Bacteriophage Ecology Group
Reference Abstracts (1976)
Dedicated to the ecology and evolutionary biology of the parasites of unicellular organisms (UOPs)
© Stephen T. Abedon
contents | bacteriophage ecology group | top of page
© Phage et al. last updated on Wednesday, December 26, 2001
  1. La classification des phages caudés des entérobactéries. Ackermann, H.-W. (1976). Pathol. Biol. X 24:359-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  2. Effect of some environmental factors on cyanophage AS-1 development in Anacystis nidulans. Allen, M.M., Hutchison, F. (1976). Archives of Microbiology 110:55-60. The development cycle of the cyanophage AS-1 was studied in the host blue-green alga, Anacystis nidulans, under conditions that impair photosynthesis and under various light/dark regimes. Under standard conditions of incubation the 16-h development cycle consisted of a 5-h eclipse period and an 8-h latent period. Burst size was decreased by dark incubation to 2% of that observed in the light. An inhibitor of photosystem II, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU), reduced the burst size to 27% of that of the uninhibited control, whereas cyanophage production was completely abolished by carbonyl-cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), an inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport. Dark incubation of infected cells decreased the latent period by 1-2 h and the eclipse period by 1 h, once the cultures were illuminated. This suggests that adsorption took place in the dark. Intracellular growth curves indicated that light is necessary for viral development. Infected cells must be illuminated at least 13 h to produce a complete burst at the same rate as the continuously illuminated control. Low light intensities retarded the development cycle, and at lowest light intensities no phage yield was obtained. AS-1 is highly dependent on host cell photophosphorylation for its development. [TOP OF PAGE]

  3. Bacteriophage T3 and T7 early RNAs are translated by eukaryotic 80S ribosomes: active phage T3 coded S-adenosylmethionine cleaving enzyme is synthesized. Anderson, C.W.A.J.F., Dunn, J.J. (1976). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:2752-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  4. REVERSION OF PHAGE-INACTIVATION BY BACILLUS EXTRACTS. Aranha, H. (1976). Adelphi University. [TOP OF PAGE]

  5. The proportion of revertant and mutant phage in a growing population as a function of mutation and growth rate. Batschelet, E., Domingo, E., Weissmann, C. (1976). Gene 1:27-32. [TOP OF PAGE]

  6. Concepts of stability and resilience in predator-prey models. Beddington, J.R., Free, C.A., Lawton, J.H. (1976). J. Anim. Ecol. 45:791-816. [TOP OF PAGE]

  7. The limitation of the ratio of fecal coliforms to total coliphage as a water pollution index. Bell, R.G. (1976). Water Res. 10:745-748. [TOP OF PAGE]

  8. Inhibition of phage infection by pneumococcus capsule. Bernheimer, H.P., Tiraby, J.G. (1976). Virology 73:308-309. Fifty-two strains of pneumococci were tested for sensitivity to lysis by pneumococcus phages w2, w3, and w8. Nine noncapsulated strains derived from seven different wild-type strains were all lysed by the three phages. Two strains carrying the Cscapsule were as sensitive as their parent noncapsulated strains. Forty-one other capsulated strains were insensitive to lysis by any of the phages. Although capsulation apparently severely limits adsorption of phage, capsulated cells can release phage; infection by w3 of a type 3 pneumococcus temporarily denuded of its capsule by enzymeatic action resulted in a burst of progeny phage at a time when the host cell had regained full capsulation. [TOP OF PAGE]

  9. Survival of bacteriophages in seawater. Berry, S.A., Noton, B.G. (1976). Water Res. 10:323-327. [TOP OF PAGE]

  10. Interaction of Plectonema boryanum (Cyanophyceae) and the LPP cyanophages in continuous culture. Cannon, R.E., Shane, M.S., Whitaker, J.M. (1976). J. Phycol. 12:418-421. [TOP OF PAGE]

  11. Restriction of a bacteriophage of Streptomyces albus G involving endonuclease SalI. Chater, K.F., Wilde, L.C. (1976). J. Bacteriol. 128:644-650. The bacteriophage Pa16, isolated from soil on Streptomyces albus G, was restricted when transferred from an alternative host back to S. albus G. Extracted unmodified Pa16 deoxyribonucleic acid was cleaved at a single site by a cell-free extract of S. albus G. Fractions cleaving Pal6 deoxyribonucleic acid contained the endonuclease SalI first described by J. Arrand, P. Myers, and R. J. Roberts (unpublished data). A mutant of S. albus G was isolated which was defective in both restriction and modification of Pal6. This mutant lacked SalI activity. It is concluded that SalI is the agent of restriction of Pal6 by S. albus G. [TOP OF PAGE]

  12. [Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus as a factor in the self-purification of river water]. Chuvil'skaia, N.A., Ledova, L.A., Churkina, L.G., Lambina, V.A. (1976). Gigiena i Sanitariia 10-13. [TOP OF PAGE]

  13. The ecological genetics of host-parasite relationships. Clarke, B. (1976). pp. 87-103. In In Taylor, A.E.R. and Muller, R. (eds.), Genetic Aspects of Host-Parasite Relationships. [TOP OF PAGE]

  14. Properties of some new Brucella phage isolates; evidence for lysogeny within the genus. Corbel, M.J., Thomas, E.L. (1976). Developm 31:38-45. A number of phages were isolated from Brucella abortus strains showing atypical phage sensitivity patterns. The phages, designated the Firenze group, were all similar in morphology, host range general properties. They were lytic for smooth Brucella abortus, Br. neotomae and Br. suis, but not for Br. melitensis strains. They were serologically distinct from phages of the Tbilisi and M51-S708-Weybridge groups and also differed from these in plaque morphology and physical and chemical stability. The parent brucella strains although smooth were resistant to lysis by their own phages or by the other available brucella phages. Their general properties suggested a lysogenic state. [TOP OF PAGE]

  15. Chlorination and iodination of poliovirus and f2. Cramer, W.N., Kawata, K., Cruse, C.W. (1976). Water Poll. Contr. 48:61-76. [TOP OF PAGE]

  16. New temperate bacteriophage for Bacillus subtilis, rho 11. Dean, D.H., Orrego, J.C., Hutchison, K.W., Halvorson, H.O. (1976). J. Virol. 20:509-519. A new temperate bacteriophage, rho11, isolated by J. Hoch, has been characterized. This new phage is very similar to the temperate phage phi3T in size (380 nm), host range, homoimmunity, DNA buoyant density (1.694 g/ml), antigenicity, and molecular weight (around 6.0 X 10(7)) as determined in gels. Like phi3T, rho11 converts thymine auxotrophs to prototrophy at high frequency (250 out of 250 tested). Phage rho11 differs from phi3T in plaque morphology and in the endonuclease R-EcoRI digest pattern. Sixteen of the 20 rho11 DNA fragments have migration patterns corresponding to those of the 21 fragments of phi3T. The close similarities yet clear differences between these phages suggest that the two phages have a common ancestor. [TOP OF PAGE]

  17. Studies on bacteriophage distribution: Virulent and temperate bacteriophage content of mammalian feces. Dhillon, T.S., Dhillon, E.K.S., Chau, H.C., Li, W.K., Tsang, A.H.C. (1976). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32:68-74. Freshly voided samples of the feces of cows, pigs, and humans were analyzed for the enumeration of cell-free plaque-forming units (PFU) of coliphages and Salmonella phages. Coliphage PFU counts per gram (wet weight) of feces were found to range from less than 101 to 107. Salmonella phages were found in three out of five porcine samples, but none were found in the four bovine samples analyzed.Virulent coliphages related to the f-X174/S13 serological group showed some "habitat preference" in that the S13 type of phages was found ony in pig feces, whereas the f-X174 type of phages was found only in cow dung. Temperate coliphages were detectable in a majority of samples of both human and porcine origin but were infrequently found in bovine samples. About 80% of the temperate coliphages of fecal origin have been found to be serologically related to pahge HK022 (Dhillon and Dhillon, 1973), and all are efficiently inducible by ultraviolet light irradiation. However, considerable diversity within the group was found when the prophage immunity pattern of 10 randomly selected isolates was examined. [TOP OF PAGE]

  18. Protozoal viruses. Diamond, L.S., Mattern, C.F. (1976). Advances in Virus Research 20:87-112. [TOP OF PAGE]

  19. ??? Domingo, E., Flavell, R.A., Weissmann, C. (1976). Gene 1:3-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  20. Response of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to Bdellovibrio species. Drutz, D.J. (1976). Infect. Immun. 13:247-251. Bdellovibrio species are small, highly motile bacteria that are predators upon other bacteria in nature. Bdellovibrios attach to, penetrate, replicate within, and destroy prey that share the general characteristic of gram negativity. The lipopolysaccharide moiety of the cell membrane of target microorganisms appears to contain the principal receptor site for bdellovibrio attachment. Since gonococci also contain lipopolysaccharide that is similar in many respects to that contained within gram-negative rods, studies were conducted to determine the extent of gonococcal interaction with a variety of bdellovibrio species. Despite transient attachment, penetration of gonococci by bdellovibrios never occurred. Failure of bdellovibrio parasitization was unrelated to gonococcal species, colony type, piliation, penicillin susceptibility, or virulence as influenced by passage in embryonated eggs. In experiments involving mixtures of gonococci and more typical gram-negative bacillary prey, the latter were always attacked by bdellovibrios, whereas the former were ignored. Despite evidence for similarities between gonococcal and gram-negative bacillary lipopolysaccharides, resemblances do not extend to the point where gonococci are susceptible to bdellovibrio parasitization. [TOP OF PAGE]

  21. "Who discovered bacteriophage?". Duckworth, D.H. (1976). Bacteriol. Rev. 40:793-802. [This article dances around the edges of bacteriophage ecology, especially bacteriophage therapy, plus gives a wonderful overview of the history of the discovery of bacteriophages - STA]. [TOP OF PAGE]

  22. [Periodic changes of populations in a prey-predator system: Escherichia coli-Bdellovibrio bacteriovirus]. Dulos, E., Marchand, A. (1976). COMPTES RENDUS HEBDOMADAIRES DES SEANCES DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. 282:1645-1647. The prey-predator system Escherichia coli-Bdellovibrio bacterivorus was investigated in a very poor medium. Optical density recording and numerations of the bacterial species showed synchronous oscillations of the concentration of both microbial populations. [TOP OF PAGE]

  23. Role of bacteria and protozoa in the removal of Escherichia coli from estuarine waters. Enzinger, R.M., Cooper, R.C. (1976). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 31:758-763. [TOP OF PAGE]

  24. Airborne coliphages from wastewater treatment facilities. Fannin, K.F. (1976). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:705-710. [TOP OF PAGE]

  25. Concentration of viruses from large volumes of tap water using pleated membrane filters. Farrah, S.R., Gerba, C.P., Wallis, C., Melnick, J.L. (1976). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 31:221-226. [TOP OF PAGE]

  26. Distribution of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus in sewage works, river water, and sediments. Fry, J.C., Staples, D.G. (1976). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 31:469-474. Bdellovibrio was found in all liquid phases of the sewage works examined. The predator was also found in all the river sediments and sewage-polluted river waters examined but could not be found in some unpolluted river waters. Bdellovibrio was able to multiply on the high numbers of bacteria present in the aerobic percolating filter film but could not survive in anaerobic sludge. Similarly, the predator was present in the aerobic surface layers of river sediments but not in the anaerobic bottom layers. The major source of Bdellovibrio in the polluted rivers examined were sewage works effluents, and numbers in both river water and sediment were correlated with river water quality. It was unlikely that Bdellovibrio was important in reducing numbers of other bacteria in either sewage or river sediment. [TOP OF PAGE]

  27. A correlation between the genome compositions of bacteriophages and their hosts. Gibbs, A., Primrose, S. (1976). Intervirology 7:351-355. The base composition of the genomes of bacteriophages and other viruses is, in a very general way, related to the base composition of the genomes of their hosts by the statistically significant linear regression: (phage GC%)=9.12 + 0.74 (host GC%). The significance and possible use of this relationship is discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  28. Metabolic aspects of LPP cyanophage replication in the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum. Ginzberg, D., Padan, E., Shilo, M. (1976). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 423:440-449. Cyanophage LPP1G is reproduced at the same yield in heterotrophic conditions (dark, glucose) as in photoautotrophic conditions; aerobiosis is required for dark cyanophage replication. Exogenous glucose is not required for the cyanophage replication in the dark in heterotrophically grown cells. In photoautotrophically grown cells, the maximum burst size in dark and glucose is delayed for a period corresponding to glucose uptake induction. Cyanophage LPP2SPI replication occurs in conditions where only Photosystem I operates. Of photosynthesis parameters tested, only CO2 photoassimilation is affected during cyanophage LPP1G infection under photoautotrophic conditions. [TOP OF PAGE]

  29. Determination of bacteriophages in water as an index of bacterial contamination. Giraldi, V., Donati, P. (1976). Rivista della Societa Italiana de Scienza dell'Alimentazione 5:349 [TOP OF PAGE]

  30. Plaque-forming factor produced by Mycoplasma pulmonis. Gourley, R.N., Wyld, S.G., Taylor-Robinson, D. (1976). Nature 259:120-122. [TOP OF PAGE]

  31. Bacteriophage typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in South East England. Grange, J.M., Collins, C.H., McSwiggan, D. (1976). Tubercle 57:59-66. The species Mycobacterium tuberculosis may be subdivided by its susceptibility to lysis by bacteriophages. In this study 300 strains have been typed with six phages to determine the prevalence of various phage types in South East England. The distribution of the phage types is considered in relation to the patients' racial origins and the clinical presentation of disease, whether pulmonary or extrapulmonary. The technical aspects of phage typing are described and modifications of existing techniques are discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  32. [Detection of bdellovibrios and bacteriophages in the seawater near the shores]. Grigor'eva, L.V., Korchak, G.I., Ponomareva, L.V. (1976). Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii 41-44. The frequency of occurrence of bdellovibrios and intestinal bacteriophages at the sites of contamination in the sea and along the sea shore and at the points remote from the sources of contamination was studied. At the contaminated sites bdellovibrios were revealed in 73.3-100% and bacteriophage in 75-83.4% of the samples. There was found to be a moderate correlative association between the bdellovibrios, bacteriophages and the coli titre. In the water of the shore region of the sea bdellovibrios were found in 15.4%, and bacteriophages in 20.9% of the samples. An attempt at a sanitary assessment of beaches by the data of bdellovibrio detection was unsuccessful. There was found no correlative association between the coli-titre and the bdellovibrios in the water of the shore area. Bdellovibrio proved to play an insignificant role in the processes of self-purification from the intestinal microbial flora of weakly and moderately contaminated sea water. Taking into consideration the high resistance in the sea water of the intestinal bacteriophages preference was given to them over the bdellovibrios as the index of the sea water contamination. [TOP OF PAGE]

  33. [Ultrastructure of micropredators of Gram-positive bacilli and the degeneration of C perfringens]. Guelin, A., Maillet, P.L. (1976). COMPTES RENDUS HEBDOMADAIRES DES SEANCES DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. 283:1675-1678. [TOP OF PAGE]

  34. [II. The process of spontaneous bacteriolysis in water and micropredator bacteria]. Guelin, A. (1976). MIKROBIYOLOJI BULTENI 10:73-75. In her conference presented in Public Health School in Ankara in June 1975, the author summarizes the present knowledge on spontaneous bacteriolysis process in water and gives information on the bacteria which are thought to be mostly responsible for auto-purification of water, with special emphasis on Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strains. [TOP OF PAGE]

  35. [Bactericidal activity of sea water and its microvibrio content]. Guelin, A. (1976). COMPTES RENDUS HEBDOMADAIRES DES SEANCES DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. 282:397-400. The bactericidal effect of sea water on E. coli varies according to the location and depth of specimen. There are seasonal variations. With the elimination of the bacilli, tiny vibrios appear. Two strains have been isolated and kept alive with bacteria suspensions in sea water. A method to quantify them in culture or in sea water has been developed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  36. Negative interaction amongst parasites. Halvörsen, O. (1976). pp. 99-114. In In Kennedy, C.R. (ed.), Ecological Aspects of Parasitology. North-Holland, Amsterdam. [TOP OF PAGE]

  37. Cross resistance between bacteriophages and colicins in Escherichia coli K-12. Hancock, R.E.W., Davies, J.K., Reeves, P. (1976). J. Bacteriol. 126:1347-1350. [TOP OF PAGE]

  38. Bacteriophager T7 genetics. Hausmann, R. (1976). Curr. Top. Microbiol. 75:77-110. [TOP OF PAGE]

  39. Bacteriophages and bacteriophage-like structures carried by Bacillus medusa and their effect on sporulation. Hendry, G.S., Gillespie, J.B., Fitz-James, P.C. (1976). J. Virol. 18:1051-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  40. Differentiation of Proteus mirabilis by bacteriophage typing and the Dienes reaction. Hickman, F.W., Farmer, J.J. (1976). Journal of Clinical Microbiology 3:350-358. A provisional typing schema based on sensitivity to 23 bacteriophages has been established for Proteus mirabilis. Seventy-three bacteriophages were isolated on strains of P. mirabilis (64), P. vulgaris (1), P. morganii (7), and P. rettgeri (1), but those isolated on P. mirabilis were the most useful in differentiating other strains of . mirabilis. From the 73 phages studied, the best 23 were chosen by computer analysis for the provisional system, which was then used to study P. mirabilis infections in a 500-bed general hospital. All patient isolates for 19 months were saved and then compared by bacteriophage typing and the Dienes reaction in a retrospective study. There was evidence for only three instances of cross-infection or -colonization during this time. Bacteriophage typing was very sensitive in differentiating strains, since 200 strains were differentiated into 113 different lysis patterns and 94% were typable. The Dienes reaction was useful at times but often gave reactions that were difficult to read or that changed when the tests were repeated. The bacteriophages described by Schmidt and Jeffries were also evaluated and proved useful in combination with ours. The value of bacteriophage typing was clearly established, and work toward a standardized schema for P. mirabilis should continue. [TOP OF PAGE]

  41. Properties of a marine RNA-containing bacteriophage. Hidaka, T., Ichida, K. (1976). Mem. Fac. Fish. Kogoshima Univ. 25:77-89. [TOP OF PAGE]

  42. lamB mutations in E. coli K12: Growth of Lambda host range mutants and effect of nonsense suppressors. Hofnung, M., Jezierska, A., Braun-Breton, C. (1976). Mol. Gen. Genet. 145:207-213. [TOP OF PAGE]

  43. Host selection and its consequences. Holmes, J.C. (1976). pp. 21-39. In In Kennedy, C.R. (ed.), Ecological Aspects of Parasitology. North-Holland, Amsterdam. [TOP OF PAGE]

  44. CHARACTERIZATION OF MUTANTS OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM WHICH ARE RESISTANT TO FELIX O PHAGE BUT APPEAR TO BE NON-ROUGH. Hudson, H.P. (1976). Stanford University. [TOP OF PAGE]

  45. [Toxigenicity and bacteriophage in Clostridium botulinum (author's transl)]. Iida, H. (1976). TANPAKUSHITSU KAKUSAN KOSO. PROTEIN, NUCLEIC ACID, ENZYME Suppl:31-44. [TOP OF PAGE]

  46. Characterization of Streptococcus bovis bacteriophages. Iverson, W.G., Millis, N.F. (1976). Can. J. Microbiol. 22:847-852. [TOP OF PAGE]

  47. [Lysogeny in Pasteurella multocida]. [Bulgarian]. Karaivanov, L. (1976). Veterinarno-Meditsinski Nauki 13:26-31. Studied was the possibility of lysis-producing factors (the phenomenon of lysogeny) with 59 strains of Pastuerella multocida isolated in Bulgaria, Cuba, and Czechoslovakia. It was found that eleven of them were lysogenic in terms that a total of 12 bacteriophage strains were isolated from them; one of them yielded 2 phages. Established were three different indicator strains of Pasteurella multocida-97, SHD, and R-II--by means of which 3 different groups of P. multocida phages were isolated. The latter were stabilized and allowed to multiply up to 10(11) phage particles per 1 cc through continuous passaging, and they could be be stored at + 4 degrees C. In accordance with the host strain for multiplying the isolated P. multocida phages were divided into three different groups: phages 3, 4, 5, 6, 22, and Sl fell into group II, and phages 1075 and S-2--to group III. [TOP OF PAGE]

  48. [Lytic activity of anti-plaque bacteriophages in the face of various strains of Escherichia coli]. Karimi, Y., Alonso, J.M., Mollaret, H.H. (1976). Bulletin of the World Health Organization 53:480-481. [TOP OF PAGE]

  49. Ecological Aspects of Parasitology. Kennedy, C.R. (1976). North-Holland, Amsterdam.[TOP OF PAGE]

  50. Relationship of Bdellovibrio elongation and fission to host cell size. Kessel, M., Shilo, M. (1976). J. Bacteriol. 128:477-480. The extent of Bdellovibrio growth, and hence progeny produced in infected cells, appears to depend upon host cell size as determined from the ratio of ultimitate length of Bdellovibrio to host cell area calculated from light microscopy. [TOP OF PAGE]

  51. Isolation and examination of transducing bacteriophage particles from Streptococcus lactis C2. Klaenhammer, T.R., McKay, L.L. (1976). J. Dairy Sci. 59:396-404. [TOP OF PAGE]

  52. Coliphage inactivation in seawater. Kletter, B., Green, M., Katzenelson, E. (1976). Malta, 11 Sep#1973. Presented at: Symposium on the eastern Mediterranean Sea IBP /PM-UNESCO. 1900.Seawater has been shown to possess a self-purifying capacity which enables it to inactivate foreign microorganisms. The present report deals with biological and chemical factors involved in the inactivation of coliphage T SUB-2 in seawater. It was found that a typical inactivation curve of T SUB-2 phage in fresh seawater involved a lag phase after which a decrease in the titer occurs. When marine bacteria were added to sterile seawater, the decrease in phage titer occurred without a lag phase. Nutrient broth in low concentration was found to inhibit the antiviral activity of seawater. Pre-incubated seawater exhibits the anticoliphage activity without any lag period. Two alternative explanations for the anticoliphage activity in seawater are suggested: (a) phage are digested by proteolitic enzymes of marine bacteria, (b) bacterial exocellular polymers cause biological flocculation. [TOP OF PAGE]

  53. [Various properties of virulent and moderate Erwinia carotovora phages]. Kolesnik, L.V., Spivak, N.I., Kishko, I., Faltus, I.I. (1976). Vopr. Virusol. 605-609. A bacterial culture of E. carotovora 8638 lysed by virulent phage 62 after treatment with UV rays produces a moderate phage. The virulent and moderate viruses, antigenically unrealted, have a similar prolonged latent period (100 min) and the period of lysis (60 min). They also differ in the sizes of the capsids and the length of processes which are 750+/-30 and 2000+/-50A in the virulent phage and 600+/-30 and 1500+/-50A, in the moderate phage, respectively. The sedimentation constants are 602 and 340 S, respectively. In the virulent virus, the volume of the cavity of the protein capsid contianing 8 major and 5 minor peptides is twice as large as that in the moderate one (with 8 peptides); the molecular weight of their DNA shows approximately similar ratios: 52.53+/-17X10(6) and 29.79+/-0.88X10(6) daltons. Evidently, the moderate phage because of the reduced size of the genome contains less message for coding for structural proteins and nucleoprotein as a whole. [TOP OF PAGE]

  54. [New lambdoid Escherichia coli phages. I. Isolation, group immunity and recombination with lambda phage]. Krylov, V.N., Tsygankov, I. (1976). Genetika 12:104-111. 550 bacterial strains were isolated from sewage. 69 of them were lysogenic by phages active on Escherichia coli. The phages were divided into two groups on the basis of UV-inducibility, the ability to form plaques on Rep-E. coli mutants and particle morphology: lambdoid (23 phages) and related to P2 (46 phages). Hybrid phages isolated from the crosses of lambdoid phages with phage lambda harboured the region imm lambda and the gene of adsorption specificity from other parent. Ten groups of heteroimmune phages were found in the collection of new temperate phages are homoimmune with known phages: lambda, phi 80, phi 81, 434. Another 7 phages involved in 6 groups of immunity which were heteroimmune to known phages. Diversity of lambdoid phage genes determining the structure of repressor is discussed. [TOP OF PAGE]

  55. [Lysogenic clones of wild-type plague bacteria and characteristics of the phages produced by them]. Larina, V.S. (1976). Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii 119-122. Comparative population analysis of 3 lysogenic clones of plague bacteria of wild type by lysogenic properties demonstrated that they failed to show any difference from one another by immunity to homolgous and heterologous phages, but differed by the number of cells capable of producing the phage spontaneously. Lysogenic properties were transmitted by heredity both after the ten-fold passage in the presence of a homologous antiphage serum and after a 10-fold colning. Phages produced by the wild lysogenic clones of plague bacteria were capable of provoking lysogenization of bacteria sensitive to it, they were serologically affiliated and differed by the range of action on plaque and pseudotuberculosis bacteria sensitive to it. [TOP OF PAGE]

  56. Reviews of the progress of dairy science. Lawrence, R.C., Thomas, T.D., Terzaghi, B.E. (1976). Journal of Dairy Research 43:141-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  57. Viruses of eukaryotic microorganisms. Lemke, P.A. (1976). Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 30:105-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  58. Inactivation of lambda phage infectivity and lambda deoxyribonucleic acid transfection by N-methyl-isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone-copper complexes. Levinson, W., Helling, R. (1976). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 9:160-163. [TOP OF PAGE]

  59. Phage resistant mutants: Their selection and use in cheese factories. Limsowtin, G.K.Y., Terzaghi, B.E. (1976). N. Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol. 11:251-256. [TOP OF PAGE]

  60. Defective bacteriophages: The phage tail-like particles. Lotz, W. (1976). Prog. Mol. Sub-cell. Biol. 4:53-102. [TOP OF PAGE]

  61. How parasites find hosts: Some thoughts on the inception of host-parasite integration. MacInnis, A.J. (1976). pp. 3-39. In In Kennedy, C.R. (ed.), Ecological Aspects of Parasitology. North-Holland, Amsterdam. [TOP OF PAGE]

  62. Selection and some properties of phage-resistant starters for cheese-making. Marshall, R.J., Berridge, N.J. (1976). Journal of Dairy Research 43:449-458. [TOP OF PAGE]

  63. Isolation and partial characterization of some new bacteriophages active against Asticcacaulis strains. Middleton, C.A., Pate, J.L. (1976). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 26:269-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  64. Recombinants between P22 and P1Cm. Mise, K. (1976). Virology 71:531-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  65. Isolation and characterization of RNA phages for Caulobacter crescentus. Miyakawa, K., Fukuda, A., Okada, Y. (1976). Virology 73:461-467. [TOP OF PAGE]

  66. Isolation of a small rod with lytic activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus from fresh sea water. Myamoto, S., Kuroda, K., Hanaoka, M., Okada, Y. (1976). JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 20:517-527. A small rod, capable of formine crater-like plaques on lawns of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, was isolated from a marine environment. The isolate was a gram-negative straight rod with round ends and was small in size, equal to that of halophilic Bdellovibrio strain 5501. The isolate appeared to have close taxonomic relationships to Cytophaga, since this bacterium moved slowly in a gliding manner on a solid agar surface, hydrolyzed agar and starch, contained yellow pigment and was halophilic. The isolate was able to grow not only under host-dependent but also under host-independent conditions when low nutrient media were used for cultivation, and its bacteriolytic mode was different from that of Bdellovibrio, an endoparasite. The isolate was halophilic and required Mg++ and Ca++ in addition to 3% saline for growth. The isolate showed a broad host rnage when tested for plaque-forming activity on gram-negative bacteria but not on the gram-positive bacteria tested so far. [TOP OF PAGE]

  67. The use of cellulose products to reduce agar concentration in microbiological media. Myrvik, A.L., Whitaker, J.M., Cannon, R.E. (1976). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 22:1002-1006. The use of agar in media for culturing microorganisms is fundamental to microbiological investigations. Shortages of agar have caused increased costs and difficulty in obtaining media. Evidence is presented for the use of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), an inert compound, in conjunction with agar to reduce the concentration of agar necessary to achieve a solid plating surface. A variety of bacteria, blue-green bacteria, fungi, and a yeast were tested for growth on CMC agar media. T-2 bacteriophage and three cyanophages were tested for plaque-forming efficiency on CMC agar plates. Selective and differential media were also formulated with a CMC agar supplement. Growth of all microorganisms was comparable on CMC and agar control. Use of cellulose products provides a means of decreasing agar consumption without affecting successful cultivation of microorganisms. [TOP OF PAGE]

  68. Virus removal in an activated sludge plant. Naparstek, J.D., Olivieri, V.P., Kawata, K., Sherman, V.R. (1976). Water and Sewage Works R16 (???)-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  69. Survival of Escherichia coli phage T7 in different water types. Niemi, M. (1976). Water Res. 10:751-755. [TOP OF PAGE]

  70. Elimination of bacteriophages from tissue culture serum by affinity chromatography. Orr, H.C., Weetall, H.H., Probst, P.G., Littlejohn, D.C., Chu, F.C., Johnson, J.B., Petricciani, J.C. (1976). Journal of Clinical Microbiology 3:402-405. Use of immunoadsorbents to remove bacteriophages from tissue culture serum was investigated. Immune globulins from rabbit antiserum prepared against phi V-1 phage were immobilized by covalent linkage to activated porous silica glass derivatives of p-aminoarylamine and to Sepharose-4B. Chromatographic columns of each material were used to filter samples of a fetal bovine serum into which had been introduced 8100 plaque-forming units of the phage per ml. Efficiency of removal was determined by plaque assays of phi V-1 phage recovered in the effluent fluids. Activated but uncoupled matrices nonspecifically removed from 49 to 59% of the phages introduced into the experimental serum. A reduction of 35 to 37% in phage content occurred in the serum after filtration through columns coupled to nonantibody protein. With specific immune globulins attached, the Sepharose-4B matrix reduced the concentration of phage in the serum below a detectable quantity. Noapparent alterations occurred in the growth-promoting property of serum filtered through the Sepharose-4B immunoadsorbent as measured by cloning efficiency of BHK-21, WI-38, and FRhL-2 cells. These experiments serve as a model system for use of immunoadsorbents for selective removal of bacteriophages and perhaps other extraneous microbial agents from tissue culture serum. [TOP OF PAGE]

  71. Behavior of a temperate bacteriophage in differentiating cells of Bacillus subtilis. Osburne, M.S., Sonenshein, A.L. (1976). J. Virol. 19:26-35. During the first 6 hr of sporulation, infection of Bacillus subtilis by by phi105 wild type or the clear-plaque mutant phi105 c30 was nonproductive, but phage DNA was trapped inside developing spores. After infection with either wild-type or mutant phage at early times of sporulation (T1-T3), phage DNA entered the developing spores in a heat-stable form, which may represent integration of the phage DNA into the host chromosome. Phage DNA in carrier spores produced by infection at later times (T4-T6) was much more heat sensitive. Spore preparations containing either phi105 wild type or phi105 c30 carrier spores gave rise to a spontaneous burst of phage during outgrowth, although the fraction of carried wild-type phage that chose lysis over lysogeny at germination has not been determined. Heat induction of the thermoinducible lysogen 3610 (phi105 cts23) was also abortive during sporulation. Furthermore, induction neither prevented eventual spore formation nor resulted in the conversion of prophage DNA to the carrier state; during outgrowth, the previously induced lysogenic spores remained stable lysogens. However, if the sporulating lysogenic cells were plated immediately after induction, they did not form colonies at high efficiency, as though transfer to fresh medium allowed sufficient phage expression to kill the host. [TOP OF PAGE]

  72. Morphology and host range of virulent phages of lotus rhizobia. Patel, J.J. (1976). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 22:204-212. Nineteen virulent bacteriophages for fast- and slow-growing rhizobia were isolated. Most of the phage isolates were of two morphological types, and these showed specificity for either the fast- or the slow-growing rhizobia. The ecological distribution, morphology, and host range of the phages is presented. Classification of lotus rhizobia is discussed on the basis of phage typing. [TOP OF PAGE]

  73. Bacteriophages of micrococci. Peters, G., Pulverer, G., Pillich, J. (1976). Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. Supplement 5:159-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  74. Parasite-host population systems and genetic stability. Pimentel, D., Bellotti, A.C. (1976). Am. Nat. 110:877-888. [TOP OF PAGE]

  75. [Experience with treating complicated forms of abscessing pneumonia in children]. [Russian]. Pipiia, V.I., Eteriia, G.P., Gotua, T.P., Volobuev, V.I., Katsarava, V.S. (1976). Vestnik Khirurgii Imeni i - i - Grekova 117:64-68. Under observation were 157 patients with different forms of abscessing pneumonias. Pleural complicaitons were noted in 113 patients (about 60%). The complex treatment was employed in all patients (intensive antibacterial therapy, immunotherapy, bacteriophage, administration of protein preparations, vitamin-therapy, fresh blood transfusion, artery system and by means of percutaneous catheterization of th subclavian vein. The results of the treatment are described. [TOP OF PAGE]

  76. Isolation of rough mutants of Klebsiella aerogenes and their synthesis of polysaccharides. Poxton, I.R., Sutherland, I.W. (1976). Journal of General Microbiology 96:195-202. Two mutants which lacked both capsular and lipopolysaccharide O-antigen polysaccharides were isolated from Klebsiella aerogenes serotype 2 by phage selection; these were designated rough mutants. The polysaccharide fractions solubilized by partial acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide from both the wild type and mutants were chromatographed on Sephadex G-50. Analysis of the fractions obtained confirmed that the rough mutants lacked the galactan portion of the molecule, which is analogous to the Salmonella O-antigen polysaccharide. Membranes prepared from wild-type K. aerogenes, from a non-mucoid strain (lacking capsule only), and from one of the rough mutants were used in incubation mixtures to compare the biosynthesis of polysaccharides by these organisms. The incorporation of sugar nucleotides into both lipid intermediates and polymer was followed. Results show that the transferases were apparently present in all membranes, while the polymerases were absent in both the non-mucoid and rough mutants. [TOP OF PAGE]

  77. Host-phage relationships in nocardioform organisms. Prauser, H. (1976). pp. 266-284. In In Goodfellow, M., Brownwell, G.H., and Serrano, J.A. (eds.), The Biology of the Nocardiae. Acadimic Press, London. [TOP OF PAGE]

  78. Bacteriophage Ec1-resistant mutants of enteric bacteria. Primrose, S.B. (1976). J. Gen. Microbiol. 94:439-442. [TOP OF PAGE]

  79. [Capsule formation in Staphylococcus aureus of hospital origin]. Prokhorov, V.I., Akatov, A.K., Khatenever, M.L. (1976). Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii 124-127. The authors elaborated suitable conditions for cultivation of freshly isolated Staph. aureus, which offered a possibility of detection among them of a high percentage (75.2) of capsular cultures. It was shown that when grown in serum semifluid agar capsular staphylococci formed diffuse colonies of three different types. No correlation between the presence of the capsule, on the one hand, and the absence of the flocculus-forming factor and resistance to the type bacteriophage, on the other hand, was revealed in the Staph. aureus strains. [TOP OF PAGE]

  80. The effect of host-cell starvation on virus-induced lysis by MS2 bacteriophage. Propst-Ricciuti, C. (1976). J. Gen. Virol. 31:323-330. [TOP OF PAGE]

  81. Enhancement of plaque size of a staphylococcal phage. Qanber, A.A., Douglas, J. (1976). J. Appl. Bacteriol. 40:109-110. [TOP OF PAGE]

  82. Evidence for host-dependent modification and restriction of bacteriophage DNA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rado, T.A., Bates, J.H., Fitzhugh, J.K. (1976). J. Gen. Virol. 30:91-97. [TOP OF PAGE]

  83. Mapping pathways of possible phage-mediated genetic interchange among soil bacilli. Reanney, D.C., Teh, C.K. (1976). Soil Biol. Biochem. 8:305-311. [TOP OF PAGE]

  84. Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophages. VIII. Fragments of bacteriophage 28-1. Rieger, D., Freund-Molbert, E., Stirm, S. (1976). J. Virol. 17:859-864. As described previously, a host capsule depolymerase activity is associated with the particles of Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophage 28-1. This is a large virus with a long, contractile tail terminating in a base plate with spikes. In the present work, isolated virions were exposed to a variety of dissociative reagents and conditions. They were then tested for residual infectivity and depolymerase activity, as well as inspected under an electron microscope. Very mild acid treatment (10 to 15 min at pH 4.0 and 37 C) was found to cause a specific detachment of some phage spikes, together with a moderate drop in both infectivity and depolymerase activity. Large batches of viruses were fragmented in this manner, and the detached spikes were isolated. The host capsule depolymerase activity was found to be associated with these organelles. In negatively stained preparations, the spikes exhibited a length of approximately 18 nm and a thickness of about 5 nm. By sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, they were found to contain polypeptides with molecular weights of 80,000 and 145, 000. [TOP OF PAGE]

  85. Isolation of Erwinia amylovora bacteriophage from aerial parts of apple trees. Ritchie, D.F., Klos, E.J. (1976). Phytopathology 67:101-104. [TOP OF PAGE]

  86. Assessment of virus removal by a multistage activated sludge process. Safferman, R.S., Morris, M.E. (1976). Water Res. 10:413-420. [TOP OF PAGE]

  87. A lipid-containing phage infecting acidophilic thermophilic bacteria. Sakaki, Y., Oshima, T. (1976). Virology 75:256-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  88. ??? Salo, R.J. (1976). Arch. Virol. 52:269-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  89. Lysotypie complémentaire de pseudomonas aeruginosa. Santos-Ferreira, M.O., Darmon, M., Vieu, J.-F. (1976). Mol. Microbiol. 127B:189-193. [TOP OF PAGE]

  90. Preparation and partial characterization of a Lactobacillus lactis bacteriophage. Sarimo, S.S., Hartiala, M., Aaltonen, L. (1976). Archives of Microbiology 107:High-titer lysates of a bacteriophage active against Lactobacillus lactis were prepared from liquid cultures as well as from areas of confluent lysis in soft-agar overlayers. Phage concentration and purification were accomplished by means of polyethylene glycol precipitation, differential centrifugation. The buoyant density of this phage in cesium chloride was 1.4795 g/ml. Characterization of phage growth cycle by one-step growth experiments under optimal conditions showed that the latent period was about 120 min, that the rise period lasted approx. 130 min, and that the average burst-size was about 80. [TOP OF PAGE]

  91. Minocycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: effect on phage susceptibility. Schaefler, S., Francois, W., Ruby, C.L. (1976). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 9:600-613. [TOP OF PAGE]

  92. The adsorption of coliphage lambda to its host: Effect of variation in the surface density of the receptor and in phage-receptor affinity. Schwartz, M. (1976). J. Mol. Biol. 103:521-536. [TOP OF PAGE]

  93. Cyanophage analysis as a biological pollution indicator--bacteria and viral. Smedberg, C.T., Cannon, R.E. (1976). Journal / Water Pollution Control Federation 48:2416-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  94. Study of plating efficiency of bacteriophages of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria on different media. Sozzi, T., Maret, R., Poulin, J.M. (1976). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32:131-137. [TOP OF PAGE]

  95. Isolation and characterization of phages for Ancalomicrobium adetum. Stanley, P.M. (1976). J. Gen. Virol. 32:37-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  96. Morphological manifestations of freezing and thawing injury in bacteriophage T4Bo. Steele, P.R. (1976). JOURNAL OF HYGIENE 77:119-127. Electron microscopic observation of negatively stained preparations of frozen and thawed suspensions of T4Bo phage clearly separated the morphological changes produced produced by low-temperature salt denaturation from those produced by eutectic phase changes. Salt denaturation caused contraction of tail sheaths. Eutectic phase changes appeared to cause two separate lesions. Firstly the tail sheath was disjointed 18-22 nm. below the collar and the tail core was disjointed at 40-60 nm. below the collar, giving rise to separated heads with a small tail remnant, and separated tails in which the sheath remarkably remained in its extended form. Secondly, tears were seen in the head membranes of particles with collapsed empty heads. In all the experiments the percentage of normal phage particles counted electron-microscopically was close to the percentage of viable phage as determined by plaque assay. [TOP OF PAGE]

  97. Isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage specific for Neisseria perflava. Steinberg, V.I., Hart, E.J., Handley, J., Goldberg, I.D. (1976). Journal of Clinical Microbiology 4:87-91. Six isolates from normal throat samples have been shown to contain phage active against Neisseria perflava. The phage isolates were similar in terms of host range, latent period, burst size, antigenic properties, morphology, and nucleic acid content. Neutralization studies with antisera demonstrated that the isolates exhibited a very high degree of serological relatedness. These results taken together suggested that the isolates represented a single strain of bacteriophage. This phage, which we have designated NP-1, exhibited a high degree of host specificity, attacking only one of the several strains of N. perflava tested and none of the other species tested. One-step growth experiments yielded minimum latent periods of approximately 35 min; average burst sizes varied from 34 to 63 plaque-forming units per cell. Electron micrographs revealed particles with heads averaging 75 nm in diameter and tails averaging 300 nm in length and 18 nm in diameter. The phage contained double-stranded DNA with a guanine plus cytosine content of 38%. [TOP OF PAGE]

  98. Interactions between bacteriophages and bacteria in soil. Tan, J.S.H., Reanney, D.C. (1976). Soil Biol. Biochem. 8:145-150. [TOP OF PAGE]

  99. Inhibition of bacteriophage lambda, T1, and T7 development by R plasmids of the H incompatibility group. Taylor, D.E., Grant, R.B. (1976). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 10:762-764. [TOP OF PAGE]

  100. Morphologies and host sensitivities of lactic streptococcal phages from cheese factories. Terzaghi, B.E. (1976). N. Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol. 11:155-163. [TOP OF PAGE]

  101. Some properties of bacteriophages isolated during production of cheese. Tsaneva, K.P. (1976). Microbiologiya 44:736-741. [TOP OF PAGE]

  102. Response of Bacillus thuringiensis to bacteriophage CP-51. Van, T.R., Yousten, A.A. (1976). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 22:583-586. Bacteriophage CP-51, a transducing phage of Bacillus cereus was able to replicate on all eight varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis tested. Three general plaque types were observed on each strain although one type predominated on each strain. The plaque size was uniform for each strain regardless of plaque type. The bacterial strain used as source of the phage had no effect on plaque type or size found on any host strain. CP-51 was stable in infected spores of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki for at least 305 days even though most of the spores had lost refractility. Free phage paricles produced in B. thuringiensis were stable for at least 10 days in broth at 14 degrees C but were very unstable at 4 degrees C. [TOP OF PAGE]

  103. Prospects for control of phytopathogenic bacteria by bacteriophage and bacteriocins. Vidaver, A.K. (1976). Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 14:451-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  104. Inactivation of the enveloped bacteriophage phi6 by butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole. Wanda, P., Cupp, J., Snipes, W., Deith, A., Rucinsky, T., Polish, L., Sands, J. (1976). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 10:96-101. [TOP OF PAGE]

  105. Bacterial, Phage and Molecular Genetics. An Experimental Course. Winkler, U., Rüger, W., Wackernagel, W. (1976). Springer, Berlin.[TOP OF PAGE]

  106. Bacteriophage growth on stationary phase Achromobacter cells. Woods, D.R. (1976). J. Gen. Virol. 32:45-50. A new phage-host system is described in which phage alpha 3a grows on stationary phase Achromobacter mutant strains. Characteristic clear plaques are formed, at an e.o.p. 10(-1) to 10(-2), on already confluent bacterial lawns of the mutant strains. Phage growth is sensitive to aeration and growth only occurs under micro-aerophilic conditions. Lysates prepared on the mutant strains cannot transduce in contrast to transducing lysates prepared from wild type Achromobacter strains. [TOP OF PAGE]

  107. Physiology and ecology of bacteriophages of the marine bacterium Beneckea natriegens: salinity. Zachary, A. (1976). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 31:415-422. The effects of variation in ionic levels on the stability and replication of two bacteriophages (nt-1 and nt-6) host specific for the marine bacterium Beneckea natriegens were examined. Monovalent cations influenced the adsorption of the nt-1 but not the nt-6 phage; however, one-step growth studies showed that NaCl was required for replication of both phage. The NaCl optimum for nt-1 production was 0.25 M NaCl, the same as the growth optimum for B. natriegens. However, the optimum for nt-6 production was 0.16 M NaCl. These NaCl optima for host and phage are at estuarine rather than oceanic levels. The nt-1 phage was better suited to replicate at NaCl levels typical of higher salinity areas (18-35%) and the nt-6 phage was better suited to replicate at lower salinities (5-18%). The nt phage were more resistant to low NaCl levels than their host bacterium and appeared limited to marine waters by the lower survival salinity of B. natriegens coupled with phage inactivation processes occurring in natural estuarine waters. [TOP OF PAGE]

  108. Identification and study of species specificity of antiphage lipopolysaccharides found in the preparations of bacterial DNA. Zerov, U.P., Ashmarin, I.P. (1976). Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology 21:284-291. A method of isolation of the antiphage agent found in the preparations of bacterial DNA was developed. Chemical analysis of the preparations has shown that according to their qualitative and quantitative composition they are identical to the lipopolysaccharide of the bacterial membrane. On the basis of data on the antiphage activity of the D-LPS from E. coli B and E. coli K12 and on the basis of presumed analogy between the inactivation of the phage by the D-LPS preparations and the phage -- cell interaction it is believed that different parts of the LPS serve as receptors for the phages T7 and T4: O-specific polysaccharide for T4 and core LPS for T7. On the basis of data on the activity of D-LPS of two species of the genus Aerobacter against the phage T7 it is presumed that Aerobacer and Escherichia are related according to the structure of their core LPS. [TOP OF PAGE]

contents | bacteriophage ecology group | top of page

Contact Steve Abedon (microdude+@osu.edu) with suggestions, criticisms,
comments, or anything else that might help make this a better site.