus and various agar-digesting vibrios, and interspecies lysis occurred only between these two groups. V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum and related species, V. cholerae, and a group of marine psychrophilic and psychrotrophic vibrios were not affected. No correlation was observed between the O and K serotypes of V. parahaemolyticus strains and bacteriophage susceptibility patterns, and 7 of 28 strains of V. parahaemolyticus were not lysed by any of the phages. Only two of the phage isolates were capable of lysing all susceptible V. parahaemolyticus strains. No correlation was observed between the inter-and intraspecies genetic relatedness (DNA homologies) of V. parahaemolyticus and agar-digesting vibrios and susceptibility patterns to different bacteriophages. Some of the phages were capable of plaque formation on V. parahaemolyticus as well as on some strains of agar-digesting vibrios that were separated by 70 to 80% differences in their DNA homologies. The possible ecological significance of these vibrio bacteriophages, particularly those having a wide host range, is discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  13. Isolation of bacteriophage 14-lysogenized Salmonella from the freshwater aquarium snail Ampullaria. Bartlett, K.H., Trust, T.J., Lior, H. (1978). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:202-203. A naturally occurring Salmonella mikawasima serologically converted by phage 14 (6,7,14:y:e,n,z SUB-15 ) has been isolated for the first time. An S. tennessee variant seroconverted by phage 14 (6,7,14:z SUB-29 :-) was also isolated. The source of these salmonellae was the common freshwater aquarium snail Ampullaria. Phage 14 prepared from these serovariants was lytic for S. bovis-morbificans (6,8:r:1,5) and for S. hadar (6,8:z SUB-10 :e,n,x). [TOP OF PAGE]

  14. ??? Beck, E., SOMMER, R., Auerswald, E.A., Kurz, C., Zink, B., Osterburg, G., Schaller, H. (1978). Nucleic Acids Research 5:4495-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  15. PHAGE-ALGAL INTERACTIONS IN THE CYANOPHAGE AS-1/BLUE-GREEN ALGA ANACYSTIS NIDULANS INFECTIVE SYSTEM. Blashka, K.H. (1978). City University of New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  16. Isolation and characterization of Arthrobacter bacteriophages and their application to typing of soil Arhtrobacter. Brown, D.R., Holt, J.G., Patter, P.A. (1978). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:185-191. [TOP OF PAGE]

  17. Isolation of bacteriophage-like particles from uninduced Clostridium tetani cultures. Brown, K.J., Brown, P.A. (1978). AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL SCIENCE 56:139-145. The isolation of hexagonal-headed, tailless, bacteriophage-like particles from uninduced cultures of Clostridium tetani is described. Clear, round, 1--3 mm diameter plaques were noted on Clostrisel agar plates, which were overlaid with soft agar inoculated with 7--14 day broth cultures. Particles were detected by transmission electron microscopy from broth cultures seeded with scrapings from the plaques. Both electron dense and electron lucent heads were noted. An electron dense head was observed attached to the surface of a dividing bacterium. [TOP OF PAGE]

  18. Cytological studies on a new species of rickettsia found in association with a phage in the digestive gland of the marine bivalve mollusc, Tellina tenuis (da Costa). Buchanan, J.S. (1978). J. Fish Dis. 1:27-43. The secretory cells of the digestive glands of up to 75% of Tellina tenuis from sheltered sandy beaches on the Scottish coast contained intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies consisting of microcolonies of a rickettsia-like organism. The development and morphology of these parasitic bacteria and the cytopathic effect on the host cells are described. These features closely resemble those of the genus Coxiella of the family Rickettsiaceae. It was possible to culture the organism in embryonated hens' eggs. Scattered particles and paracrystalline arrays of a virus were seen in association with the bacteria. This is believed to be the first description of a phage from a rickettsia. [TOP OF PAGE]

  19. [Phage typing of rough E. coli strains isolated from urine (author's transl)]. [German]. Budde, E., Nimmich, W., Naumann, G. (1978). Zentralblatt Fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten Und Hygiene - Erste Abteilung Originale - Reihe A: Medizinische Mikrobiologie Und Parasitologie 242:462-467. A differentiation of E. coli rough strains is generally not well established in bacteriological urine diagnosis although these strains are relatively often isolated from urine samples of patients with urinary tract infections (see table 2). An exact characterization of rough strains seems to be necessary especially for the distinction between recurrent and reinfection during therapy and follow-up studies. The application of phage typing for characterization of E. coli rough strains isolated from urine is reported in the following paper, using a set of 13 phages (A-M) introduced by Marsik and Parisi (8). Out of 284 E. coli rough strains 166 (58.4 per cent) were found to be typable. Altogether 56 different phage patterns were observed. The most common phage patterns are presented in table 1. It is evident that GHK is the most frequent pattern occurring in 7 per cent of the strains investigated. The next most common patterns are M and BCDEIJLM (4.9 and 3.5 per cent, respectively). These, together with AM (3.2 per cent) and F (3.2 per cent) account for 21.8 per cent of all the rough strains tested. From the results it is concluded that phage typing may be a valuable tool for differentiation of E. coli rough strains. [TOP OF PAGE]

  20. Colonial variation, capsule formation, and bacteriophage resistance in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Burt, S., Meldrum, S., Woods, D.R., Jones, D.T. (1978). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:439-443. A Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strain segregated two unstable colonial variants at high frequency. There is a correlation between colony morphology, encapsulation, Giemsa staining, and bacteriophage resistance. [TOP OF PAGE]

  21. Transfer-deficient mutants of the narrow-host-range plasmid R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Carrigan, J.M., Helman, Z.M., Krishnapillai, V. (1978). J. Bacteriol. 135:911-919. Three methods have been successful in the isolation of transfer-deficient mutants of the narrow-host-range R plasmid R91-5 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: (i) selection for donor-specific phage resistance; (ii) direct screening after mutagenic treatment with either ethyl methane sulfonate or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine; (iii) in vitro mutagenesis of plasmid DNA by hydroxylamine followed by transformation and direct screening. The majority of transfer-deficient mutants were donor-specific phage resistant, supporting the view that sex pili and other surface components are essential for conjugal transfer (since the phages PRD1 and PR4 adsorb to these sites). Some of the transfer-deficient mutants were also unable to inhibit the replication of phage G101 or lost entry exclusion or both phenotypes. The ability to revert these pleiotropic mutants to wild type implicates the latter two functions in R91-5 transfer. Suppressor mutations in P. aeruginosa enabled the detection of suppressor-sensitive, transfer-deficient mutants. Such mutants should prove useful in conjugational complementation tests for the identification of the transfer cistrons of R91-5. [TOP OF PAGE]

  22. Two bacteriophages which utilize a new Escherichia coli major outer membrane protein as part of their receptor. Chai, T.-J., Foulds, J. (1978). J. Bacteriol. 135:164-170. Escherichia coli strain JF694 contains a new major outer membrane protein which we have called protein E (J. Foulds, and T. Chai, J. Bacteriol. 133:1478-1483). Two new bacteriophages, TC45 and TC23, were isolated that require the presence of protein E in the outer membrane of host cells for growth. Both of these bacteriophages have a morphology similar to T-even bacteriophages but are distinct in properties such as plaque morphology, buoyant density, and burst size. Although strain JF694, containing protein E, adsorbs bacteriophage TC45 efficiently, cells killed with heat or chloroform are unable to inactivate this bacteriophage. Purified protein E either in the presence or absence of additional probable cofactors such as lipopolysaccharide was also unable to inactivate bacteriophage TC45. Both bacteriophages probably use protein E as at least part of their receptor but require, in addition, other outer membrane components or a specific orientation or organization of this protein in the outer membrane. [TOP OF PAGE]

  23. COMPARISON OF PHAGE D 11 AND PHAGE D 29 INHIBITING ACTIVITY OF MYCOBACTERIUM PHLEI EXTRACTS. CHAPATWALA, K.D. (1978). MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY. [TOP OF PAGE]

  24. Replication of bacteriophage M13. XIV. Differential inhibition of the replication of M13 and M13 miniphage in a mutant of Escherichia coli defective in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease associated with DNA polymerase I. Chen, T.C., Ray, D.S. (1978). J. Virol. 28:679-685. Previous studies have shown that M13 single-strand synthesis is inhibited at nonpermissive temperature in Escherichia coli polAexl, a temperature-sensitive mutant defective in the 5' leads to 3' exonuclease activity of polymerase I (T.-C. Chen and D. S. Ray, J. Mol. Biol. 106:589-604, 1976). Under these conditions the formation of covalently closed replicative form (RF) molecules is greatly reduced, and miniature forms of RF accumulate. We show here that the accumulation of mini-RFs is the consequence of a differential inhibition of the replication of unit-length phage and preexisting miniphage rather than a de novo production of miniphage. Mini-RFs do not accumulate even after as many as nine cycles of growth in the mutant host infected only with unit-length phage. Mixed infections of the mutant host with plaque-purified unit-length phage and a single cloned miniphage show that discontinuities in the mini-RFs are joined with higher efficiency than are those contained in unit-length RFs. After a shift to nonpermissive temperature during single-strand synthesis in cells infected with plaque-purified phage alone, M13 RFs are found largely as RFII molecules (RF form having one or more single-strand discontinuities) containing only a single discontinuity in the viral strand. The inability of the accumulated unit-length RFII molecules to actively replicate may reflect the presence of either a bound protein or RNA primer on the 5' terminus of the viral strand and provides further support for the existence of distinct initiation and termination events in the synthesis of the viral strand. [TOP OF PAGE]

  25. Indicators of viruses in foods preserved by heat. Cliver, D.O., Salo, R.J. (1978). pp. 329-354. In In Berg, G. (ed.), Indicators of Viruses in Water and Food. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan. [TOP OF PAGE]

  26. Nucleotide sequence heterogeneity of an RNA phage population. Domingo, E., Sabo, D., Taniguchi, T., Weissmann, C. (1978). Cell 13:735-744. [TOP OF PAGE]

  27. Temperate and virulent forms of phage theta attacking Bacillus licheniformis. Doskocil, J., Forstova, J., Stokrova, J. (1978). Molecular and General Genetics 160:311-317. [TOP OF PAGE]

  28. The influences of a prophage on the growth rate of E. coli. Dykhuizen, D., Campbell, J.H., Rolfe, B.G. (1978). Microbios 23:99-113. [TOP OF PAGE]

  29. Evolutionary aspects of bacteriophage development. Eisenstark, A. (1978). p. 616-??? AnonymousProceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Virology. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands. [TOP OF PAGE]

  30. Alteration of Escherichia coli outer membrane proteins by prophages. A model for bonevolent virus-cell interaction. Eldin, G. (1978). pp. 1-14. In In Todaro, G.J. and Fox, C.F. (eds.), Persistent Viruses. Academic Press, New York, NY. [TOP OF PAGE]

  31. Mycobacteriophage and phage typing. Engel, H.W.B. (1978). Ann. Microbiol. 129A:75-90. [TOP OF PAGE]

  32. GENETIC LOCI FOR HEMOLYSIN PRODUCTION AND RESISTANCE TO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND PHAGE. FRAZIER, M.L. (1978). Pennsylvania State University. [TOP OF PAGE]

  33. Growth of host dependent Bdellovibrio in host cell free system. Friedberg, D. (1978). Archives of Microbiology 116:185-190. A particulate, subcellular fraction of Escherichia coli was shown to promote the growth of host dependent (H-D) Bdellovibrio in the absence of host cells. The growth promoting activity was enhanced by both cations and trypisn, and destroyed by pronase. During the axenic growth unipolar spheres appear in the elongating Bdellovibrio forms. Thymidine monophosphate was more readily incorporated than thymidine into the Bdellovibrio DNA during growth in the host free system. [TOP OF PAGE]

  34. Distribution of ribonucleic acid coliphages in South and East Asia. Furuse, K., Sakurai, T., Hirashima, A., Katsuki, M., Ando, A., Watanabe, I. (1978). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:995-1002. We investigated the distribution of ribonucleic acid (RNA) coliphages in the Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, India, and Thailand by collecting sewage samples from domestic drainage in November 1976. Of the 221 samples collected from domestic drainage, 50 contained RNA phages (52 strains). By serological analysis, 46 of the 52 strains were found to belong to group III. It can thus be said that the most prevalent RNA phages in Southeast Asia (at least, in the Philipines, Singapore, and Indonesia) were group III phages. Investigations of sewage samples collected from domestic drainage in Japan indicated that the most prevalent RNA phages in mainland Japan (north of Kyushu) are group II phages, whereas group III phages are predominant in the southern part of the Japan (south of Amamiohshima Island). We therefore propose a borderline between Kyushu in the domestic drainage of South and East Asia. Moreover, one strain (ID2) was inactivated to some extent by the antisera of four groups of RNA phages. This is thought to be signficant from teh evolutionary viewpoint. [TOP OF PAGE]

  35. Characterization of a Pasteurella multocida bacteriophage. Gadberry, J.L., Miller, N.G. (1978). American Journal of Veterinary Research 39:1565-1566. The Pasteurella multocida bacteriophage B939a produces turbid plaques, which suggests infection with a temperate phage. Attempts to induce production of lytic phage by UV irradiation were unsuccessful, however, Bateriophage B932a is highly stable at 4 C and relatively stable at room temperature. It tolerates moist heat at 60 C, but is inactivated at 70 C in 10 minutes. Morphologically, it is a tailed phage with a hexagonal head. [TOP OF PAGE]

  36. Major proteins of the outer cell envelope membrane of Escherichia coli K12: multiple species of protein I differ in primary structure. Gamon, K., Chen, R., Henning, U. (1978). Molecular & General Genetics 166:187-192. Protein I, one of the major outer membrane proteins of E. coli in most K12 strains is represented by two very similar polypeptides Ia and Ib. Sequential mutations (involving selections for phage resistance) can lead to loss of proteins Ia and Ib. Among "revertants" of such Ia-Ib- mutants clones exist that instead of Ia or Ib produce a third species of protein I, polypeptide Ic. Ichihara and Mizushima [J. Biochem. 83, 1095--1100 (1978)] have shown that proteins Ia and Ib exhibit differences in primary structure. Here evidence is presented indicating that protein Ic also is not identical in primary structure with Ia or Ib. Thus, 3 very similar structural genes appear to exist for the protein I species known to date, and that for Ic normally is silent. Introduction of a functional Ic locus into a Ia+ Ib+ strain caused expression of all three proteins with a reduced rate of synthesis of protein Ia. [TOP OF PAGE]

  37. [First natural population of E. coli bacteriophage isolated in Chile. I. Purification and identification of the virus and its host cell (author's transl)]. Garcia-Quintana, H., Polette, M., Zaror, L. (1978). REVISTA MEDICA DE CHILE 106:959-962. [TOP OF PAGE]

  38. Antibacterial activity of seawater and microvibrion-predators (Microvibrio marinus Roscoffensis) in it. Gelen, A.M., Mishustina, I.E., Gulevskaya, S.A., Pechnikov, N.V., Ledova, L.A. (1978). BIOLOGY BULLETIN OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR 5:690-695. In the seawater of the Atlantic Ocean and surface waters of different points of the World Ocean, including arctic basins and equatorial regions, microvibrion-predators of bacterial cells have been discovered. The number of microvibrions in the surface waters of the English Channel reaches a thousand cells per ml, but it varies, depending on the season. In this article a method of the separation and culture of microvibrions is described. The ultrastructure of two strains of microvibrions was investigated and a similarity found between their structure and Gram-negative bacteria. The distinctive features of microvibrions are their sea derivation and the ability to reproduce only in the presence of bacteria, without penetrating bacterial cells. To a certain extent, the antibacterial activity of seawater is connected with the presence in it of microvibrions. [TOP OF PAGE]

  39. ??? Gerba, C.P., Lance, J.C. (1978). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:247-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  40. Concentration of enteroviruses from large volumes of tapwater, treated sewage, and sewater. Gerba, C.P., Farrah, S.R., Goyal, S.M., Wallis, C., Melnick, J.L. (1978). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:540-548. [TOP OF PAGE]

  41. Role of lime treatment in the removal of bacteria, enteric viruses and coliphage in a wastewater reclamation plant. Grabow, W.O.K., Middendorf, I.G., Basson, N.C. (1978). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:663-669. [TOP OF PAGE]

  42. Host-phage relationships in the genus Mycobacterium and their clinical uses. Grange, J.M., Redmond, W.B. (1978). Tubercle 59:203-225. [TOP OF PAGE]

  43. Morphological study of five bacteriophages of yellow-pigmented enterobacteria. Grimont, F., Grimont, P.A.D., du Pasquier, P. (1978). Current Microbiology 1:37-40. [TOP OF PAGE]

  44. Traitement d'une endocardite à Serratia par les bactériophages. Grimont, P.-A.D., Grimont, F., Lacut, J.-Y., Issanchou, A.-M., Aubertin, J. (1978). Nouv. Presse Med. 7:2251-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  45. Control of corynebacteriophage reproduction by heteroimmune repression. Groman, N., Rabin, M. (1978). J. Virol. 28:28-33. Corynebacteriophages beta and gamma are closely related but heteroimmune; hence, gamma reproduces in C7(beta). A series of gamma mutants, designated gamma-bin (beta-inhibited), has been isolated. They reproduce in only 2 to 14% of infected C7(beta) cells, and, as a result, plaque with an efficiency of 10(-4) to 10(-5) on this strain. The proportion of C7(beta) cells in which gamma-bin phage can replicate is increased to 30 to 80% when immunity is lifted by UV induction of C7(beta) or by heat induction of C7(beta-tsr3). The gamma-bin mutants carry out a normal vegetative or lysogenic cycle in strain C7 and thus do not appear to be defective in any essential phage function. Infection of C7(beta) by gamma-bin results in cell killing whether the infection is productive or nonproductive. The data support the hypothesis that inhibition of gamma-bin is due to the direct or indirect action of a beta prophage gene. The simplest hypothesis is that gamma-bin phages have sustained mutations in an operator site and that beta repressor now combines with the mutated operator to inhibit normal replication in a significant proportion of infected cells. [TOP OF PAGE]

  46. Some problems of the ecology and taxonomy of marine microvibrios. Guelin, A.M., Mishustina, I.E., Andreev, L.V., Bobyk, M.A., Lambina, V.A. (1978). BIOLOGY BULLETIN OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR 5:336-340. The bactericidal effect of water from the Indian and Pacific oceans and Caspian and White seas on Escherichia coli was studied. It is shown that a decrease in the viability of E. coli cells is accompanied by the appearance and active multiplication of small bacteria of a vibrioid form. Two strains of such bacteria were isolated from a suspension of E. coli in seawater and purified from membranes of the substrate organism by the method of centrifugation in a Ficoll gradient. The marine bacteria of vibrioid form are very similar to the bacterial parasite Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus in fatty acid composition and characteristic cycle of development. [TOP OF PAGE]

  47. Contribution of Streptococcus lactis strains in raw milk to phage infection in commercial cheese factories. Heap, H.A., Limsowtin, G.K.Y., Lawrence, R.C. (1978). N. Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol. 13:16-22. [TOP OF PAGE]

  48. Isolation and characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteriophages in sea water. Hidaka, T., Tokushige, A. (1978). Mem. Fac. Fish. ,Kagoshima Univ. 27:79-90. [TOP OF PAGE]

  49. A bacteriophage active on an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. Horikoshi, K., Yonezawa, Y. (1978). J. Gen. Virol. 39:183-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  50. Methods of monitoring for bacteriophage in cheese manufacture. Hull, R.R. (1978). pp. 24-35. In In Hull, R.R. (ed.), Factory Derived Cheese Starters, Proceedings of the CSIRO and Australian Dairy Corp. Meeting. Highett, Australia. [TOP OF PAGE]

  51. [Determination of the index of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus in the water of open reservoirs]. Ibragimov, F.K. (1978). LABORATORNOE DELO 427-428. [TOP OF PAGE]

  52. The origin of bacteriopahges in cheese factories. Jarvis, A.W., Heap, H.A., Lawrence, R.C. (1978). p. 438-??? In Loutit, M.W. and Miles, J.A.R. (eds.), Microbial Ecology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. [TOP OF PAGE]

  53. Survival of viruses. Katzenelson, E. (1978). pp. 39-50. In In Berg, G. (ed.), Indicators of viruses in water and food. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan. [TOP OF PAGE]

  54. Behavior of a virus in a symbiotic system, Paramecium bursaria-zoochlorella. Kawakami, H., Kawakami, N. (1978). J. Protozoology 25:217-225. [TOP OF PAGE]

  55. Characteristics of bacteriophages for Micromonospora purpurea. Kikuchi, M., Perlman, D. (1978). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:52-55. Chemical and physical stabilities of bacteriophages UoW 21 ando UW 51 infecting Micromonospora purpurea ATCC 15835 were examined. Both phages were stable over the pH range of 5 to 8 and to heating at temperatures up to 50 degrees C and especially stable in buffer containing magnesium ion. Exposure to 1 M Ca(NO3)2 inactivated both phages, and phage UoW 51 was also susceptible to 1 M CaCl2, 0.1 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and 0.3% H2O2. Phage plating efficiency was highest on the cultures at logarithmic phase and sometimes much influenced by host growth. Phage UoW 51 has a latent period of 2 h at 34 degrees C and a burst size between 35 and 40. The latent period for phage UoW 21 is about 12 h, and the burst size is smaller than 30. [TOP OF PAGE]

  56. Characterization of the virulent actinophage S2. Klaus, S., Suss, F., Juch, C., Hauck, A. (1978). Zeitschrift fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 18:575-586. The virulent actinophage S2 isolated from soil infects Streptomyces hygroscopicus 6599, S. lividans 66, and S. levoris 1331. Morphology of S2 was studied by electron microscopy. Influence of growth medium and temperature on multiplication of S2 has been studied qualitatively. S2 is more sensitive to UV irradiation on strain 66 than on 1331. In contrast to UV, hydroxylamine mutagenesis delivered 9 stable ts mutants which belong to 3 complementation groups. Most of the ts mutations isolated on 1331 were found to be host dependent, 8 of 9 mutants were found to be able to grow at 40 degrees C on strain 66 but none of them on 1331. Moreover 2 of the mutants were found to be much more heat sensitive in 6599 than in 1331, as indicated by the changes in half-life temperatures. The latent period of S2+ depends on temperature and germination state of the spores. Under optimal conditions we found 140 min. Ts2 and ts7 have been classified as a late and ts17 as an early mutant. [TOP OF PAGE]

  57. Coliphages survival as viral indicator in various wastewater quality effluents. Kott, Y., Ben-Ari, H., Vinokur, L. (1978). Prog. Water Technol. 10:337-346. [TOP OF PAGE]

  58. Susceptibility of lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO to dyes, detergents, and antibiotics. Kropinski, A.M., Chan, L., Milazzo, F.H. (1978). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 13:494-499. Lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO have been isolated on the basis of their resistance to lipopolysaccharide-specific bacteriophages. These mutants have been differentiated by their agglutination in NaCl and acriflavine, phage sensitivity, and chemical analysis of the lipopolysaccharides. The susceptibility of the wild-type strain and four mutants to a series of twenty-six agents, including dyes, detergents, antibiotics, and lysozyme, was examined. The roughest mutant (AK-43) exhibited increased susceptibility to sodium deoxycholate, hexadecylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, ampicillin, penicillin G, erythromycin, colymycin, and polymyxin B. The role of cell envelope fractions in antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa is discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  59. Isolation and characterization of actinophages of Thermoactinomyces and Micropolyspora. Kurup, V.P., Heinzen, R.J. (1978). Can. J. Microbiol. 24:794-797. [TOP OF PAGE]

  60. Cheddar cheese starters: Current knowledge and practices of phage characteristics and strain selection. Lawrence, R.C., Heap, H.A., Limsowtin, G., Jarvis, A.W. (1978). J. Dairy Sci. 61:1181-1191. [TOP OF PAGE]

  61. Action of bacteriophages on lactic acid bacteria: Consequences and protection. Lawrence, R.C. (1978). N. Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol. 13:129-136. [TOP OF PAGE]

  62. Maintenance of genetic polymorphism for two species in a host pathogen relationship. Lewis, J.A. (1978). Iowa State University. [TOP OF PAGE]

  63. Genetics of plaque-size mutants of double-stranded RNA bacteriophage phi6. Liljestrom, P.T., Bamford, D.H. (1978). HEREDITAS 88:135-137. [TOP OF PAGE]

  64. Mode of action of bacteriophage phi 149 on cholera and El Tor vibrios. Maiti, M. (1978). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 24:1583-1589. Bacteriophage phi 149 which was propagated in Vibrio cholerae (classical) OGAWA 154 strain, killed Vibrio cholerae (El Tor) strain MAK 757 without phage propagation. El Tor vibrios underwent a small degree of lysis only when infected by the phage phi 149 at a high multiplicity of infection and lost their viability at a rate-dependent multiplicity of phage infection. Evidence was obtained with 32P-labelled bacteriophage phi 149 for penetration of phage DNA into both bacterial strains. In host strain (OGAWA 154) phage particle synthesis occurred normally. In El Tor strain MAK 757 the phage DNA was not degraded but its expression was blocked. The killing effect of phi 149 on El Tor strain MAK 757 is supposed to be due to damage of the cytoplasmic membrane, which could not be repaired under the influence of phage information. This was indicated by a blockage of cellular respiration and RNA and protein synthesis. [TOP OF PAGE]

  65. Systematic isolation of transducing phages for Myxococcus xanthus. Martin, S., Sodergren, E., Masuda, T., Kaiser, D. (1978). Virology 88:44-53. [TOP OF PAGE]

  66. Regulation and stability of host-parasite population interactions. II. Destabilizing processes. May, R.M., Anderson, R.M. (1978). J. Anim. Ecol. 47:249-267. [TOP OF PAGE]

  67. Isolation and ultrastructural study of a lytic virus in the small phytoflagellate Micromonas pusilla (Prasinophyceae). Mayer, J.A. (1978). University of British Columbia. [TOP OF PAGE]

  68. A comparison of methods for detecting bacteriophage contamination of tissue culture sera. Mayo, J.A. (1978). In Vitro 14:413-417. Detection of bacteriophage contamination of tissue culture sera by direct plating has been compared with detection methods based on batch enrichment and on the Poisson distribution (PD plating). Batch enrichment is extremely sensitive for detecting the presence of phage contamination. PD plating combines sensitivity with isolation of each contaminating phage in pure culture. Both batch enrichment and PD plating are more sensitive than direct plating. Neither method requires highly trained personnel or specialized equipment. [TOP OF PAGE]

  69. Indicators of viruses in shellfish. Metcalf, T.G. (1978). pp. 383-415. In In Berg, G. (ed.), Indicators of Viruses in Water and Food. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan. [TOP OF PAGE]

  70. Survival of indicator organisms. Mitchell, R., Chamberlin, C. (1978). pp. 15-37. In In Berg, G. (ed.), Indicators of Viruses in Water and Food. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Routine determinations of indicator organisms or groups of such as Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, total coliforms and fecal streptococci in drinking water supplies and in natural waters lie at the core of contemporary public health practic. In this chapter, the numerous factors influencing the survival of indicator organisms (primarily coiform bacteria) in freshwater and seawater environments will be considered both collectively and individually within the framework of a generalized deterministic mathematical model. The model will serve as a theoretical and conceptual tool in bringing together our examinations of in situ studies and of laboatory and restricted field studies of sedimentation, adsorption, coagulation and flocculation, solar radiation, nutrients, predation, bacteriophage, algae, bacterial toxins and phsyiochemical factors. [TOP OF PAGE]

  71. Frequency of F116-mediated transdution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a freshwater environment. Morrison, W.D., Miller, R.V., Sayler, G.S. (1978). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 36:724-730. [TOP OF PAGE]

  72. Isolation and characterization of a plaque-forming lambda bacteriophage carrying a ColE1 plasmid. Mukai, T., Ohkubo, H., Shimada, K., Takagi, Y. (1978). J. Bacteriol. 135:171-177. A plaque-forming lambdaimm434 bacteriophage carrying the entire genome of colicinogenic factor E1 has been isolated and characterized. This phage, lambdaimm434ColE1, can lysogenize as a stable plasmid within a recombination-deficient Escherichia coli cell that lacks the normal attachment site for lambda phage. Furthermore, it has been found that lambdaimm434ColE1 phage carrying amber mutations in the O and P genes of the lambda genome, i.e., lambdaimm434OamPamColE1, behaves as a plaque-forming phage, and this finding suggests that the ColE1 factor DNA permits replication of the DNA of the plaque-forming phage. [TOP OF PAGE]

  73. Bacteriophage specificity in the identification of Yersinia pestis as compared with other enterobacteria. Nunes, M.P., Suassuna, I. (1978). REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISAS MEDICAS E BIOLOGICAS 11:359-363. Bacteriophage typing of Yersinia pestis and the specificity of the phage among Enterobacteriaceae were investigated. The bacteriophage used for rapid identification of Y. pestis reacted with representative strains of all recognized species of Shigella as well as with Salmonella cholerae-suis. Reactive Shigella serotypes were Sh. dysenteriae 1 and 9, Sh. flexneri 2a, Sh. boydii 1 and 6, and Sh. sonnei. Patterns consisting of isolated plaques (two cases) or absence of plaques were observed when the routine test dilution (RTD) of the phage was used. Results were independent of the incubation temperature (20, 28 or 37 degrees C). Representative strains of Escherichia, Proteus, Providencia and Klebsiella were resistant to the bacteriophage even at 1000 X the RTD established for Y. pestis. [TOP OF PAGE]

  74. The isolation and characterization of an in vivo recombinant between the filamentous bacteriophage f1 and hte plasmid pSC101. Ohsumi, M., Vovis, G.F., Zinder, N.D. (1978). Virology 89:438-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  75. Specificity of partial exclusion of bacteriophage T2 in crosses with T4. Okker, R.J.H., DeGroot, B. (1978). J. Gen. Virol. 40:705-709. An attempt was made to isolate a bacteriophage T4 mutant generally disturbed in its ability to exclude the localized exclusion sensitivity determinants of T2 from the progeny of crosses. The method used was a modification of that used previously, which revealed T4 mutants unable to exclude more than one of the T2 sensitive sites specifically. One out of 1000 isolates from a mutagenized T4 am56:am32 stock was found to be mutated in its exclusion properties. However, the mutant was not generally exclusion deficient. Its properties were similar to those of a double mutant T4 ex 56:ex32, specifically unable to exclude the T2 sensitive sites near gene 56 and gene 32. The failure to isolate a generally excluding mutant at a frequency down to 10(-3) renders the occurrence of a general exclusion locus unlikely. [TOP OF PAGE]

  76. T90 , the time taken for the count of enterobacteria and enteroviruses to fall by 90% in sea-water (Il T90 , tempo di estinzione di enterobatteri ed enterovirus in acqua di mare). Paoletti, A., Parrella, A., Aliberti, F., Gargiulo, E. (1978). Ig. Mod. 71:38-85. The T90 study of coliforms, salmonellae, enterococci, polioviruses and phages, evaluated in analogous and simultaneous conditions of seawater samples exposed to daylight radiation, give median values of 1 h 6', 1 h 32', 2 h 12', 13 h and 17 h 45', respectively. Lower temperature increases the T90 ; in the dark the T90 is much greater. A bibliography is reported on this subject; comments are made about the utility and validity of T90 evaluation for pollution studies of bathing beaches to the offshore distance of the sewage discharges. [TOP OF PAGE]

  77. Partial characterization of a bacteriophage of Lactobacillus bulgaricus isolated from yogurt. Peake, S.E., Stanley, G. (1978). J. Appl. Bacteriol. 44:321-323. [TOP OF PAGE]

  78. [First natural population of E. coli bacteriophage isolated in Chile. II Physiological characteristics (author's transl)]. Polette, M., Garcia-Quintana, H., Chahuan, E. (1978). REVISTA MEDICA DE CHILE 106:963-966. [TOP OF PAGE]

  79. Decontamination of bacterial infection of monolayer cultures with a specific bacteriophage. Riche, P.H., Vic, P., Humeau, C., Vanneraeau, H., Vlahovitch, B., Sentein, P. (1978). In Vitro 14:935-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  80. Bacteriophages of Erwinia amylovora: Their Isolation, Distribution, Characterization, and Possible Involvement in the Etiology and Epidemiology of Fire Blight. Ritchie, D.F. (1978). Michigan State University. [TOP OF PAGE]

  81. Rifampicin-resistant mutant supporting bacteriophage growth on stationary phase Achromobacter cells. Robb, S.M., Woods, D.R., Robb, F.T., Struthers, J.K. (1978). J. Gen. Virol. 35:117-123. [TOP OF PAGE]

  82. Phage growth characteristics on stationary phase Achromobacter cells. Robb, S.M., Woods, D.R., Robb, F.T. (1978). J. Gen. Virol. 41:265-272. The growth characteristics of alpha3a bacteriophage on stationary phase Achromobacter strain 14 are described. Phage alpha3a growth on stationary phase cells is characterized by a long and variable latent period of 6 to 9 h and an increased burst size of 710 p.f.u./cell as compared with 153 p.f.u./cell in exponential wild type cells. During the latent period the infected cells are very sensitive to changes in growth conditions and in particular, dilution. Pre-conditioning of the bacterial cells by allowing them to stand for 24 h after shaking for 3 days is an important aspect of the stationary phase phage growth system. Cells which have been allowed to stand retain the ability to be infected and to support phage growth for at least 16 days. Shaking cultures gradually lose the ability to support phage growth but the phage can persist in the host cell for 10 days until removal from shaking when the lytic cycle can proceed after allowing the cultures to stand. [TOP OF PAGE]

  83. Effect of clay particle size on clay-Escherichia coli-bacteriophage interactions. Roper, M.M., Marshall, K.C. (1978). J. Gen. Microbiol. 106:187-189. [TOP OF PAGE]

  84. Bacteriophages in fermentation. Rudolf, V. (1978). Process Biochem. 13:16-26. [TOP OF PAGE]

  85. ??? Saigo, K. (1978). Virology 85:422-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  86. Bacteriophage indicators. Scarpino, P.V. (1978). pp. 201-227. In AnonymousIndicators of Viruses in Food and Water. The use of bacteriophages as indicators of enteric viruses and sanitary-significant bacteria in water and wastewater has attracted increased attention in recent years. This chapter focuses on the usefulness of bacteriophages as indicators of fecal pollution of water environments, on the relevancy of bacteriophages as indicators of enteric viruses and enteric pathogens, and on the relationships of bacteriophages to indicator bacteria. The controversy over the usefulness of bacteriophage measure of enteric viral and bacterial contamination of water and wastewater will be placed in perspective and the usefulness of bacteriophages in epidemiological investigations will be examined. [TOP OF PAGE]

  87. Human enteric viruses and bacteriophages as indicators of sewage pollution. Scarpino, P.V. (1978). pp. 49-61. In In Gameson and A.L.H. (eds.), Discharge of Sewage From Sea Outfalls. Pergamon Press, Oxford, England. [TOP OF PAGE]

  88. Adsorption of coliphages by clay minerals and microbial cells. Schiffenbauer, M., Stotzky, G. (1978). Abstr. Ann. Mtng. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 167 [TOP OF PAGE]

  89. Cyanophages and viruses of eukaryotic algae. Sherman, L.A., Brown, R.M. (1978). p. 145-??? In Fraenkel-Conrat, H. and Wagner, R.R. (eds.), Comprehensive Virology. Plenum Press, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  90. Effect of incubation temperature on the development of lactic acid bacteria and their phages. Sozzi, T., Poulin, J.-M., Maret, R. (1978). Journal of Dairy Research 45:259-265. [TOP OF PAGE]

  91. Chlorination of solids-associated coliphages. Stagg, C.E., Wallis, C., Gerba, C.P. (1978). Prog. Water Technol. 10:381-387. [TOP OF PAGE]

  92. Lysogeny in Baceillus. Steensma, H.Y., Robertson, L.A. (1978). FEMS Microbiol. Let. 3:313-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  93. Interaction of actinophage and clays. Sykes, I.K., Williams, S.T. (1978). J. Gen. Microbiol. 108:97-102. [TOP OF PAGE]

  94. Bactreriophage conversions of heat-labile eneterotoxins in Escherichia coli. Takeda, Y., Murphy, J.R. (1978). J. Bacteriol. 133:172-177. [TOP OF PAGE]

  95. Effect of lactose concentration on the efficiency of plating of bacteriophages on Streptococcus cremoris. Terzaghi, E.A., Terzaghi, B.E. (1978). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:471-478. [TOP OF PAGE]

  96. Viruses of fungi capable of replication in bacteria (PB viruses). Tikhonenko, T.I. (1978). p. 235-??? In Fraenkel-Conrat, H. and Wagner, R.R. (eds.), Comprehensive Virology. Plunum Press, New York. [TOP OF PAGE]

  97. Further taxonomic characterization of the genus Bdellovibrio. Torrella, F., Guerrero, R., Seidler, R.J. (1978). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 24:1387-1394. Cultures of Bdellovibrio isolated from different geographic locations have been studied in terms of deoxyribonucleic acid analysis (% G + C, genome size, and DNA hybridization), cytochrome spectrum, and host range. Isolates of the genus exhibit a broad range of % G + C ranging from 37 to 51% and the genome sizes extend from 1300 x 10(6) to 1700 x 10(6) daltons. DNA hybridization continues to reveal a high level of genetic heterogeneity. Bdellovibrio 3294 exhibits 32% relative reassociation to Bdellovibrio W, 37% to Bdellovibrio stolpii Uki2, and an undetectible level to Bdellovibrio starrii A3.12 Bdellovibrio W is 23% related to B. starri A3.12 and 28.5% to B. stolpii Uki2. For the first time differential absorption techniques have revealed peaks of cytochrome b. The analysis of the cytochrome spectrum seems to be limited as a taxonomic tool since most of the recent isolates studied share a common cytochrome spectrum. Host-range studies have been found to be dependent on the experimental conditions, and with the exception of one isolate (B. starrii A3.12) the taxonomic significance of such techniques must be taken with caution. [TOP OF PAGE]

  98. Halophilic phage specific for Halobacterium salinarium str. 1. Torsvik, T., Dundas, I.D. (1978). p. 609-??? In Caplan, S.R. and Ginzburg, M. (eds.), Energetics and Structure of Halophilic Microorganisms. Elsevier/North Holland, [TOP OF PAGE]

  99. Relationships between temperate phages Mu and P1. Toussaint, A., Lefebvre, N., Scott, J.R., Cowan, J.A., de Bruijn, F., Bukhari, A.I. (1978). Virology 89:146-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  100. Antibiotic susceptibility of clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens compared with sensitivity to group A (phage tail) bacteriocins. Traub, W.H. (1978). Chemotherapy 24:301-313. [TOP OF PAGE]

  101. Solar dosimetry with repair deficient bacterial spores. Action spectra, photoproduct measurements and a comparison with other biological systems. Tyrrell, R.M. (1978). Photochem. Photobiol. 27:571-579. [TOP OF PAGE]

  102. A generalized transducing Salmonella phage ES18 can recombine with a serologically unrelated phage Fels 1. Yamamoto, N. (1978). J. Gen. Virol. 38:263-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  103. An ecological study of bacteriophages of Vibrio natriegens. Zachary, A. (1978). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 24:321-324. [TOP OF PAGE]

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