Bacteriophage Ecology Group
Reference Abstracts (1975)
Dedicated to the ecology and evolutionary biology of the parasites of unicellular organisms (UOPs)
© Stephen T. Abedon
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© Phage et al. last updated on Wednesday, December 26, 2001
  1. STUDIES WITH KILLER PARAMECIA: I. THE RELATION OF THE R BODY AND TOXIN TO THE PHAGE IN KILLER PARAMECIA. II. STUDIES ON THE SURFACE PROPERTIES OF KAPPA. Anonymous (1975). Indiana University. [TOP OF PAGE]

  2. RNA Phages. Anonymous (1975). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.[TOP OF PAGE]

  3. La classification des bacteriophages des cocci gram-positifs: Micrococcus, Staphylococcus et Streptococcus. Ackermann, H.-W. (1975). Path. -Biol. 23:247-253. [TOP OF PAGE]

  4. Dynamic complexity in predator-prey models frames in difference equations. Beddington, J.R., Free, C.A., Lawton, J.H. (1975). Nature 255:58-60. [TOP OF PAGE]

  5. Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophages. IV. Free capsule depolymerase 29. Bessler, W., Fehmel, F., Freund-Molbert, E., Knufermann, H., Stirm, S. (1975). J. Virol. 15:976-984. The free host capsule depolymerase, induced by Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophage no. 29, and causing the formation of haloes around its plaques, has been purified to homogeneity. As judged from the following facts, this "enzym"e consists of free phage 29 spikes. (i) Detached phage organelles and depolymerase 29 particles exhibit the same molecular weight (about 245,000, as determined from the sedimentation equilibrium), contain polypeptide chains of the same two sizes (57,000 plus or minus 3,000 and 29,500 plus or minus 2,000, as determined by SDS-PAA gel electrophoresis), and have (within experimental error) the same sedimentation coefficient, isoelectric point, and amino acid composition. (ii) Isolated depolymerase and phage spikes in situ both catalyze the hydrolysis of glucosidic bonds in host capsular polysaccharide, leading ultimately to the formation of oligosaccharide fragments of one, two, and three hexasaccharide repeating units. (iii) Depolymerase 29 and phage 29 spikes have roughly the same electron optical dimensions. As tentatively estimated from the total and the virus-associated capsule depolymerase activity in the lysates, phage 29 infection seems to produce eight to seventeen times more free than incorporated spikes. [TOP OF PAGE]

  6. Adsorption of viruses onto surfaces in soil and water. Bitton, G. (1975). Water Res. 9:473-484. [TOP OF PAGE]

  7. Basic characterization of a lipid-containing bacteriophage specific for plasmids of the P, N, and W compatibility groups. Bradley, D.E., Rutherford, E.L. (1975). Can. J. Microbiol. 21:152-163. [TOP OF PAGE]

  8. The immune response to phi chi 174 in man. II. Primary and secondary antibody production in patients with Crohn's disease. Bucknall, R.C., Jones, J.V., Peacock, D.B. (1975). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DIGESTIVE DISEASES 20:430-436. 10 patients with Crohn's disease in various states of activity have been injected with 3.3 times 10-9 plaque-forming units of the bacteriophage phi chi 174, as a test for their capacity to produce antibodies. 9 patients had a completely normal primary and secondary antibody response. One patient had higher levels of preimmunization antibodies than have been encountered in normal subjects and developed a secondary (IgG) response to the first dose of antigen. We conclude that there is no evidence of a general disturbance of antibody-producing capacity in subjects with Crohn's disease. [TOP OF PAGE]

  9. Plaque-forming l-Mu hybrids. Bukhari, A.I., Allet, B. (1975). Virology 63:30-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  10. A review of bacteria in L-phase and their possible clinical significance. [Review] [25 refs]. Butler, H.M., Blakey, J.L. (1975). Medical Journal of Australia 2:463-467. L-phase bacteria are bacterial variants produced by adverse conditions in the environment. Although variant growth may be perpetuated for generations, the changes are not of genetic origin, but due solely to the environment which causes damage to the bacterial cell wall. Since the structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls is fundamentally different, the degraded variant which will occur in each case will also be different. Such variants are seldom detected in routine diagnostic laboratories because they will not grow on normal media, as their optimal conditions of growth are changed. L-phase variants bear a strong resemblance to the mycoplasmas; both are resistant to penicillin, both lack characteristic bacterial cell wall constituents, and their colonial and cellular morphology are similar. Since the conditions for mycoplasma cultivation are, at this time, more clearly understood, they provide useful models for handling fragile L-phase organisms. L-phase bacteria may be readily produced in vitro by the action of penicillin, and it is theoretically possible for conversion to occur in vivo just as readily during phagocytosis, by the action of bacteriophage, antibiotic therapy, and other defence mechanisms of the host. In the clinical field, the most difficult problem is the assessment of the significance of the isolation of L-phase bacteria in the individual case because they have not been observed with certainty in the pathological process. It is probable that such organisms may be clinically significant in cases of chronic and recurrent infection, since these bacteria will survive the defence mechanisms of the host which are largely directed at the cell wall. [References: 25]. [TOP OF PAGE]

  11. Electron microscopy of T-1 bacteriophage adsorbed to clay minerals: Application of critical point drying method. Bystricky, V., Stotzky, G., Schiffenbauer, M. (1975). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 21:1278-1282. [TOP OF PAGE]

  12. Sur la présence d'éléments à structure hélicoidale dans le phloème de Vinca rosea atteinte de Stolbur. Cadilhac, B., Giannotti, J. (1975). C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. D 281:539-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  13. Growth of bacteriophages MS2 and T7 on streptomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli. Chakrabarti, S., Gorini, L. (1975). J. Bacteriol. 121:670-674. Streptomycin-resistant mutants of an Hfr strain of Escherichia coli K were examined for their ability to support the growth of male-specific ribonucleic acid phage MS2 and female-specific deoxyribonucleic acid phage T7. Normally, the Hfr strain allows propagation of MS2 and is lysed by it (efficiency of plating equal to 1), whereas the same strain restricts propagation of T7 and is not lysed by it (efficiency of plating smaller than 10-7). Twenty-four isolates out of 26 independently obtained streptomycin-resistant mutants are partially or completely derestricted for propagation of T7; efficiency of plating of T7 in such strains ranges from 10-3-1. Depending on their response to plating of MS2 and T7, the streptomycin-resistant mutants can be divided into four classes. The mutants in all four classes continue to be "male "in conjugation with F- strains. Genetic analysis is presented to show that restriction of MS2, derestriction of T7, and resistance to streptomycin are the pleiotropic effects of a single mutation at the strA locus. [TOP OF PAGE]

  14. Properties of the cholera phage PL 163/10. Chanda, P.K., Chatterjee, S.N. (1975). Acta Virol. 19:197-203. Vibrio cholerae phage PL 163/10, belonging to Mukherjee's group I, gave clear plaques with surrounding halos of overall diameters varying between 1 to 4 mm when plated on a lawn of host V. cholerae OGAWA 154. It was fairly stable in the PH range 6-11. Its thermal inactivation was characterised by half lives of 39, 12, 4.5 and 1.0 minutes at 55, 60, 65 and 70 degree C respectively. The thermodynamic parameters deltaH, deltaF and deltaS were determined at these temperatures. The phange was resistant in vitro to sodium deoxycholate, trytrypsin, chloroform, robonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, Tris, Tris + EDTA, Tris + lysozyme and phosphate buffer but rapidly inactivated by sodium lauryl sulfate. Adsorption of this phage was biphasic. Intracelllular growth of the PL 163/10 phage was characterised by an eclipse period of 13 minutes, latent period of 31 minutes, rise period of 29 minutes and an average burst size of about 10 PFU/cell. This phage possessed a hexagonal head 106 plus or minus 18 x x 740 plus or minus 27 A without any tail structure. [TOP OF PAGE]

  15. Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophages. IV. Primary structure of the bacteriophage 29 receptor, the E. coli serotype 29 capsular polysaccharide. Choy, Y.M., Fehmel, F., Frank, N., Stirm, S. (1975). J. Virol. 16:581-590. Using periodate oxidation, methylation analysis, characterization of oligosaccharides by Smith degradation or partial acid hydrolysis, as well as proton magnetic resonance, the primary structure of the Escherichia coli serotype 29 capsular polysaccharide (the receptor of E. coli K phage 29) was reinvestigated. The polymer was found to consist of hexasaccharide repeating units of the following structure: (see article). [TOP OF PAGE]

  16. Transduction of a Proteus vulgaris strain by a Proteus mirabilis bacteriophage. Coetzee, J.N. (1975). Journal of General Microbiology 89:299-309. Only Proteus vulgaris strain PV127 out of many P. vulgaris, P. morganii and Providence strains was transduced to kanamycin resistance by high-frequency transducing variants, 5006MHFTk and 5006MHFTak, of phage 5006M, a general transducing phage for P. mirabilis strain PM5006. The phages adsorbed poorly to strain PV127 and did not form plaques. The transduction frequency of PV127 by these phages was 5 x 10(-8)/p.f.u. adsorbed. Phage 5006M increased the transduction frequencies. Abortive transductants were not detected. Transductants segregated kanamycin-sensitive clones at high frequency and this, together with data from the inactivation of transducing activity of lysates by ultraviolet irradiation, indicated that transduction was by lysogenization. The general transducing property of the phages was not expressed in transductions to auxotrophs of PV127. Transductants (type I) resulting from low multiplicities of phage input adsorbed phage to the same extent as PV127. This suggested a defect in the transducing particles (or host) because single phage 5006M infection converted strain PM5006 to non-adsorption of homologous phage. Type I transductants did not liberate phage, suggesting a defective phage maturation function. Transductants (type II) which arose from higher multiplicities of phage input did not adsorb phage, indicating possible heterogeneity among transducing particles. Phage derived from type II transductants adsorbed poorly to PV127 and transduced it to kanamycin resistance at frequencies similar to those of phages 5006MHFTk and 5006MHFTak, ruling out host-controlled modification as a cause of the low transduction frequencies. This phage transduced PM5006 to antibiotic resistance at high frequencies but generalized transduction was again not detected. It was suggested that general transduction could be performed by particles which, due to a different composition and/or mode of chromosomal integration, made material they carried susceptible to host-cell modification. [TOP OF PAGE]

  17. Bacteriophage T4 whiskers: A rudimentary environment-sensing device. Conley, M.P., Wood, W.B. (1975). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:3701-3705. The 400 [angstrom?] filaments or "whiskers," which extend outward from the collar region of the phage, control retration and extension of the tail fibers in response to certain environmental conditions. The tail fibers of normal phage retract in the absence of a required adsorption cofactor at low pH, at low ionic strength, at low temperature, and at high concentrations of polyethylene glycol. The tail fibers of mutant whiskerless (wac phage still retract under the first two conditions, but not the last three. Antibodies to whiskers neutralize T4, probably by fixing tail fibers in the retracted configuration. Phage with retracted tail fibers adsorb poorly to host bacterial cells, and their adsorption rate increases as the fibers become extended. These results suggest that one function of the whiskers is to retract the tail fibers and thereby prevent adsorption to host cells under certain conditions that might be unfavorable for production of phage progeny following infection. [TOP OF PAGE]

  18. Characteristics of a Bacillus megaterium bacteriophage. Cooney, P.H., Jacob, R.J., Slepecky, R.A. (1975). J. Gen. Virol. 26:131-134. A bacteriophage which infects and lyses Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19213 was isolated from the soil. The phage produces lysis on nine strains of B, megaterium tested but did not lyse a Bacillus cereus or Bacillus licheniformis strain, nor any of eight Bacillus subtilis strains tested. Physical characteristics of the phage including morphology, size, thermal and pH stability, and buoyant density were examined. The nucleic acid is double-stranded DNA of mol. wt. 41.7 times 10 and 36 to 38.5 mol percent guanine plus cytosine (G+C). [TOP OF PAGE]

  19. Studies on a smooth phage resistant variant of Brucella abortus II. Mechanism of phage resistance. Corbel, M.J., Morris, J.A. (1975). Brit. J. Exp. Path. 56:1-7. The properties of a smooth phage resistant variant of Brucella abortus were studied in an attempt to determine the mechanism of phage resistance. This strain was fully capable of adsorbing phage but penetration, and hence replication, did not occur. No evidence of lysogeny or a phage carrier state could be obtained and gross chemical differences between the resistant strain and its phage susceptible parent were not detected. The phage resistant variant showed increased resistance to lysis from without, either by phage or by lysozyme, in the presence of chelating agents. It was concluded that resistance was the result of a modification in cell wall structure conferring resistance to lysozyme-like enzymes, thus preventing penetration of phage. [TOP OF PAGE]

  20. Co-evolution of a virus-alga system. Cowlishaw, J., Mrsa, M. (1975). Appl. Microbiol. 29:234-239. Plectonema boryanum, a filamentous blue-green alga, was cloned and then allowed to reach a steady state in a quasi-continuous culture in the presence of the algal virus, LPP-1. The culture was maintained for a 3.5-month period during which time at least four distinct culture lysings were evident. After the fourth lysis the culture reached a steady-state level which was identical in its algal concentration to the preinfection level. Upon testing the characteristics of the evolved alga and virus variants, the following was determined: cell variants resistant to both the original virus and the derived virus had evolved, and there was no evidence of lysogeny present among these cells. The evolved virus strains still grew on the parental algal strain, though with altered plaque morphology. Furthermore, they were antigenically similar to the parental virus, and showed no signficant difference in adsorption rate or growth characteristics on parental cells. However, a low-grade chronic viral infection persisted in the culture. Rapid re-establishment of a dense, stable culture is apparently the normal laboratory response of a procaryotic cell-virus system. [TOP OF PAGE]

  21. Inactivation of the lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2 by butylate hydroxytoluene. Cupp, J., Wanda, P., Keith, A., Snipes, W. (1975). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 8:698-706. [TOP OF PAGE]

  22. ??? Dean, J., Silva, J., McCoy, S., Chan, P., Baker, J., Leonard, C., Herberman, R. (1975). J. Immunol. 115:1060-1064. [this is cited in Merril et al., 1996 (PNAS 93:3188-3192): "One of the few remaining, but rarely used, applications of phage in treating infectious disease is based on the use of Staphylococcus aureus phage lysates (ref)."]. [TOP OF PAGE]

  23. The single-stranded DNA phages. Denhardt, D.T. (1975). CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 4:161-223. [TOP OF PAGE]

  24. Contamination of shellfish with strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and specific bacteriophages. Denis, F.A. (1975). Can. J. Microbiol. 21:1055-1057. [TOP OF PAGE]

  25. Bacteriophages. Douglas, J. (1975). p.77-133. Chapman and Hall, London.[TOP OF PAGE]

  26. l lysogens of E. coli reproduce more rapidly than non-lysogens. Edlin, G., Lin, L., Kudrna, R. (1975). Nature 255:735-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  27. Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophages. V. Lysozyme 29. Eichholtz, H., Freund-Molbert, E., Stirm, S. (1975). J. Virol. 15:985-993. In addition to the spike-associated host capsule depolymerase, infection by Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophage no. 29 also induces the synthesis of a large bacteriolytic enzyme which has been purified to homogeneity. On incubation of isolated host murein sacculi with this enzyme, no amino groups but reducing sugar groups were liberated, and muraminitol, but no glucosaminitol, was found in the degraded sacculi after subsequent reduction with NaBH4. The bacteriolytic enzyme is thus another lysozyme (mucopeptide N-acetylmuramylhydrolase; EC 3.2.1.17). Electron optical visualization of negatively stained lysozyme specimens showed oblong particles of roughly 4.5 to 5.5 nm in diameter and 15 to 19 nm in length. Although the material tended to dissociate, a crude estimate of its molecular weight (270,000 plus or minus 30,000) could be obtained from these dimensions, from its sedimentation equilibrium, and from its behavior in gel chromatography. After disintegration of homogeneous lysozyme 29 by heating in solution with sodium dodecyl sulfate and dithiothreitol, polypeptides of one size only (about 46,000 dalton, probably six copies per molecule) were found in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The amino acid analysis of the enzyme accounted for more than 90% of its dry weight. One percent or less of the bacteriolytic activity in phage 29 lysates was found to be associated with the intact or disrupted virus particles, and a polypeptide of 46,000 daltons was not detected in the virions. These results strongly suggest that, in contrast to the host capsule depolymerase also induced by the same phage, and in spite of its comparatively large size, "lysozyme 29 "does not constitute an integral part also of the homologous bacteriophage particles. [TOP OF PAGE]

  28. Production and purification of the thermophilic bacteriophage TP-84. Epstein, I., Campbell, L.L. (1975). Applied Microbiology 29:219-223. A new procedure for production and purification of the thermophilic bacteriophage TP-84 in high yields is described. Cultures of Bacillus stearothermophilus strain 10, enriched with nutrients to obtain heavy growth and to prevent sporulation and maintained at a pH of 6.5, were infected with the phage in a 100-liter fermentor. Addition of magnesium chloride (0.01 M) and a temperature of 58-C were essential for maximal phage production. Phage (5 times 1011 infective particles/ml) was precipitated with polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 6,000) in the presence of sodium chloride and was further purified by cesium chloride density centrifugation. [TOP OF PAGE]

  29. Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophages. VII. Bacteriophage 29-host capsular polysaccharide interactions. Fehmel, F., Feige, U., Niemann, H., Stirm, S. (1975). J. Virol. 16:591-601. Different interactions between particles of Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophage 29 and its receptor, the E. coli serotype 29 capsular polysaccharide have been studied. The inactivation of phage 29 (8 x 10(3) PFU/ml) by isolated host capsular glycan was found to be physiologically insignificant (50% inactivation dose equals 100 mug after 1 h at 37 C). No adsorption (less than 2 x 10(4) PFU/mug) of the viruses to K29 polysaccharide-coated erythroyctes (at 0 or 37 C) was observed either. The phage particles were, however, found to catalyze the hydrolysis of beta-D-glucosido-(1leads to 3)-D-glucuronic acid bonds (arrow) in the receptor polymer, leading, ultimately, to the formation of a mixture of K29 hexasaccharide (one repeating unit), dodecasaccharide, and octadecasaccharide: (see article). Testing derivatives of K29 polysaccharide, as well as 82 heterologous bacterial (mainly Enteriobactericeae) capsular glycans, the viral glycanase was found to be highly specific; in accordance with the host range of phage 29, only one enzymatic cross-reaction (with the Klebsiella K31 polysaccharide) was observed. These and previous results, as well as the electron optical findings of M. E. Bayer and H. Thurow (submitted for publication), are discussed in terms of a unifying mechanism of phage 29-host capsule interaction. We propose that the viruses penetrate the capsules by means of their spike-associated glycanase activity, which leads them along capsular polysaccharide strands to membrane-cell wall adhesions where ejection of the viral genomes occurs. [TOP OF PAGE]

  30. Enhancement of mycoplasma virus plaque visibility by tetrazolium. Fraser, D., Crum, J. (1975). Applied Microbiology 29:305-306. [TOP OF PAGE]

  31. Isolation and grouping of RNA phages. V. A survey in the islands in the adjacent seas of Japan. Furuse, K., Ando, A., Watanabe, I. (1975). J. Keio Med. Soc. 52:259-263. [TOP OF PAGE]

  32. Isolation and grouping of RNA phages. VII. A survey in Peru, Bolivia, Mexico, Kuwait, France, Australia and the United States of America. Furuse, K., Ando, A., Watanabe, I. (1975). J. Keio Med. Soc. 52:355-361. [TOP OF PAGE]

  33. Characterization of Escherichia coli bacterial viruses in commercial sera. Geier, M.R., Attallah, A.F., Merril, C.R. (1975). In Vitro 11:55-58. [TOP OF PAGE]

  34. Effect of particulates on virus survival in sea water. Gerba, C.P., Schaiberger, G.E. (1975). Journal / Water Pollution Control Federation 47:93-103. [TOP OF PAGE]

  35. Protozoa as agents responsible for the decline of Xanthomonas campestris in soil. Habte, M., Alexander, M. (1975). Applied Microbiology 29:159-164. A streptomycin-resistant mutant of Xanthomonas campestris was used to assess the persistence of the plant pathogen in soil and the changes in populations that might be important for its survival. In soil into which large numbers of the organism were introduced, a marked decline in its abundance occurred, but after about 1 week its population density reached a level of about 105 and did not continue to fall during the test period.No such marked decline was evident in sterile soil inoculated with X. campestris. The bacterium did not lose viability if starved for carbon or inorganic nitrogen. Although abundant in soil, the numbers of propagules capable of producing antibiotics or lytic enzymes active against X. campestris did not increase coincident with the pathogen's decline, and no increase in tartrate-extractable toxins was observed. Neither bdellovibrios nor bacteriophages active against the xanthomonad were found in the soil, but a marked increase in the frequency of protozoa paralleled the phase of rapid diminution in the X. campestris population. In actidione-treated soil, in which protozoan activity was severly limited, the high cell density of the pathogen was maintained.On the basis of these data, it is concluded that predation by protozoa is responsible for the abrupt fall in frequency of the bacterium in natural soil. [TOP OF PAGE]

  36. Virus-like particles in association with a microorganism from human gingival plaque. Halhoul, N., Colvin, J.R. (1975). ARCHIVES OF ORAL BIOLOGY 20:833-836. [TOP OF PAGE]

  37. Bacteriophage resistance in Escherichia coli K12: General pattern of resistance. Hancock, R.E.W., Reeves, P. (1975). J. Bacteriol. 121:983-993. Resistant mutants were isolated to 42 virulent bacteriophages in one strain of Escherichia coli K-12 and tested for resistance or sensitivity to a set of 56 bacteriophages. Most of the mutants fell into 11 groups with respect to their resistance patterns. It was possible to classify the bacteriophages broadly, according to the variety of mutants that were resistant to them. [TOP OF PAGE]

  38. The isolation and characterization of a temparate phage, Y46/(E2), from Erwinia herbicola Y46. Harrison, A., Gibbins, L.N. (1975). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 21:937-944. [TOP OF PAGE]

  39. Bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis. Hemphill, H.E., Whitely, H.R. (1975). Bacteriol. Rev. 39:257-315. [TOP OF PAGE]

  40. Studies on bacteriophages of Propionibacterium acnes. Jong, E.C., Ko, H.L., Pulverer, G. (1975). MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 161:263-271. With the help of adaptation experiments, 61 phage preparations out of 36 Propionibacterium acnes bacteriophages (32 isolated by us and 4 sent from abroad) were established. On the basis of their stability, spectrum of activity, and virulence, 13 phages were selected for phagetyping. 58 well-classified P. acnes strains were grouped into 7 phage-types. 7 strains of P. granulosum, two strains of P. avidum, and one yet ungroupable microserophilic propionibacterium strain were resistant to all 61 phages, even when tested in 100 X RTD. A combination of phagetyping with biotyping resulted in data especially useful for the differentiation of P. acnes. [TOP OF PAGE]

  41. Regulation of parasitism by host density: the Bdellovibrio-Rhizobium interrelationship. Keya, S.O., Alexander, M. (1975). Soil Biol. Biochem. 7:231-237. [TOP OF PAGE]

  42. [Studies on the relationship of temperent phages and bacteriocines of streptococcus faecium (author's transl)]. Kramer, J., Lenz, W. (1975). ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, PARASITENKUNDE, 231:421-425. Two bacteriocins (enterocin E1A and E1B) as well as a complete bacteriophage (PE1) were produced by Streptococcus faecium strain E1. Although the phage could be demonstrated by electron microscopy it was not possible to observe phages or phage-like particles in the purified preparation of the large enterocin E1B. Phage PE1 had a much smaller activity spectrum than that of enterocin E1A and E1B, inhibiting only one strain of Streptococcus faecium and one strain of Streptococcus salivarius. The enterocins were not neutralized by antiphage sera, thereby suggesting that the enterocins and the phage are chemically unrelated. [TOP OF PAGE]

  43. [Purity criteria for Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus cultures]. Lambina, V.A., Ledova, L.A. (1975). Mikrobiologiia 44:742-748. Two-component cultures of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, a bacterial parasite, are not always pure; sometimes they contain microbial forms, different from the host and parasite, which cannot be isolated by conventional techniques of inoculation on solid growth media. The only way to isolate them is to apply techniques used for the reversion of L-forms of bacteria. The isolated microorganisms have been identified. The criteria of purity were established for two-component cultures consisting of the host and parasite. [TOP OF PAGE]

  44. The isolation and characterization of plaque-forming arabinose transducing bacteriophage lambda. Lis, J.T., Schleif, R. (1975). J. Mol. Biol. 95:395-407. [TOP OF PAGE]

  45. Isolation, characterization, and classification of additional bacteriophages of genus Levinea. Markel, D.E., Eklund, C. (1975). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 25:210-214. [TOP OF PAGE]

  46. An anaerobic technique for increasing bacteriophage plaque size. McConnell, M., Wright, A. (1975). Virology 65:588-590. [TOP OF PAGE]

  47. The T-odd bacteriophages. McCorquodale, D.J. (1975). CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 4:101-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  48. [Effect of several plant growth regulators on various prokaryotes and their viruses]. Menzel, G., Stenz, E., Toure, I.M., Gebler, B., Schuster, G. (1975). Zeitschrift fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 15:259-268. 26 plant growth regulators including herbicides were investigated in their effect on the multiplication of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum as well as the RNA phages M 12 and Qbeta and the DNA phages lambda, phi 105, and LPP-1 employing the agar diffusion method. Nearly all of the compounds inhibited and/or stimulated one or some of the prokaryotes tested. The most frequent and strongest effects occurred in Pl. boryanum, the least effects in E. coli. The multiplication of phages was also influenced by plant growth regulators leading to increase, decrease or non-appearance of plaques. The investigations with the temperate phages lambda and phi 105 suggested part of the compounds to be able to interfere with the process of lysogenization. The results are discussed comparatively involving correspondent findings referred to in literature. [TOP OF PAGE]

  49. Evaluation of shellfish sanitary quality by indicators of sewage pollution. Metcalf, T.G. (1975). p. 75-??? In Gameson, A.L.H. (ed.), Discharge of Sewage from Sea Outfalls. Pergammon Press, Oxford. [TOP OF PAGE]

  50. Bacteriophage contamination in live poliovirus vaccine. Milch, H., Fornosi, F. (1975). JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION 3:307-310. [TOP OF PAGE]

  51. Lethal effect of fresh sea water on Vibrio parahaemolyticus and isolation of Bdellovibrio parasitic against the organism. Miyamoto, S., Kuroda, K. (1975). JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 19:309-317. Halophilic Bdellovibrio, which is parasitic and lytic to Vibrio pharahaemolyticus, was ioslated from fresh sea water in the winter. It had a lethal effect on V. parahaemolyticus. The optimum temperature ofr multiplication ranged from 25 C to 30 C and growth was not observed at 35 C. Plaque numbers of the isolate reached a maximum in 17 hr under conditions of shaking at 25 C in autoclaved sea water supplemented with V. parahaemolyticus cells, and were as high as ten times the number of host cells. With respect to the host-suspended medium, the isolate multiplied in natural sea water ten times more than in Herbst's artificial sea water but did not grow in saline. V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus and several species in the Vibrio genus were susceptible to the parasite on the basis of plaque formation but Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were not. [TOP OF PAGE]

  52. Comparative studies on generalized transducing bacteriophages of Proteus mirabilis, phim and pi1. Nakamura, M., Horiuchi, S., Nakaya, R. (1975). JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 19:123-131. Comparative studies were made on the generalized transducing bacteriophages of Proteus mirabilis phim (Nakaya and Rownd), pi1(Bohme), and a clear plaque-forming mutant phim-c, derived from phim. Electron microscopic observations revealed that these phages were morphologically identical, indicating that they belonged to the group C of Bradley's classification, or to the type C1 of Ackermann's classification. Phages phim and pi1 formed characteristic turbid plaques different from each other, and the plaques of pi1 were smaller in size than those of phim. The plaques of phage phim-c were clear and also were the largest in size among those studied. Average latent periods of phim and pi1 were 70 and 60 min, respectively. Average burst size was found to be 30 and 10 plaque-forming units per infected cell for phim and pi1, respectively. It was confirmed by cross neutralization tests that phim and pi1 differed serologically from each other. The host range of the two phages also differed, and phage phim was more sensitive to heat than pi1. These results indicate that phages phim and pi1 are different types of phages. Majority of the properties of phage phim-c were nearly identical with those of phage phim except that the multiplication of phim-c was more strongly inhibited by methylene blue than that of phim and pi1. Phage phim-c is considered to be a clear mutant of phim. [TOP OF PAGE]

  53. Dynamics of the interaction between "predator" and "prey" under flowing conditions. (Russian). Nazar\cprime ev, O.E. (1975). Dinamika Sistem 7:148-156 (168). Author's summary: "We consider a mathematical model of the interaction dynamics between `predator' and `prey' under flowing conditions, using the example of interaction between bacteriophages and bacteria. The essential difference of the model from standard models of small type is the fact that in this model a time lag is introduced, characterizing the time the phage stays in the bacterium (latency period). For the model in question we determine stationary states, construct a $D$-partitioning of the density of two parameters, determine the domain of stability of stationary states and show the character of the transition processes when the system goes into a stationary condition.". [TOP OF PAGE]

  54. The comparative mode of action of chlorine, bromine, and iodine on f2 bacterial virus. Olivieri, V.P., Cruse, C.W., Hsu, Y.C., Griffiths, A.C., Kawata, K. (1975). pp. 145-153. In In Johnson, J.D. (ed.), Disinfection of Water and Wastewater. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan. [TOP OF PAGE]

  55. Induction of prophage in lactic streptococci isolated from commercial dairy starter cultures. Park, C., McKay, L.L. (1975). J. Milk and Food Technol. 38:594-597. [TOP OF PAGE]

  56. World Health Organisation studies of bacteriophage typing of mycobacteria. Subdivision of the species Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rado, T.A., Bates, J.H., Engel, H.W.G., et al. (1975). Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 111:459-468. [TOP OF PAGE]

  57. Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophages. III. Fragments of bacteriophage 29. Rieger, D., Freund-Molbert, E., Stirm, S. (1975). J. Virol. 15:964-975. A glycanase activity, catalyzing the depolymerization of host capsular polysaccharide, is associated with Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophage no. 29, a small virus with an isometric head, carrying a base plate with a set of spikes. The bacteriophage particles were disrupted by mild acid treatment (5 to 8 min at pH 3.5 and 37 C), and the enzymatically active fragments were isolated and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis as well as to electron microscopy. Of the at least nine different polypeptide chains found in the complete virion, three (of 57,000 plus or minus 3,000, 29,500 plus or minus 2,000 and 13,500 plus or minus 1,000 daltons) were detected in detached base plates. They had the appearance of six-pointed stars of about 14 nm in outer diameter, with a central hole or prop, carrying six (or, possibly, a multiple thereof) spikes. Two sizes of polypeptide chains (57,000 and 29,500) were found in pure spikes, cylindrical particles of about 14.5 to 15 nm in length and 5 nm in diameter, and one (57,000) in -- still capsule depolymerizing -- spike subunits of roughly 5 nm in diameter. Phage 29 spike preparations, homogeneous in analytical ultracentrifugation and immunoelectrophoresis, were found to have a molecular weight of 245,000, as determined from the sedimentation equilibrium, and to contain equimolar amounts of the two polypeptides, probably three copies of each per organelle. The amino acid analysis of the isolated spikes revealed that aspartic acid, alanine, serine, and glycine are their dominant constituents; no amino sugars or other carbohydrates were detected in the preparations. [TOP OF PAGE]

  58. Isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage infectious to an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus. Sakaki, Y., Oshima, T. (1975). J. Virol. 15:1449-??? [TOP OF PAGE]

  59. Typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by phage resistance and lysogeny. Sakamoto, Y., Iijima, T., Iyobe, S., Mitsuhashi, S. (1975). pp. 307-320. In In Mitsuhashi, S. and Hashimoto, J. (eds.), Microbial drug resistance. Univ Park Press, Baltimore. The phage typing method for P. aeruginosa was improved by using phage groups instead of the individual phages and by the employment of prophage typing as a subsidiary method. Therefore, the results were more clear and reproducible, and nontypable strains--by phage typing alone, 27.2%--decreased to 3.7% (total 707 strains) by the combined typing system. Application of this typing system to identification of strains from patients and of the reference strains of independent serological typing systems was discussed. This system was specific for P. aeruginosa or its closely related species. [TOP OF PAGE]

  60. Occurrence of the bacteriophage lambda receptor in some enterobacteriaceae. Schwartz, M., Le, M.L. (1975). J. Virol. 15:679-685. In Escherichia coli K-12, the receptor for phage lambda is an outer membrane protein which inactivates the phage in vitro. Lambda receptor activity was found in extracts from all wild strains of E. coli tested, although most of them fail to support growth of the phage. In some cases this failure is due to a masking of the receptor in vivo, the bacteria being unable to adsorb the phage or to react with antireceptor antibodies. In other cases, adsorption does occur, and the nature of the block in phage growth was not investigated. Most Mal+ strains of Shigella have lambda receptor, whereas most Mal- strains do not have it. Synthesis of the lambda receptor in Shigella is thus presumably controlled by the positive regulator gene of the maltose regulon as is the case in E. coli K-12. Phage lambda adsorbs on many Mal+ strains of Shigella and even yields plaques on some of them, although at a low frequency. No lambda receptor activity could be found in extracts of several strains of Salmonella and Levinea. [TOP OF PAGE]

  61. Method for detecting small numbers of Vibrio cholerae in very polluted substrates. Sechter, I., Gerichter, C.B., Cahan, D. (1975). Applied Microbiology 29:814-818. A method is presented for the indirect detection of Vibrio cholerae by the multiplication of two specific bacteriophages: phiH74/64 for El-Tor vibrios, and phage group IV (Mukerjee) for classical vibrios. The product to be examined is seeded in alkaline tryptone water for enrichment, as in the classical method, and is then incubated for 6 h at 37 C. Thereafter, a loopful is transferred to each of two nutrient broth (pH 9) tubes. One of these receives a drop of phage phiH74/64; the other receives a drop of phage group IV. The stock phages are diluted so as to contain about 3,800 plaque-forming units in one drop; this is the maximum amount which, when added to 10 ml of broth, will not be detected in a loopful of 1 mm diameter. The tubes containing phage phiH74/64 are incubated at 42 C; those with phage group IV are incubated at 37 C. After 18 h the cultures are killed by agitation with chloroform, and a 1-mm loopful is deposited on a layer seeded with the detector strains: Makassar 757 for El-Tor phage and V. cholerae 154 for classical cholera phage. After 4 to 5 h at 37 C, lysis appears on the spot areas if there has been phage multiplication in the respective broth tubes. With experimentally contaminated sewage water, vegetables, or stools, 1 to 10 cholera vibrios were detected in every sample. In rare cases, false-positive results were obtained by multiplication of the phage on non-cholera vibrios. [TOP OF PAGE]

  62. RNA phages of bacteria other than E. coli. Shapiro, L., Bendis, I. (1975). pp. 397-410. In In Zinder, N.D. (ed.), RNA Phages. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. Bacteriophage containing RNA have been found for three genera of eubacteria: Escherichia, Pseudomonas and Caulobacter [lack of emphasis theirs]. Several phage groupd for each genera have been established, based on serological variation [refs], and in the case of the coliphage, on the template specficity of the replicase [ref]. Teh data indicate, however, that all the known RNA phage, irrespective of the genus and species of the host, are strikingly similar in size, structure and mode of infection, thus placing RNA containing phage in a unique evolutionary position. Accordingly, we will present in this chapter the physical and biochemical parameters of the known RNA phage, their interaction with host cells, factors contributing to host specificity, and a discussion of a plausible basis for the apparent evolutionary constancy displayed by the RNA bacteriophage. [TOP OF PAGE]

  63. [Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus as an active factor of self purification of surface waters under hygienic aspects]. Sidorenko, G.I., Bagdassarjan, W.B., Talajewa, J.G. (1975). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE HYGIENE UND IHRE GRENZGEBIETE 21:874-876. [TOP OF PAGE]

  64. [Health aspects of the study of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus as a natural factor in the self-purification of reservoirs]. Sidorenko, G.I., Bagdasar'ian, G.A., Talaeva, I., Abieva, R.M., Berklova, Z.S. (1975). VESTNIK AKADEMII MEDITSINSKIKH NAUK SSSR 52-58. [TOP OF PAGE]

  65. A volatile factor inducing transmissible lysis in Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx and Olivier var. tritici Walker. Sivasithamparam, K., Stukely, M., Parker, C.A. (1975). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 21:293-300. Filtered water extract of Gabalong soil with a recent history of take-all in wheat caused lytic plaques to form in agar cultures of a virulent strain of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. The plaques resembled those produced by Bdellovibrio on plate seeded with bacteria. However, there was no evidence of the presence of bacteria, viruses, or mycoplasmas. The lytic factor was transmissible in culture filtrates to fresh subcultures of the fungus. Exposure of young healthy colonies to sublethal doses of ultraviolet light also induced transmissible lysis. The lytic factor was heat-stable, passed through a 25-nm filter, and was not affected by nuclease (enzymes) or severe irradiation with UV light. It also induced bysis in several other strains of G. graminis. Lysis was always preceded by a growth-stimulatory effect on the fungus. The lytic factor was active as a volatile chemical which induced transmissible lysis and continued to be formed, apparently as a self-perpetuating agent, in lysing cultures of the fungus. [TOP OF PAGE]

  66. Establishment and Transfer of an Artificial Viremia from Mouse to Mosquito. Smith, W.H. (1975). Ohio University. An arthropod-borne animal virus (arbovirus) is an infectious agent which is biologicall transmitted between susceptible vertebrae hosts by hemotaphagus arthropods. The virus produces a viremia in the vertebrate host, multiplies in an arthropod that feeds on blood and is transmitted by an infected arthropod when it feeds (Horsfall & Tamm 1965). Only during the viremia can the virus be transmitted into the arthropod by way of a blood meal. A model arthropod-virus-vertebrate system is proposed in this study. This system makes use of a mouse as the vertebrate host, a mosquito as the blood-feeding arthropod, and a bacteriophage instead of an arbovirus as the transmissible particle. The bacteriophage is approximately the same size as an arbovirus and although it is assumed to be biologically intert in animal tissue, the phage is a measurable particle, easily assayed using a specific bacterial strain as host. The objective of this study is twofold; first, to determine the fate of the phage when injected into a mouse, and second, to establish a viremia of a sufficient titer to be transmitted to mosquitoes by means of a blood meal taken from these mice. [TOP OF PAGE]

  67. [Clinical study of the efficacy of staphylococcal anatoxin in relation to the phage group to which the staphylococcal strains--the causative agents of infection--belong]. [Russian]. Snopkova, V.A., Akatov, A.K. (1975). Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii 73-75. In comparing the bacteriophage group reference of the strains of pathogenic staphylococci isolated in case of postoperative complications from children given staphylococcus toxoid for prophylactic purpose and from control group it was found that prophylactic vaccinations of staphylococcus toxoid created the most intense immunity against staphylococci of the I bacteriophage group. There was found no significant association between the efficacy of the therapy and bacteriophage reference of staphylococci--the causative agents of the infection. [TOP OF PAGE]

  68. Bdellovibrio as symbiont; the associations of Bdellovibrios with other bacteria interpreted in terms of a generalized scheme for classifying organismic associations. Starr, M.P. (1975). SYMPOSIA OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 93-124. [TOP OF PAGE]

  69. Microbes in milk and dairy products. An ecological approach. Stathouders, J. (1975). Neth. Milk Dairy 29:104-126. [TOP OF PAGE]

  70. Maltose transport in Escherichia coli K-12: involvement of the bacteriophage lambda receptor. Szmelcman, S., Hofnung, M. (1975). J. Bacteriol. 124:112-118. [TOP OF PAGE]

  71. Starters and bacteriophages in lactic acid casein manufacture. II. Development of a controlled starter system. Thomas, T.D., Lowrie, R.J. (1975). J. Milk Food Technol. 38:275-278. [TOP OF PAGE]

  72. Starters and bacteriophages in lactic acid casein manufacture. I. Mixed strain starters. Thomas, T.D., Lowrie, R.J. (1975). J. Milk Food Technol. 38:269-274. [TOP OF PAGE]

  73. Bacteriophage-borne enzymes in carbohydrate chemistry. Part I. On the glycanase activity associated with particles of Klebsiella bacteriophage No. 11. Thurow, H., Niemann, H., Stirm, S. (1975). Carbohydrate Research 41:257-271. The preparation and use of particles of Klebsiella bacteriophage No. 11 are described. A glycanase activity associated with the viruses catalyses the depolymerization of (alkali-treated) Klebsiella serotype 11 capsular polysaccharide, ultimately to a mixture of oligosaccharides consisting of one or two repeating units. Mainly glucosidic bonds are hydrolysed. The substrate specificity of the viral enzyme has been characterized by using derivatives of serotype-11 polysaccharide, as well as 81 heterologous, bacterial, capsular glycans. It is concluded that the glycanase will (at least) also depolymerize all polysaccharides containing the unsubstituted chain-trisaccharide repeating-unit of its natural substrate. [TOP OF PAGE]

  74. Host influence on the activity of genes c1 and c3 in regulating the decision between lysis and lysogency in bacteriophage P22. Tokuno, S.I., Gough, M. (1975). J. Virol. 16:1184-1190. A Polymyxin B-sensitive mutant of Salmonella typhimurium (Pox-1) channels all infecting wild-type P22 toward lysogenization. The efficiency of this channeling is sufficiently high that P22c+ (wild type) cannot form plaques on Pox-1; phage mutants defective in repressor synthesis (P22c1, c2, c3) or refractory toward repressor (P22vir B) can form plaques. The lytic growth of all phages which have a functional c1 gene is retarded in Pox-1; this retardation is seen even in phages which cannot make repressor. We present experiments which are consistent with the explanation that the retardation is an exaggeration of a normal regulatory event. In a wild-type host, P22 genes c1 and c3 products, host RNA polymerase, and other host factors (?) interact at a promotor site (c27) IN THE PHAGE DNA. This interaction promotes repressor synthesis and represses transcription of lytic genes. In the mutant Pox-1, a host product involved in viral DNA synthesis and transcription is altered. The altered host product results in stronger retardation of lytic gene transcription. The importance of this interaction in the decision between lysis and lysogeny is discussed. The mutant Pox-1 alters the expression or activity of another phage gene. Gene c3 product is absolutely required for lysogenization in this host, although it is not so required in wild-type S. typhimurium. [TOP OF PAGE]

  75. Symbiosis-independent and symbiosis-incompetent mutants of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J. Varon, M., Seijffers, J. (1975). J. Bacteriol. 124:1191-1197. Symbiosis-independent (Sin) mutants were isolated from the symbiosis-dependent and symbiosis-competent (Sdcomp+) Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J. Independently isolated Sin mutants were examined for their symbiosis competence and most were found to be comp+. Bdellovibrios comp- were selected from the Sincomp+ mutants. The Sincomp+ bdellovibrios are always at a selective disadvantage, either against Sincomp- bdellovibrios (in organic medium) or against Sdcomp+ bdellovibrios (in buffer with Escherichia coli cells). [TOP OF PAGE]

  76. Coliphages as indicators of enteric viruses in shellfish and shellfish raising estuarine waters. Vaughn, J.M., Metcalf, T.G. (1975). Water Res. 9:613-616. [TOP OF PAGE]

  77. Lysis of Sphaerotilus natans swarm cells by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. Venosa, A.D. (1975). Applied Microbiology 29:702-705. [TOP OF PAGE]

  78. Characterization of different plaque-forming and defective temperate phages in Agrobacterium. Vervliet, G., Holsters, M., Teuchy, H., Van, M.M., Schell, J. (1975). J. Gen. Virol. 26:33-48. Four Agrobacterium tumefaciens temperate phages (PB2A, PB6(omega), PV-1(LV-1) and PS8), were shown to have the same genome size. Moreover hybridization experiments by the heteroduplex method and electron microscopy showed a 100% homology between these four phage genomes. Indications for lysogeny were found by direct means for the Agrobacterum timefaciens strain 396, Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 8149 and Agrobacterium species 0362 and by the electron microscope negative staining technique for the A.tumefaciens strains b6-806,b6-6,b6s3,b2as,cv-1,4452,11156,11158,396, and 925; for A.radiobacter strains tr-1 and 8149, the latter being bi-lysogenic, and for the A. species 0362. These isolated phage particles, most of which appear to be defective, could be grouped into different classes. No particles could be detected in the lysates of A. tumefaciens RV3, A. radiobacter strains 4718 and S1005, and A. species 0363. Further characterization by genome size was carried out for the defective temperate phages PB6-806, P4452,P8149 and P0362. No evidence for homology between PB6-806 and PB6 omega could be found. The defective phages PB6-806 and P4452 showed the same morphology but a different genome size, whereas the two phages P0362 and P8149 had a very different morphology and genome size. [TOP OF PAGE]

  79. Les bactériophages. Vieu, J.-F. (1975). p. 337-??? In Fabre, J. (ed.), Traité de Thérapeutique. Flammarion, Paris. [TOP OF PAGE]

  80. Some physico-chemical properties of dysenteria therapeutic-prophylactic Newcastle phages N-17 and N-18. Viskova, R.S., Nigmatullin, T.F. (1975). Vopr. Virusol. ???:557-563. [TOP OF PAGE]

  81. Morphology of Newcastle bacteriophages. Voroshilova, N.N., Viskova, R.S., Ishkildin, I.B., Nigmatullin, T.G. (1975). Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemol. Immunobiol. ???:52-54. [TOP OF PAGE]

  82. Salt-dependent bacteriophage infecting Halobacterium cutirubrum and H. halobium. Wais, A.C., Kon, M., MacDonald, R.E., Stollar, B.D. (1975). Nature 256:134 [TOP OF PAGE]

  83. Gene transfer agents, bacteriophages, and bacteriocins of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Wall, J.D., Weaver, P.F., Gest, H. (1975). Archives of Microbiology 105:217-224. Thirty-three wild type strains of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata were examined for ability to engage in genetic recombination through mediation by "gene transfer agent "(GTA) particles. The genetic exchange assays were based on capacity of strains to produce or receive GTA required for restoration of photosynthetic growth competence to a non-photosynthetic "white "mutant or for acquisition of resistance to rifampicin. A majority of the strains could either produce or receive GTA, and it was demonstrated that the agent is species specific. Possible relations between GTA and bacteriophages or bacteriocins were investigated. Sixteen types of virulent phages active on Rps. capsulata were isolated and their host ranges determined. Tests for transduction by the phages gave uniformly negative results. The viruses showed strict species specificity, but there was no apparent correlation between capacity of the Rps. capsulata strains to donate or receive GTA and susceptibility to the phages. A comparable survey disclosed that most of the bacterial strains were sensitive to or capable of producing bacteriocins; the latter also appear to be unrelated to GTA activity. The collection of bacterial strains was also screened for detection of lysogenic properties. None of the isolates is a "true "lysogen, but phages were detected in cultures of two strains, which may be "phage carriers "or pseudolysogens. [TOP OF PAGE]

  84. Topley and Wilson's Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity. Wilson, G.S., Miles, A.A. (1975). p.1634-1636. Edward Arnold, London.[TOP OF PAGE]

  85. [Capsule formation in Staphylococcus aureus as a reason for nontypability by phages (author's transl)]. Witte, W. (1975). ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, PARASITENKUNDE, 233:447-451. In Staph. aureus strains isolated from human pathological material the frequency of strains which did not react with typing phages (NT-strains) was found to be about 30%. In one half of the NT strains the reaction with typing phages is prevented by a capsule. The capacity for capsule-formation is lost after propagation of the cells in a liquid glycerol-minimal-medium; thus the cells become typable by phages. The capacity for capsule-formation can be restored after intraperitoneal injection into mice. A new propagation in glycerol-minimal-medium leads again to a loss of the capsule. [TOP OF PAGE]

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